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Zustand: Poor. This is an ex-library book and may have the usual library/used-book markings inside.This book has hardback covers. In poor condition, suitable as a reading copy. No dust jacket. Please note the Image in this listing is a stock photo and may not match the covers of the actual item,2300grams, ISBN:9780333723067.
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Zustand: Good. This is an ex-library book and may have the usual library/used-book markings inside.This book has hardback covers. In good all round condition. No dust jacket. Please note the Image in this listing is a stock photo and may not match the covers of the actual item,2950grams, ISBN:9780333792124.
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Verlag: NPG Nature publishing group
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Policy: Bring sustainable energy to the developing world Investment and policies must support cheap, clean energy technologies to cut both poverty and climate change, say Reid Detchon and Richenda Van Leeuwen. Publishing: Credit where credit is due Liz Allen, Amy Brand, Jo Scott, Micah Altman and Marjorie Hlava are trialling dig…ital taxonomies to help researchers to identify their contributions to collaborative projects. Astronomy: Art of the eclipse As the next solar eclipse approaches, Jay M. Pasachoff and Roberta J. M. Olson ponder how artists from the early Renaissance onwards have interpreted the phenomenon. Geology: Parsing eruptions Ted Nield weighs up histories of two momentous volcanic events in Iceland and Indonesia. Review of Island on Fire: The Extraordinary Story of Laki: The Volcano That Turned Eighteenth-Century Europe Dark Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World Alexandra Witze, Jeff Kanipe & Gillen D'Arcy Wood Animal behaviour: Nomads of necessity Joel Greenberg casts an ornithologist's eye on a wide-ranging reading of animal migration. Review of The Homing Instinct: Meaning and Mystery in Animal Migration Bernd Heinrich Obesity Tony Scully Society at large Tony Scully Cell physiology: The changing colour of fat Brian Owens Treatment: Marginal gains Emily Anthes Perspective: Obesity is not a disease D. L. Katz Heritability: The family roots of obesity Cassandra Willyard Microbiome: A complicated relationship status Sarah Deweerdt Neuroscience: Dissecting appetite Bijal P. Trivedi Perspective: Tricks of the trade Stephen J. Simpson & David Raubenheimer Evolutionary biology: Dating chimpanzees Michael Haslam Genetics: Up and down in Down's syndrome Benjamin D. Pope & David M. Gilbert See also Article by Letourneau et al. Organic chemistry: Catalysis marches on James P. Morken See also Article by Mei et al. Synthetic biology: Biocircuits in synchrony Ricard Solé & Javier Macía See also Letter by Prindle et al. Thermoelectricity: The ugly duckling Joseph P. Heremans See also Letter by Zhao et al. Review Top The ensemble nature of allostery Hesam N. Motlagh, James O. Wrabl, Jing Li & Vincent J. Hilser Allostery is the process by which biological macromolecules transmit the effect of binding at one site to another, often distal, functional site, allowing for the regulation of activity; here facilitation of allostery through dynamic and intrinsically disordered proteins is discussed, and a framework to unify the description of allosteric mechanisms for different systems is proposed. Articles Top Enantioselective construction of remote quaternary stereocentres Tian-Sheng Mei, Harshkumar H. Patel & Matthew S. Sigman A catalytic and enantioselective intermolecular Heck-type reaction of trisubstituted-alkenyl alcohols with aryl boronic acids provides direct access to quaternary stereocentres remote from a carbonyl group. See also News & Views by Morken Domains of genome-wide gene expression dysregulation in Down?s syndrome Audrey Letourneau, Federico A. Santoni, Ximena Bonilla, M. Reza Sailani, David Gonzalez + et al. By studying the transcriptome of fetal cells of monozygotic twins discordant for trisomy 21, this paper finds that differential expression between the twins is organized in domains along all chromosomes; these gene expression dysregulation domains are conserved in the mouse model of Down?s syndrome and correlate with the lamina-associated domains and replication domains. See also News & Views by Pope & Gilbert Brainstem nucleus MdV mediates skilled forelimb motor tasks Maria Soledad Esposito, Paolo Capelli & Silvia Arber The authors use a combination of viral tracing and genetics to characterize the diversity of neurons projecting from mouse brainstem to motor neurons that control limb movements; in particular they discover that the medullary reticular formation ventral part (MdV) is functionally specialized for skilled forelimb motor control. Skilled reaching relies on a V2a propriospinal internal copy circuit Eiman Azim, Juan Jiang, Bror Alstermark & Thomas M. Jessell Cervical propriospinal neurons (PNs) form a genetically accessible subclass of V2a interneurons that convey both premotor output and precerebellar copy signals; their ablation in mice impairs reaching movements selectively, and activation of their internal copy projection recruits a rapid cerebellar feedback loop that modulates forelimb movement. Letters Top Isotopic links between atmospheric chemistry and the deep sulphur cycle on Mars Heather B. Franz, Sang-Tae Kim, James Farquhar, James M. D. Day, Rita C. Economos + et al. Isotopic analyses of 40 Martian meteorites indicate that assimilation of sulphur into Martian magmas was a common occurrence throughout much of the planet?s history and that the atmospheric imprint of photochemical processing preserved in Martian meteoritic sulphide and sulphate is distinct from that observed in terrestrial analogues. Coherent suppression of electromagnetic dissipation due to superconducting quasiparticles Ioan M. Pop, Kurtis Geerlings, Gianluigi Catelani, Robert J. Schoelkopf, Leonid I. Glazman + et al. The long-predicted suppression of quasiparticle dissipation in a Josephson junction when the phase difference across the junction is ? is inferred from a sharp maximum in the energy relaxation time of a superconducting artificial atom. Ultralow thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in SnSe crystals Li-Dong Zhao, Shih-Han Lo, Yongsheng Zhang, Hui Sun, Gangjian Tan + et al. The main obstacle to improving the thermoelectric efficiency of a material arises from the common interdependence of electrical and thermal conductivity, whereas one ideally wants to raise the former while lowering the latter: a simple layered crystalline material ? SnSe ? is now reported that seems to have these qualities built in. See also News & Views by Heremans Mid-latitude interhemispheric hydrologic seesaw over the past 550,000 years Kyoung-nam Jo, Kyung Sik Woo.
Verlag: NPG Nature publishing group
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Medical research: Missing patients Effective clinical studies must consider all ethnicities ? exclusion can endanger populations, says Esteban G. Burchard. Developing world: Discuss inequality Confront economic differences to strengthen global research, urge P. Wenzel Geissler and Ferdinand Okwaro. Mental health: Tailor informed…-consent processes The first step in studying mental-health interventions across cultures is to adjust procedures to participants' needs, says Mónica Ruiz-Casares. Collaboration: Strength in diversity Richard B. Freeman and Wei Huang reflect on a link between a team's ethnic mix and highly cited papers. Genetics: Under the skin Nathaniel Comfort wonders at the enduring trend of misrepresenting race. Review of A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History, Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in the 20th Century & The Myth of Race: The Troubling Persistence of an Unscientific Idea Nicholas Wade, Michael Yudell & Robert Wald Sussman Physics: In thrall to uncertainty A history of how quantum theory has permeated Western culture refreshes Jim Baggott. Review of The Quantum Moment: How Planck, Bohr, Einstein, and Heisenberg Taught Us to Love Uncertainty Robert P. Crease & Alfred Scharff Goldhaber New in paperback Linguistics: The write stuff Steven Pinker's provocative treatise on language use and abuse would benefit from more data, finds Paul Raeburn. Review of The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person's Guide to Writing in the 21st Century Steven Pinker Evolution: Tribes like us Tim Lenton is intrigued by E. O. Wilson's sweeping perspective on humanity's past ? and possible futures. Review of The Meaning of Human Existence Edward O. Wilson Climate policy: A societal sea change Nico Stehr ponders Naomi Klein's call for strategic mass action on climate change. Review of This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate Naomi Klein Internet: Technology and its discontents Jaron Lanier surveys four studies probing the vexed nexus of mind and digisphere. Review of Mind Change: How Digital Technologies Are Leaving Their Mark on Our Brains, The Organized Mind: Thinking Straight in the Age of Information Overload, The Impulse Society: What's Wrong With Getting What We Want? & The Glass Cage: Automation and Us Susan Greenfield, Daniel J. Levitin, Paul Roberts & Nicholas Carr When disease strikes from nowhere When healthy parents have a child with a genetic disorder, the cause is sometimes a new mutation. Tools are emerging to meet the challenge of finding such changes. Insight: Exoplanets Exoplanets Leslie Sage Doppler spectroscopy as a path to the detection of Earth-like planets Michel Mayor, Christophe Lovis & Nuno C. Santos See also Insight by Lissauer et al. See also Insight by Pepe et al. Advances in exoplanet science from Kepler Jack J. Lissauer, Rebekah I. Dawson & Scott Tremaine Highlights in the study of exoplanet atmospheres Adam S. Burrows The role of space telescopes in the characterization of transiting exoplanets Artie P. Hatzes See also Insight by Lissauer et al. Instrumentation for the detection and characterization of exoplanets Francesco Pepe, David Ehrenreich & Michael R. Meyer See also Insight by Mayor et al. GATM locus does not replicate in rhabdomyolysis study James S. Floyd, Joshua C. Bis, Jennifer A. Brody, Susan R. Heckbert, Kenneth Rice + et al. Mangravite et al. reply Lara M. Mangravite, Barbara E. Engelhardt, Matthew Stephens & Ronald M. Krauss News & Views Top Evolutionary biology: Radiating genomes Chris D. Jiggins See also Article by Brawand et al. Condensed-matter physics: Catching relativistic electrons Zhihuai Zhu & Jennifer E. Hoffman Animal behaviour: The evolutionary roots of lethal conflict Joan B. Silk See also Letter by Wilson et al. Astrophysics: Giant black hole in a stripped galaxy Amy E. Reines See also Letter by Seth et al. 50 & 100 Years Ago Neuroscience: Shedding light on a change of mind Tomonori Takeuchi & Richard G. M. Morris See also Letter by Redondo et al. Organic chemistry: Reactivity tamed one bond at a time Matthew T. Villaume & Phil S. Baran See also Article by Meng et al. Articles Top Multifunctional organoboron compounds for scalable natural product synthesis Fanke Meng, Kevin P. McGrath & Amir H. Hoveyda A catalytic process is reported that begins with a highly selective copper?boron addition to a monosubstituted allene, and in which the resulting boron-substituted organocopper intermediate then participates in a chemoselective, site-selective and enantioselective allylic substitution; this approach is used in the enantioselective synthesis of gram quantities of two natural products. See also News & Views by Villaume & Baran The genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fishOpen David Brawand, Catherine E. Wagner, Yang I. Li, Milan Malinsky, Irene Keller + et al. Genomes and transcriptomes of five distinct lineages of African cichlids, a textbook example of adaptive radiation, have been sequenced and analysed to reveal that many types of molecular changes contributed to rapid evolution, and that standing variation accumulated during periods of relaxed selection may have primed subsequent diversification. See also News & Views by Jiggins Proteogenomic characterization of human colon and rectal cancer Bing Zhang, Jing Wang, Xiaojing Wang, Jing Zhu, Qi Liu + et al. Proteome analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) colorectal cancer specimens reveals that DNA- or RNA-level measurements cannot reliably predict protein abundance, colorectal tumours can be separated into distinct proteotypes, and that copy number alterations drive mRNA abundance changes but few extend to protein-level changes. Molecular architecture and mechanism of the anaphase-promoting complex Leifu Chang, Ziguo Zhang, Jing Yang, Stephen H. McLaughlin & David Barford The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a large E3 ligase that mediates ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of cell cycle regulatory proteins; here the compl.
Verlag: NPG Nature publishing group
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Mental health: A road map for suicide research and prevention It is time for policy-makers, funders, researchers and clinicians to tackle high suicide rates, say André Aleman and Damiaan Denys. Evolutionary biology: Darwin and the women Sarah S. Richardson relishes a study of how nineteenth-century US feminists used the biologis…t's ideas. Review of From Eve to Evolution: Darwin, Science, and Women's Rights in Gilded Age America Kimberly A. Hamlin Information technology: Forgotten prophet of the Internet Philip Ball ponders the tale of a librarian who dreamed of networking information. Review of Cataloging the World: Paul Otlet and the Birth of the Information Age Alex Wright European pollution: Investigate smog to inform policy Paul S. Monks Databases: Soil observatory lets researchers dig deep Russell Lawley, Bridget A. Emmett & David A. Robinson Health care: Strict vaccine quality control in China Zhenglun Liang, Qunying Mao & Junzhi Wang Political ecology: Rethink Campania's toxic-waste scandal Giacomo D'Alisa, Marco Armiero & Salvatore Paolo De Rosa Technology: Internal factors drive Chinese patent surge Ching-Yan Wu, Mei-Chih Hu & John A. Mathews Epigenetics: Keeping one's sex Douglas L. Chalker See also Article by Singh et al. Astrophysics: Windy stars that go with a bang John J. Eldridge See also Letter by Gal-Yam et al. Physiology: Double function at the blood?brain barrier Christer Betsholtz See also Letter by Nguyen et al. See also Letter by Ben-Zvi et al. Materials chemistry: Selectivity from flexibility Ryotaro Matsuda Cancer: Darwinian tumour suppression Eduardo Moreno See also Article by Martins et al. Earth science: Fertile fields for seismicity Paul Lundgren See also Letter by Amos et al. Articles Top Genome-defence small RNAs exapted for epigenetic mating-type inheritance Deepankar Pratap Singh, Baptiste Saudemont, Gérard Guglielmi, Olivier Arnaiz, Jean-François Goût + et al. The molecular basis for mating-type determination in the ciliate Paramecium has been elucidated, revealing a novel function for a class of small RNAs ? these scnRNAs are typically involved in reprogramming the Paramecium genome during sexual reproduction by recognizing and excising transposable elements, but they are now found to be co-opted to switch off expression of the newly identified mating-type gene mtA by excising its promoter, and to mediate epigenetic inheritance of mating types across sexual generations. See also News & Views by Chalker Amygdala interneuron subtypes control fear learning through disinhibition Steffen B. E. Wolff, Jan Gründemann, Philip Tovote, Sabine Krabbe, Gilad A. Jacobson + et al. Plasticity within neuronal microcircuits is believed to be the substrate of learning, and this study identifies two distinct disinhibitory mechanisms involving interactions between PV+ and SOM+ interneurons that dynamically regulate principal neuron activity in the amygdala and thereby control auditory fear learning. Contrasting forms of cocaine-evoked plasticity control components of relapse Vincent Pascoli, Jean Terrier, Julie Espallergues, Emmanuel Valjent, Eoin Cornelius O?Connor + et al. Information integration in the nucleus accumbens is commandeered by cocaine at discrete synapses to allow relapse. Cell competition is a tumour suppressor mechanism in the thymus Vera C. Martins, Katrin Busch, Dilafruz Juraeva, Carmen Blum, Carolin Ludwig + et al. T cells develop from thymic precursor cells that are constantly replaced with newly arriving bone marrow progenitor cells, and the ?old? and ?new? cells are shown here to compete; in the absence of cell competition, when the influx of new bone marrow progenitor cells is blocked, the old cells acquire the ability to self-renew and eventually become transformed, leading to the development of a form of leukaemia. See also News & Views by Moreno Letters Top A Wolf?Rayet-like progenitor of SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a stellar wind Avishay Gal-Yam, I. Arcavi, E. O. Ofek, S. Ben-Ami, S. B. Cenko + et al. The detection of strong emission lines in an early-time spectrum of type IIb supernova SN 2013cu reveals Wolf?Rayet-like wind signatures, suggesting that the supernova?s progenitor may have been a Wolf?Rayet star with a wind dominated by helium and nitrogen, with traces of hydrogen. See also News & Views by Eldridge Practical quantum key distribution protocol without monitoring signal disturbance Toshihiko Sasaki, Yoshihisa Yamamoto & Masato Koashi Conventional quantum cryptography relies on monitoring signal disturbance to make sure that information leakage is negligible; here a new quantum method of achieving security is described, in which little information is leaked to the eavesdropper regardless of the signal disturbance. Future increases in Arctic precipitation linked to local evaporation and sea-ice retreat R. Bintanja & F. M. Selten Precipitation is expected to increase far more over the twenty-first century in the Arctic than the global average; climate models show that this is driven mainly by increased local evaporation and sea-ice retreat, rather than by increased moisture transport from lower latitudes. Uplift and seismicity driven by groundwater depletion in central California Colin B. Amos, Pascal Audet, William C. Hammond, Roland Bürgmann, Ingrid A. Johanson + et al. Human-caused groundwater depletion in California?s San Joaquin Valley contributes to uplift of the surrounding mountains and may affect the stability of the San Andreas Fault. See also News & Views by Lundgren High-throughput screening of a CRISPR/Cas9 library for functional genomics in human cells Yuexin Zhou, Shiyou Zhu, Changzu Cai, Pengfei Yuan, Chunmei Li + et al. This study describes the construction of a focused CRISPR/Cas-based lentiviral library in human cells and a method of gene identification based on functional screening and high-throughput sequencing analysis. Copper is required for oncogenic BRAF signalling and tumorigenesis Donita C. Brady, M.
Verlag: NPG Nature publishing group
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Climate science: Understand Arctic methane variability Expand ground monitoring of polar sources of this greenhouse gas to find out how climate change will influence its release, says Torben R. Christensen. Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies Janine A. Clayton and Francis S. Collins unveil policies to ensure th…at preclinical research funded by the US National Institutes of Health considers females and males. Sociobiology: The distributed brain Herbert Gintis salutes the follow-up to a study on sociality and hominin brain size. Review of Thinking Big: How the Evolution of Social Life Shaped the Human Mind Clive Gamble, John Gowlett & Robin Dunbar Books in brief Chemistry: Intoxicating science Jamie Goode drinks in two views of that most venerable and destructive drug ? alcohol. Review of Proof: The Science of Booze & The Drunken Monkey: Why We Drink and Abuse Alcohol Adam Rogers & Robert Dudley Development: Dammed dreams Monya Baker is swept along by a documentary film tracing humanity's complex relationship with water. Review of Watermark Edward Burtynsky & Jennifer Baichwal Climate science: Shifting storms Hamish Ramsay See also Letter by Kossin et al. Synthetic biology: New letters for life's alphabet Ross Thyer & Jared Ellefson See also Letter by Malyshev et al. Organic chemistry: Collaborative synthesis John L. Wood See also Article by Mercado-Marin et al. Neurobiology: To care or not to care Ivan Rodriguez See also Article by Wu et al. 50 & 100 Years Ago Sensory biology: Radio waves zap the biomagnetic compass Joseph L. Kirschvink See also Letter by Engels et al. Evolution: Geology and climate drive diversification Rosemary G. Gillespie & George K. Roderick Articles Top Total synthesis and isolation of citrinalin and cyclopiamine congeners Eduardo V. Mercado-Marin, Pablo Garcia-Reynaga, Stelamar Romminger, Eli. F. Pimenta, David K. Romney + et al. Natural products citrinalin B and cyclopiamine B, which contain basic nitrogen atoms that are susceptible to oxidation during synthesis, can be synthesized by the selective introduction and removal of functional groups. See also News & Views by Wood Galanin neurons in the medial preoptic area govern parental behaviour Zheng Wu, Anita E. Autry, Joseph F. Bergan, Mitsuko Watabe-Uchida & Catherine G. Dulac Sexual experience brings radical changes in how male mice behave with pups?virgin males attack them whereas mature fathers display parental care; here the authors identify a subset of hypothalamic neurons whose ablation leads to parental deficits in both males and females, and whose activation in virgin males suppresses aggression and induces pup grooming. See also News & Views by Rodriguez Space?time wiring specificity supports direction selectivity in the retina Jinseop S. Kim, Matthew J. Greene, Aleksandar Zlateski, Kisuk Lee, Mark Richardson + et al. Motion detection by the retina is thought to rely largely on the biophysics of starburst amacrine cell dendrites; here machine learning is used with gamified crowdsourcing to draw the wiring diagram involving amacrine and bipolar cells to identify a plausible circuit mechanism for direction selectivity; the model suggests similarities between mammalian and insect vision. c-kit+ cells minimally contribute cardiomyocytes to the heart Jop H. van Berlo, Onur Kanisicak, Marjorie Maillet, Ronald J. Vagnozzi, Jason Karch + et al. Whether or not endogenous c-kit+ cells residing within the heart contribute cardiomyocytes during physiological ageing or after injury remains unknown; here, using an inducible lineage tracing system, the c-kit+ lineage is shown to generate cardiomyocytes at very low levels, and, by contrast, contributes substantially to cardiac endothelial cell generation. Letters Top Cepheid variables in the flared outer disk of our galaxy Michael W. Feast, John W. Menzies, Noriyuki Matsunaga & Patricia A. Whitelock Five classical Cepheids have been detected in the outer parts of our Galaxy beyond the Galactic bulge; they are probably associated with the gas in the flared disk and, if so, they are the first stars to be identified in the flare. Tracking excited-state charge and spin dynamics in iron coordination complexes Wenkai Zhang, Roberto Alonso-Mori, Uwe Bergmann, Christian Bressler, Matthieu Chollet + et al. Femtosecond resolution X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is shown to track the charge and spin dynamics triggered when an iron coordination complex is excited by light, and establishes the critical role of intermediate spin states in the de-excitation process. The poleward migration of the location of tropical cyclone maximum intensity James P. Kossin, Kerry A. Emanuel & Gabriel A. Vecchi Analysis of global historical data in the Northern and Southern hemispheres reveals a statistically significant, poleward migration of 1° per decade in the average latitude at which tropical cyclones have achieved their lifetime-maximum intensity over the past 30 years. See also News & Views by Ramsay Anthropogenic electromagnetic noise disrupts magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird Svenja Engels, Nils-Lasse Schneider, Nele Lefeldt, Christine Maira Hein, Manuela Zapka + et al. For the first time under reproducible and fully double-blinded conditions, it is shown that anthropogenic electromagnetic noise below the WHO limits affects a biological system: night-migrating birds lose the ability to use the Earth?s magnetic field for orientation when exposed to anthropogenic electromagnetic noise at strengths routinely produced by commonly used electronic devices. See also News & Views by Kirschvink Dynamics and associations of microbial community types across the human body Tao Ding & Patrick D. Schloss The microbiome composition of 300 individuals sampled over 12?18 months was partitioned into microbial community types, which could be associated with the type found at other body sites, as well as with whether individuals were breastfed as an infant, their gender and thei.
Verlag: NPG Nature publishing group
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Climate policy: Streamline IPCC reports As the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change asks how its assessment process should evolve, Dave Griggs argues for decadal updates and eased workloads. Global warming: Improve economic models of climate change Costs of carbon emissions are being underestimated, but current estimates ar…e still valuable for setting mitigation policy, say Richard L. Revesz and colleagues. Biotechnology: Recombinant gold Nathaniel Comfort applauds a nuanced history of genetic engineering's early years. Review of Gene Jockeys: Life Science and the Rise of Biotech Enterprise Nicolas Rasmussen Ecology: Wilson in Africa Stuart Pimm enjoys a fellow naturalist's first visit to sub-Saharan Africa, and the global lessons drawn from it. Review of A Window on Eternity: A Biologist's Walk Through Gorongosa National Park Edward O. Wilson New in paperback Highlights of this season's releases Climate Economics: A strained relationship Scott Barrett examines a study probing the nexus between climate change and energy. Review of Planetary Economics: Energy, Climate Change and the Three Domains of Sustainable Development Michael Grubb, Jean-Charles Hourcade & Karsten Neuhoff Medicine: Outside the fold Giovanna Mallucci assesses the autobiography of Stanley Prusiner, the discoverer of prions. Review of Madness and Memory: The Discovery of Prions ? A New Biological Principle of Disease Stanley B. Prusiner Drugs: Gut response Maryn McKenna finds much to digest in a warning about the demise of our bodily bacteria. Review of Missing Microbes: How the Overuse of Antibiotics is Fueling Our Modern Plagues Martin J. Blaser Education: Digital lessons learned Robert Lue enjoys a deft study of online pedagogy. Review of The War on Learning: Gaining Ground in the Digital University Elizabeth Losh Energy: The new oil era Chris Nelder relishes a lively history of fracking that delves into the complexities. Review of The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World Russell Gold Solar system: Cracking up on asteroids Heather A. Viles See also Letter by Delbo et al. Cancer: Damage prevention targeted Dan Dominissini & Chuan He See also Article by Gad et al. See also Article by Huber et al. Biogeoscience: Africa's greenhouse-gas budget is in the red Cheikh Mbow Metabolism: Targeting a fat-accumulation gene Charles Brenner See also Letter by Kraus et al. Quantum physics: A strong hybrid couple Luming Duan See also Letter by Reiserer et al. See also Letter by Tiecke et al. Structural biology: The purple heart of photosynthesis Richard J. Cogdell & Aleksander W. Roszak See also Article by Niwa et al. Articles Top Transcriptional landscape of the prenatal human brain Jeremy A. Miller, Song-Lin Ding, Susan M. Sunkin, Kimberly A. Smith, Lydia Ng + et al. A spatially resolved transcriptional atlas of the mid-gestational developing human brain has been created using laser-capture microdissection and microarray technology, providing a comprehensive reference resource which also enables new hypotheses about the nature of human brain evolution and the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders. A mesoscale connectome of the mouse brain Seung Wook Oh, Julie A. Harris, Lydia Ng, Brent Winslow, Nicholas Cain + et al. In mouse, an axonal connectivity map showing the wiring patterns across the entire brain has been created using an EGFP-expressing adeno-associated virus tracing technique, providing the first such whole-brain map for a vertebrate species. MTH1 inhibition eradicates cancer by preventing sanitation of the dNTP pool Helge Gad, Tobias Koolmeister, Ann-Sofie Jemth, Saeed Eshtad, Sylvain A. Jacques + et al. In order to find a general treatment for cancer, this study found that MTH1 activity is essential for the survival of transformed cells, and isolated two small-molecule inhibitors of MTH1, TH287 and TH588 ? in the presence of these inhibitors, damaged nucleotides are incorporated into DNA only in cancer cells, causing cytotoxicity and eliciting a beneficial response in patient-derived mouse xenograft models. See also News & Views by Dominissini & He See also Article by Huber et al. Stereospecific targeting of MTH1 by (S)-crizotinib as an anticancer strategy Kilian V. M. Huber, Eidarus Salah, Branka Radic, Manuela Gridling, Jonathan M. Elkins + et al. A chemoproteomic screen is used here to identify MTH1 as the target of SCH51344, an experimental RAS-dependent cancer drug; a further search for inhibitors revealed (S)-crizotinib as a potent MTH1 antagonist, which suppresses tumour growth in animal models of colon cancer, and could be part of a new class of anticancer drugs. See also News & Views by Dominissini & He See also Article by Gad et al. Structure of the LH1?RC complex from Thermochromatium tepidum at 3.0 Å Satomi Niwa, Long-Jiang Yu, Kazuki Takeda, Yu Hirano, Tomoaki Kawakami + et al. The near-atomic-level structure of a complete bacterial light-harvesting antenna?reaction centre (LH1?RC) complex is described here; the structure reveals how energy is transferred from the LH1 to the RC in a highly efficient way and suggests how ubiquinone might cross a closed LH1 barrier. See also News & Views by Cogdell & Roszak Letters Top Thermal fatigue as the origin of regolith on small asteroids Marco Delbo, Guy Libourel, Justin Wilkerson, Naomi Murdoch, Patrick Michel + et al. Thermal fatigue resulting from diurnal temperature variations is shown to be the dominant means of rock fragmentation and, consequently, regolith formation on small asteroids. See also News & Views by Viles A quantum gate between a flying optical photon and a single trapped atom Andreas Reiserer, Norbert Kalb, Gerhard Rempe & Stephan Ritter Quantum gates ? in which stationary quantum bits are combined with ?flying? quantum bits, that is, photons ? will be essential in quantum networks; such a gate, between a laser-trapped atomic quantum bit and a single photon, is now reported. See also News & Views by.
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History: A medieval multiverse Ideas in a thirteenth-century treatise on the nature of matter still resonate today, say Tom C. B. McLeish and colleagues. Policy: The art of science advice to government Peter Gluckman, New Zealand's chief science adviser, offers his ten principles for building trust, influence, engagement and ind…ependence. Books and Arts Top In retrospect: Sylva Gabriel Hemery celebrates the 350th anniversary of John Evelyn's treatise on the science and practice of forestry. Review of Sylva; Or a Discourse of Forest-Trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions John Evelyn Particle physics: Higgs on the big screen Alexandra Witze savours a behind-the-scenes look at physics's most famous arrival. Review of Particle Fever Mark Levinson Evolutionary biology: Sex, lies and butterflies David W. Loehlin & Sean B. Carroll See also Letter by Kunte et al. Astrophysics: Cosmic lens reveals spinning black hole Guido Risaliti See also Letter by Reis et al. Geology: Earth's deep water reservoir Hans Keppler See also Letter by Pearson et al. Neurodegenerative diseases: G-quadruplex poses quadruple threat J. Paul Taylor See also Article by Haeusler et al. Neuroscience: Ordered randomness in fly love songs Bence P. Ölveczky See also Letter by Coen et al. 50 & 100 Years Ago Evolutionary biology: Speciation undone Peter R. Grant & B. Rosemary Grant Articles Top Alveolar progenitor and stem cells in lung development, renewal and cancer Tushar J. Desai, Douglas G. Brownfield & Mark A. Krasnow Lung alveoli are lined by two types of alveolar epithelial cells, squamous alveolar type (AT) 1 cells that mediate gas exchange and cuboidal AT2 cells that secrete surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse during breathing; here alveolar markers, genetic lineage tracing and clonal analysis are used in mice to identify alveolar progenitor and stem cells in vivo, and to map their locations and potential during lung development, maintenance and cancer. C9orf72 nucleotide repeat structures initiate molecular cascades of disease Aaron R. Haeusler, Christopher J. Donnelly, Goran Periz, Eric A. J. Simko, Patrick G. Shaw + et al. Structurally polymorphic C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeats cause an impairment in transcriptional processivity and lead to accumulation of truncated repeat-containing transcripts that bind to specific ribonucleoproteins, such as nucleolin, in a conformation-dependent manner resulting in nucleolar stress and C9orf72-linked pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. See also News & Views by Taylor Proof of principle for epitope-focused vaccine design Bruno E. Correia, John T. Bates, Rebecca J. Loomis, Gretchen Baneyx, Chris Carrico + et al. Computational protein design methods are used to generate new candidates for a human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine; artificial protein scaffolds that mimic the structure of a RSV epitope are shown to induce RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in macaques. Letters Top Reflection from the strong gravity regime in a lensed quasar at redshift z = 0.658 R. C. Reis, M. T. Reynolds, J. M. Miller & D. J. Walton Observations of a gravitationally lensed quasar at redshift 0.658 imply a high spin parameter, which indicates that this supermassive black hole grew by coherent accretion rather than in a chaotic manner. See also News & Views by Risaliti Interrogating selectivity in catalysis using molecular vibrations Anat Milo, Elizabeth N. Bess & Matthew S. Sigman A set of parameters based on the response of a molecule?s properties to infrared vibrations can be used to model and predict selectivity trends for molecular reactions with interlinked steric and electronic effects at positions of interest Conformation-induced remote meta-C?H activation of amines Ri-Yuan Tang, Gang Li & Jin-Quan Yu In anilines and benzylic amines, a recyclable chemical template can direct the olefination and acetoxylation of meta-C?H bonds as far as 11 bonds away from a functional group; in particular, it is able to direct the meta-selective C?H functionalization of bicyclic heterocycles via a highly strained, tricyclic-cyclophane-like palladated intermediate. Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond D. G. Pearson, F. E. Brenker, F. Nestola, J. McNeill, L. Nasdala + et al. X-ray diffraction, Raman and infrared spectroscopic evidence for the inclusion of water-rich ringwoodite in diamond from Juína, Brazil, indicates that, at least locally, the Earth?s transition zone is hydrous to about 1 weight per cent. See also News & Views by Keppler Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old Mesolithic European Iñigo Olalde, Morten E. Allentoft, Federico Sánchez-Quinto, Gabriel Santpere, Charleston W. K. Chiang + et al. A complete pre-agricultural European human genome from a ~7,000-year-old Mesolithic skeleton suggests the existence of a common genomic signature across western and central Eurasia from the Upper Paleolithic to the Mesolithic, and ancestral alleles in several skin pigmentation genes suggest that the light skin of modern Europeans was not yet ubiquitous in Mesolithic times. doublesex is a mimicry supergene K. Kunte, W. Zhang, A. Tenger-Trolander, D. H. Palmer, A. Martin + et al. The phenomenon of sex-limited mimicry is phylogenetically widespread in the swallowtail butterfly genus Papilio ? now, a single gene, doublesex, is shown to control supergene mimicry, a finding that is in contrast to the long-held view that supergenes are likely to be controlled by a tightly linked cluster of loci. See also News & Views by Loehlin & Carroll Dynamic sensory cues shape song structure in Drosophila Philip Coen, Jan Clemens, Andrew J. Weinstein, Diego A. Pacheco, Yi Deng + et al. Drosophila male courtship songs were thought to have a fixed structure with song repetition variations introduced unintentionally because of neural noise; this behavioural assay and computational modelli.
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Zustand: Fair. Volume 1. This is an ex-library book and may have the usual library/used-book markings inside.This book has hardback covers. Clean from markings. In fair condition, suitable as a study copy. No dust jacket. Please note the Image in this listing is a stock photo and may not match the covers of the actual item,2400g…rams, ISBN:9780333776599.
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Editorials Time for the social sciences Governments that want the natural sciences to deliver more for society need to show greater commitment towards the social sciences and humanities. World View The rising pressure of global water shortages Water is becoming more scarce as populations increase, potentially leading to conflict…. The age of hydro-diplomacy is upon us, says Jan Eliasson. Nicaragua defies canal protests No Alt text available for this image Scientists call for independent environmental assessment. Lucas Laursen Planet hunters plot course for habitable worlds No Alt text available for this image Researchers aim to set aside differences in search for life on distant spheres. Alexandra Witze Ebola raises profile of blood-based therapy No Alt text available for this image Convalescent plasma therapy is trialled to fight Ebola, but could also be used for new and emerging pathogens. Declan Butler What to expect in 2015 No Alt text available for this image Nature looks at what the New Year holds for science. Elizabeth Gibney Science in 2015 No Alt text available for this image From Gradzilla to coffee consumption: the research enterprise quantified for the year to come. Mark Zastrow comment Leadership: New year's resolutions Nine scientific leaders share their goals for 2015, professional and personal. Books and Arts Top Listings: Science in culture 2015 Explore the gory glories of forensic science, grapple with Tom Stoppard's take on consciousness, learn what it takes to live on Mars, re-enter Jurassic Park, dive into a coral reef and dally with Robert Oppenheimer. Daniel Cressey reports. Review of Oppenheimer, Countdown to Zero: Defeating Disease, Imagine Science Films, Forensics: The Anatomy of Crime, Emerge, Arsenic and New Medicine: Paul Ehrlich's Pioneering Research, EXPO 2015, Jurassic World, Coral Reefs: Secret Cities of the Sea, A Brief History of the Future, The Martian, The Hard Problem, Designers in Residence 2015: Migration, It's Alive! ? Frankenstein on Film, Marvellous Creatures, Frida Kahlo?s Garden, Lava & The Francis Crick Institute Correspondence Top European Union: New law risks release of invasive species Philip E. Hulme Air pollution: Harmful soot spurs climate-policy action David G. Victor, V. Ramanathan & Durwood Zaelke Emissions limits: Green heating plan threatens air quality Gordon McFiggans Publishing: Criteria for Nature Index questioned Robin Haunschild & Lutz Bornmann Obituary Top Paul von Ragué Schleyer (1930?2014) Chemist who launched the study of caged hydrocarbons. Henry F. Schaefer Careers Feature Top Hopes for the year ahead To kick off 2015, Nature's Careers section asked several young scientists ? all 40 or under ? about their plans for the year ahead and their wishes for the future of science. Monya Baker research News & Views Top Molecular biology: Entry signals control development Jonathan D. Dinman See also Article by Xue et al. Materials science: Like cartilage, but simpler Anne Ladegaard Skov See also Letter by Liu et al. Structural biology: Photosynthetic complex in close-up Ilme Schlichting See also Letter by Suga et al. 50 & 100 Years Ago Microbiology: Diverted on the way to memory Gordon Y. C. Cheung & Michael Otto Cell cycle: It takes three to find the exit Mathieu Bollen See also Letter by Grallert et al. Earth science: Ocean circulation and rapid climate change Ellen E. Martin See also Letter by Böhm et al. Articles Top RNA regulons in Hox 5? UTRs confer ribosome specificity to gene regulation Shifeng Xue, Siqi Tian, Kotaro Fujii, Wipapat Kladwang, Rhiju Das + et al. Specialized ribosomes (with a particular protein composition) carry out translation of specific transcripts; analysis of Hox mRNA translation in mice reveals that unique RNA structural elements within their 5? UTRs, including internal ribosome entry sites and translation inhibitory elements, are responsible for this specialized mode of translation. See also News & Views by Dinman Architecture and conformational switch mechanism of the ryanodine receptor Rouslan G. Efremov, Alexander Leitner, Ruedi Aebersold & Stefan Raunser Using electron cryomicroscopy, the structure of the rabbit RyR1 calcium channel is determined at 6.1 Å resolution in the closed state and 8.5 Å in the open state, revealing how calcium binding to the EF-hand of RyR1 regulates channel opening and facilitates calcium-induced calcium release. Structure of a mammalian ryanodine receptor Ran Zalk, Oliver B. Clarke, Amédée des Georges, Robert A. Grassucci, Steven Reiken + et al. Using electron cryomicroscopy, the closed-state structure of rabbit RyR1 is determined at 4.8 Å resolution; analysis confirms that the RyR1 architecture consists of a six-transmembrane ion channel with a cytosolic ?-solenoid scaffold, and suggests a mechanism for Ca2+-induced channel opening. Structure of the rabbit ryanodine receptor RyR1 at near-atomic resolution Zhen Yan, Xiao-chen Bai, Chuangye Yan, Jianping Wu, Zhangqiang Li + et al. Using electron cryomicroscopy, the structure of the closed-state rabbit ryanodine receptor RyR1 in complex with its modulator FKBP12 is solved at 3.8 Å; in addition to determining structural details of the ion-conducting channel domain, three previously uncharacterized domains help to reveal a molecular scaffold that allows long-range allosteric regulation of channel activities. Letters Top A higher-than-predicted measurement of iron opacity at solar interior temperatures J. E. Bailey, T. Nagayama, G. P. Loisel, G. A. Rochau, C. Blancard + et al. Laboratory measurements of iron opacity made under conditions similar to those inside the Sun reveal much higher opacity than predicted, helping to resolve inconsistencies within stellar models of the internal temperatures of stars. Higher-than-predicted saltation threshold wind speeds on Titan Devon M. Burr, Nathan T. Bridges, John R. Marshall, James K. Smith, Bruce R. White + et al. Wind tunnel experiments designed to simulate the conditions on Satur.
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Polar research: Six priorities for Antarctic science Mahlon C. Kennicutt II, Steven L. Chown and colleagues outline the most pressing questions in southern polar research, and call for greater collaboration and environmental protection in the region. Books and Arts Top Culture: Artistic alchemy Philip Ball unveils the scientific… iconography in Albrecht Dürer's enigmatic engraving Melencolia I. Bias towards large genes in autism Shahar Shohat & Sagiv Shifman Zylka et al. reply Mark J. Zylka, Ben D. Philpot & Ian F. King Materials chemistry: Seeds of selective nanotube growth James M. Tour See also Letter by Sanchez-Valencia et al. Cancer: Directions for the drivers Greg Gibson See also Letter by Ongen et al. Neurodegeneration: Alzheimer's disease under strain Adriano Aguzzi Astrophysics: Portrait of a doomed star Stephen Justham See also Letter by McCully et al. HIV: Early treatment may not be early enough Kai Deng & Robert F. Siliciano See also Letter by Whitney et al. Evolution: Tooth structure re-engineered Zhe-Xi Luo See also Article by Harjunmaa et al. Articles Top Convergence of terrestrial plant production across global climate gradients Sean T. Michaletz, Dongliang Cheng, Andrew J. Kerkhoff & Brian J. Enquist Net primary production is affected by temperature and precipitation, but whether this is a direct kinetic effect on plant metabolism or an indirect ecological effect mediated by changes in plant age, plant biomass or growing season length is unclear ? this study develops metabolic scaling theory to be able to answer this question and applies it to a global data set of plant productivity, concluding that it is indirect effects that explain the influence of climate on productivity, which is characterized by a common scaling relationship across climate gradients. Replaying evolutionary transitions from the dental fossil record Enni Harjunmaa, Kerstin Seidel, Teemu Häkkinen, Elodie Renvoisé, Ian J. Corfe + et al. Gradual changes that occur to mammalian tooth morphology across evolutionary time were modelled in vitro and in vivo by modulation of signalling pathways in the mouse, and computer modelling was used to provide further analysis of the parameters influencing tooth morphology. See also News & Views by Luo Structure of the DDB1?CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase in complex with thalidomide Eric S. Fischer, Kerstin Böhm, John R. Lydeard, Haidi Yang, Michael B. Stadler + et al. The crystal structures of thalidomide and its derivatives bound to the E3 ligase subcomplex DDB1?CRBN are shown; these drugs are found to have dual functions, interfering with the binding of certain cellular substrates to the E3 ligase but promoting the binding of others, thereby modulating the degradation of cellular proteins. Letters Top A luminous, blue progenitor system for the type Iax supernova 2012Z Curtis McCully, Saurabh W. Jha, Ryan J. Foley, Lars Bildsten, Wen-fai Fong + et al. The detection of the luminous, blue progenitor system of the type Iax supernova 2012Z suggests that this supernova was the explosion of a white dwarf accreting material from a helium-star companion. See also News & Views by Justham Tunable spin?spin interactions and entanglement of ions in separate potential wells A. C. Wilson, Y. Colombe, K. R. Brown, E. Knill, D. Leibfried + et al. The ability of individual ions trapped in separate potential wells to simulate spin?spin interactions is demonstrated by tuning the Coulomb interaction between two ions, independently controlling their local wells and entangling their internal states with a fidelity of approximately 0.82. Controlled synthesis of single-chirality carbon nanotubes Juan Ramon Sanchez-Valencia, Thomas Dienel, Oliver Gröning, Ivan Shorubalko, Andreas Mueller + et al. Present preparation methods fail to meet fully the demand for structurally pure single-walled carbon nanotubes; surface-catalysed cyclodehydrogenation reactions are now shown to convert precursor molecules deposited on a platinum(111) surface into ultrashort nanotube seeds that can then be grown further into defect-free and structurally pure single-walled carbon nanotubes of single chirality. See also News & Views by Tour A global ocean inventory of anthropogenic mercury based on water column measurements Carl H. Lamborg, Chad R. Hammerschmidt, Katlin L. Bowman, Gretchen J. Swarr, Kathleen M. Munson + et al. GEOTRACES sampling of deep water from the Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans allows an estimate of the amount (tripled in surface waters) and distribution (two-thirds increase in water less than a thousand metres deep) of anthropogenic mercury accumulating in the global ocean. Negative regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by A20 protects against arthritis Lieselotte Vande Walle, Nina Van Opdenbosch, Peggy Jacques, Amelie Fossoul, Eveline Verheugen + et al. Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis depends critically on the NLRP3 inflammasome/interleukin-1 signalling axis. Rapid seeding of the viral reservoir prior to SIV viraemia in rhesus monkeys James B. Whitney, Alison L. Hill, Srisowmya Sanisetty, Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster, Jinyan Liu + et al. Reservoirs of virus infection represent the most important reason why HIV-1 cannot be cured with current antiretroviral drugs; now the refractory viral reservoir is shown to be seeded as early as 3 days after infection in a monkey model, even before the virus is detected in the blood. See also News & Views by Deng & Siliciano Neuropathy of haematopoietic stem cell niche is essential for myeloproliferative neoplasms Lorena Arranz, Abel Sánchez-Aguilera, Daniel Martín-Pérez, Joan Isern, Xavier Langa + et al. Myeloproliferative neoplasms are caused by mutations in the haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, and here the authors show that the HSC niche contributes to the pathogenesis; sympathetic innervation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is reduced in the bone marrow of patients, which leads to reduced MSC numbers and increased mutant HSC expansion, and restor.
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Policy: An intergovernmental panel on antimicrobial resistance Drug-resistant microbes are spreading. A coordinated, global effort is needed to keep drugs working and develop alternatives, say Mark Woolhouse and Jeremy Farrar. Health care: Bring microbial sequencing to hospitals Analysing bacterial and viral DNA can help doctors… to pick effective drugs quickly, says Sharon Peacock. Cosmology: Matter and mixology Francis Halzen is exhilarated by an account of the hunt for the particles of dark matter. Review of The Cosmic Cocktail: Three Parts Dark Matter Katherine Freese Books in brief Q&A: The space crusader US astronomer Neil deGrasse Tyson, director of New York's Hayden Planetarium, currently hosts the television series Cosmos ? an update of Carl Sagan's 1980 show ? broadcast in 181 countries and 45 languages. As it winds down, Tyson talks about the rich mix of science and pop culture, the 'neurosynaptic snapshot' of public responses to his tweets, and his momentous meeting with Sagan. Cancer Herb Brody Statistics: Attacking an epidemic Mike May Therapy: This time it's personal Lauren Gravitz Clinical trials: More trials, fewer tribulations Michael Eisenstein Nanotechnology: Deliver on a promise Jessica Wright Comparative biology: Naked ambition Sarah Deweerdt Prevention: Air of danger Rebecca Kessler Developing world: Global warning Eric Bender Bioinformatics: Big data versus the big C Neil Savage Perspective: Learning to share John Quackenbush Biology: Three known unknowns Katherine Bourzac Climate science: A sink down under Daniel B. Metcalfe See also Letter by Poulter et al. Microbiology: Barriers to the spread of resistance Morten O. A. Sommer See also Letter by Forsberg et al. Materials science: Energy storage wrapped up Yury Gogotsi 50 & 100 Years Ago Developmental genetics: Female silkworms have the sex factor Franti?ek Marec See also Letter by Kiuchi et al. Precision measurement: The magnetic proton V. Alan Kostelecký See also Letter by Mooser et al. Cardiovascular biology: Switched at birth Katherine E. Yutzey Immunology: To affinity and beyond David M. Tarlinton See also Letter by Gitlin et al. Articles Top A draft map of the human proteome Min-Sik Kim, Sneha M. Pinto, Derese Getnet, Raja Sekhar Nirujogi, Srikanth S. Manda + et al. A draft map of the human proteome is presented here, accounting for over 80% of the annotated protein-coding genes in humans; some novel protein-coding regions, including translated pseudogenes, non-coding RNAs and upstream open reading frames, are identified. Mass-spectrometry-based draft of the human proteome Mathias Wilhelm, Judith Schlegl, Hannes Hahne, Amin Moghaddas Gholami, Marcus Lieberenz + et al. A mass-spectrometry-based draft of the human proteome and a public database for analysis of proteome data are presented; assembled information is used to estimate the size of the protein-coding genome, to identify organ-specific proteins, proteins predicting drug resistance or sensitivity, and many translated long intergenic non-coding RNAs, and to reveal conserved control of protein abundance. Structural basis of the non-coding RNA RsmZ acting as a protein sponge Olivier Duss, Erich Michel, Maxim Yulikov, Mario Schubert, Gunnar Jeschke + et al. A novel combined NMR and EPR spectroscopy approach reveals the structure and assembly mechanism of a 70-kDa bacterial ribonucleoprotein complex acting as a protein sponge in translational regulation. Letters Top Three regimes of extrasolar planet radius inferred from host star metallicities Lars A. Buchhave, Martin Bizzarro, David W. Latham, Dimitar Sasselov, William D. Cochran + et al. Analysis of the metallicities of more than 400 stars hosting 600 candidate extrasolar planets shows that the planets can be categorized by size into three populations ? terrestrial-like planets, gas dwarf planets with rocky cores and hydrogen?helium envelopes, and ice or gas giant planets ? on the basis of host star metallicity. Direct high-precision measurement of the magnetic moment of the proton A. Mooser, S. Ulmer, K. Blaum, K. Franke, H. Kracke + et al. The magnetic moment of the proton is directly measured with unprecedented precision using a double Penning trap. See also News & Views by Kostelecký Contribution of semi-arid ecosystems to interannual variability of the global carbon cycle Benjamin Poulter, David Frank, Philippe Ciais, Ranga B. Myneni, Niels Andela + et al. The unusually large land carbon sink reported in 2011 can mostly be attributed to semi-arid vegetation growth in the Southern Hemisphere following increased rainfall and long-term greening trends. See also News & Views by Metcalfe Storm-induced sea-ice breakup and the implications for ice extent A. L. Kohout, M. J. M. Williams, S. M. Dean & M. H. Meylan Concurrent observations at multiple locations indicate that storm-generated ocean waves propagating through Antarctic sea ice can transport enough energy to break first-year sea ice hundreds of kilometres from the ice edge, which is much farther than would be predicted by the commonly assumed exponential wave decay. A Palaeozoic shark with osteichthyan-like branchial arches Alan Pradel, John G. Maisey, Paul Tafforeau, Royal H. Mapes & Jon Mallatt A description of the gill skeleton of a very early fossil shark-like fish shows that it bears more resemblance to gill skeletons from bony fishes rather than to those from modern cartilaginous fishes, suggesting that modern sharks are not anatomically primitive, as previously thought. Bacterial phylogeny structures soil resistomes across habitats Kevin J. Forsberg, Sanket Patel, Molly K. Gibson, Christian L. Lauber, Rob Knight + et al. Functional metagenomic selections for resistance to 18 antibiotics in 18 different soils reveal that bacterial community composition is the primary determinant of soil antibiotic resistance gene content. See also News & Views by Sommer Epidermal Merkel cells are mechanosensory cells that tune mammalian touch receptors Srdjan.
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Society: Don't blame the mothers Careless discussion of epigenetic research on how early life affects health across generations could harm women, warn Sarah S. Richardson and colleagues. Books and Arts Top History of engineering: Wonder maker Andrew Robinson delves into a study inspired by James Watt's fascinating workshop. Revi…ew of James Watt: Making the World Anew Ben Russell Books in brief Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week?s best science picks. Neuroscience: What females really want Leslie C. Griffith Solar system: Sandcastles in space Daniel J. Scheeres See also Letter by Rozitis et al. Ageing: Old blood stem cells feel the stress Jiri Bartek & Zdenek Hodny See also Letter by Flach et al. Condensed-matter physics: Glasses made from pure metals Jan Schroers See also Letter by Zhong et al. Cancer: One cell at a time Edward J. Fox & Lawrence A. Loeb See also Article by Wang et al. Astronomical instrumentation: Atmospheric blurring has a new enemy Brent Ellerbroek Structural biology: Corralling a protein-degradation regulator Raymond J. Deshaies See also Article by Lingaraju et al. Limits on fundamental limits to computation Igor L. Markov To evaluate the promise of potential computing technologies, this review examines a wide range of fundamental limits, such as to performance, power consumption, size and cost, from the device level to the system level. Articles Top Clonal evolution in breast cancer revealed by single nucleus genome sequencing Yong Wang, Jill Waters, Marco L. Leung, Anna Unruh, Whijae Roh + et al. To investigate genomic diversity within tumours, a new type of whole-genome and exome single cell sequencing has been developed using G2/M nuclei; the technique was used to sequence single nuclei from an oestrogen-positive breast cancer and a triple-negative ductal carcinoma?aneuploidy rearrangements emerged as early events in tumour formation and then point mutations evolved gradually over time. See also News & Views by Fox & Loeb Crystal structure of the human COP9 signalosome Gondichatnahalli M. Lingaraju, Richard D. Bunker, Simone Cavadini, Daniel Hess, Ulrich Hassiepen + et al. The COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex regulates cullin?RING E3 ubiquitin ligases?the largest class of ubiquitin ligase enzymes, which are involved in a multitude of regulatory processes; here, the crystal structure of the entire human CSN holoenzyme is presented. See also News & Views by Deshaies Three-dimensional structure of human ?-secretase Peilong Lu, Xiao-chen Bai, Dan Ma, Tian Xie, Chuangye Yan + et al. The three-dimensional structure of intact human ?-secretase complex at 4.5 Å resolution is revealed by cryo-electron-microscopy single-particle analysis; the complex comprises a horseshoe-shaped transmembrane domain containing 19 transmembrane segments, and a large extracellular domain from nicastrin, which sits immediately above the hollow space formed by the horseshoe. Letters Top The origin of the local 1/4-keV X-ray flux in both charge exchange and a hot bubble M. Galeazzi, M. Chiao, M. R. Collier, T. Cravens, D. Koutroumpa + et al. The contribution of solar-wind ions exchanging electrons with helium and hydrogen near the Sun is shown to be only about 40 per cent of the 1/4-keV X-ray flux observed in the Galactic plane; this supports the existence of a local ?hot bubble? filled with X-ray-emitting gas, accounting for the rest of the flux. Cohesive forces prevent the rotational breakup of rubble-pile asteroid (29075) 1950 DA Ben Rozitis, Eric MacLennan & Joshua P. Emery Modelling and observations of the kilometre-sized asteroid (29075) 1950 DA reveal it to be a ?rubble pile? that is rotating faster than is allowed by gravity and friction; cohesive forces such as those in lunar regolith are required to prevent it breaking up. See also News & Views by Scheeres Formation of monatomic metallic glasses through ultrafast liquid quenching Li Zhong, Jiangwei Wang, Hongwei Sheng, Ze Zhang & Scott X. Mao Metallic liquids of single elements have been successfully vitrified to their glassy states by achieving an ultrafast quenching rate in a new experimental design, of which the process has been monitored and studied by a combination of in situ transmission electron microscopy and atoms-to-continuum computer modelling. See also News & Views by Schroers The tidal?rotational shape of the Moon and evidence for polar wander Ian Garrick-Bethell, Viranga Perera, Francis Nimmo & Maria T. Zuber Analysis of the Moon's topography reveals that when its largest basins are removed, the lunar shape is consistent with processes controlled by early Earth tides, and implies a reorientation of the Moon's principal shape axes. Neuropsychosocial profiles of current and future adolescent alcohol misusers Robert Whelan, Richard Watts, Catherine A. Orr, Robert R. Althoff, Eric Artiges + et al. Many factors have been proposed as contributors to risk of alcohol abuse, but quantifying their influence has been difficult; here a longitudinal study of a large sample of adolescents and machine learning are used to generate models of predictors of current and future alcohol abuse, assessing the relative contribution of many factors, including life history, individual personality differences, brain structure and genotype. A common Greenlandic TBC1D4 variant confers muscle insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes Ida Moltke, Niels Grarup, Marit E. Jørgensen, Peter Bjerregaard, Jonas T. Treebak + et al. An association mapping study of type-2-diabetes-related quantitative traits in the Greenlandic population identified a common variant in TBC1D4 that increases plasma glucose levels and serum insulin levels after an oral glucose load and type 2 diabetes risk, with effect sizes several times larger than any previous findings of large-scale genome-wide association studies for these traits. Altitude adaptation in Tibetans caused by introgression of Denisovan-like DNA Emilia Huerta-Sánchez, Xin Jin, Asan, Zhuoma Bianba, Benjamin M. Peter +.
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Mental health: Depression needs large human-genetics studies To understand the molecular mechanisms of depression, collect genetic data from more than 100,000 people, says Steven Hyman. Infectious disease: Tough choices to reduce Ebola transmission Christopher J. M. Whitty and colleagues explain why the United Kingdom is funding… many small community centres to isolate suspected cases in Sierra Leone. Film: Enigma variations Robert P. Crease ponders a brace of biopics on Alan Turing and Stephen Hawking. Review of The Imitation Game and The Theory of Everything Morten Tyldum & James Marsh Q&A: Space-time visionary Thanks to theoretical physicist Kip Thorne, real science is embedded in Christopher Nolan's film Interstellar, in which explorers seek a new home for humankind. Thorne talks about what he learned from the film's unprecedented visualizations of black holes and wormholes, what it and his accompanying book can teach, and the likelihood of humans escaping the Solar System. Review of Interstellar and The Science of Interstellar Christopher Nolan & Kip Thorne Books in brief Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week's best science picks. Sickle-cell disease Lauren Gravitz & Stephen Pincock Epidemiology: A moving target Simon Pleasants Drug development: A complicated path Courtney Humphries Q&A: Healthy progress Smriti Mallapaty Neurobiology: Life beyond the pain Bianca Nogrady Perspective: We need a global solution Isaac Odame Gene therapy: Editorial control Katharine Gammon Stem cells: Creating a cure-all Andrew R. Scott Perspective: Thinking beyond survival Michael R. DeBaun Forum Depression: The best way forward Lisa M. Monteggia, Robert C. Malenka & Karl Deisseroth Condensed-matter physics: Magnetic fields without magnetic fields Jonathan Simon See also Letter by Jotzu et al. See also Letter by Roushan et al. Palaeontology: Mystery of the horrible hands solved Thomas R. Holtz Jr See also Letter by Lee et al. High-temperature superconductivity: Electron mirages in an iron salt Jan Zaanen See also Letter by Lee et al. Neurobiology: Building a bigger brain Forrest O. Gulden & Nenad ?estan See also Letter by Lui et al. Neuroscience: Towards unified vesicle endocytosis Vladan Lu?i? See also Article by Watanabe et al. Articles Top Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism Silvia De Rubeis, Xin He, Arthur P. Goldberg, Christopher S. Poultney, Kaitlin Samocha + et al. Whole-exome sequencing in a large autism study identifies over 100 autosomal genes that are likely to affect risk for the disorder; these genes, which show unusual evolutionary constraint against mutations, carry de novo loss-of-function mutations in over 5% of autistic subjects and many function in synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin-remodelling pathways. The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder Ivan Iossifov, Brian J. O?Roak, Stephan J. Sanders, Michael Ronemus, Niklas Krumm + et al. Family-based exome sequencing in a large autism study has identified 27 high-confidence gene targets and accurately estimates the contribution of both de novo gene-disrupting and missense mutations to the incidence of simplex autism, with target genes in affected females overlapping those in males of lower but not higher IQ; targets also overlap known targets for intellectual disability and schizophrenia, and are enriched for chromatin modifiers, FMRP-associated genes and embryonically expressed genes. Evolution of mosquito preference for humans linked to an odorant receptor Carolyn S. McBride, Felix Baier, Aman B. Omondi, Sarabeth A. Spitzer, Joel Lutomiah + et al. The mosquito Aedes aegypti includes two subspecies, one of which shows a preference for biting humans, whereas the other prefers to bite non-human animals; genetic analysis reveals that changes in the mosquito odorant receptor Or4 contribute to the behavioural difference?in human-preferring mosquitoes, Or4 is more highly expressed and more sensitive to sulcatone, a compound present at high levels in human odour. Clathrin regenerates synaptic vesicles from endosomes Shigeki Watanabe, Thorsten Trimbuch, Marcial Camacho-Pérez, Benjamin R. Rost, Bettina Brokowski + et al. Ultrastructural analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling reveals that clathrin is not required for the initial rapid step of vesicle recycling by ultrafast endocytosis at the plasma membrane and instead clathrin acts later at an endosome to regenerate synaptic vesicles; however, when ultrafast endocytosis does not occur (for example, in experiments at room temperature rather than physiological temperature), clathrin-mediated endocytosis does happen at the plasma membrane. See also News & Views by Lu?i? Letters Top The expanding fireball of Nova Delphini 2013 G. H. Schaefer, T. ten Brummelaar, D. R. Gies, C. D. Farrington, B. Kloppenborg + et al. High spatial resolution is needed to study the early development of a nova; here measurements of the angular size and radial velocity of Nova Delphini 2013 reveal early structures in the ejected material and a geometric distance to the nova of about 4.5 kiloparsecs from the Sun. Experimental realization of the topological Haldane model with ultracold fermions Gregor Jotzu, Michael Messer, Rémi Desbuquois, Martin Lebrat, Thomas Uehlinger + et al. The Haldane model, which predicts complex topological states of matter, has been implemented by placing ultracold atoms in a tunable optical lattice that was deformed and shaken. See also News & Views by Simon See also Letter by Roushan et al. Observation of topological transitions in interacting quantum circuits P. Roushan, C. Neill, Yu Chen, M. Kolodrubetz, C. Quintana + et al. Superconducting quantum circuits are used to directly observe and characterize topological phase transitions; this approach promises to be a powerful and general platform for characterizing topological phenomena in quantum systems. See also News & Views by Simon See also Letter by Jotzu et al. Interfacial mo.
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Human evolution: Fifty years after Homo habilis Bernard Wood explains why the announcement of 'handy man' in April 1964 threw the field of hominin evolution into a turmoil that continues to this day. Development: Mobilize citizens to track sustainability Businesses and the public can keep watch when governments fail to provide e…nvironmental data, say Angel Hsu and colleagues. Policy: Free Indian science As elections begin in India, Mathai Joseph and Andrew Robinson call for an end to the stultifying bureaucracy that has held back the nation's science for decades. Tudor technology: Shakespeare and science To mark the 450th anniversary of the bard's birth, Jennifer Rampling probes how mathematics and technology shaped his era. Earth systems: No place like home The newest chapter in James Lovelock's Gaia saga holds out hope, finds Tim Lenton. Review of A Rough Ride to the Future: The Next Evolution of Gaia James Lovelock Psychology: The clamorous mind Susanne Ahmari reviews a personal and scientific journey through obsessive?compulsive disorder. Review of The Man Who Couldn't Stop: OCD, and the True Story of a Life Lost in Thought David Adam Cancer treatment: Sharp shooters Beams of charged particles can treat cancer more safely and effectively than X-rays. Physicists and biomedical researchers are working to refine the technology for wider use. Vivien Marx Schizophrenia Herb Brody Aetiology: Searching for schizophrenia's roots Emily Elert Language: Lost in translation David Noonan Genetics: Unravelling complexity Jessica Wright Drug development: The modelling challenge Alla Katsnelson Therapeutics: Negative feedback Elie Dolgin Prevention: Before the break Michele Solis Developing countries: The outcomes paradox T. V. Padma Ageing: Live faster, die younger Emily Anthes Perspective: Retreat from the radical Stephen R. Marder Perspective: Revealing molecular secrets Steven E. Hyman Interneuron subtypes and orientation tuning Seung-Hee Lee, Alex C. Kwan & Yang Dan Atallah et al. reply Bassam V. Atallah, Massimo Scanziani & Matteo Carandini El-Boustani et al. reply Sami El-Boustani, Nathan R. Wilson, Caroline A. Runyan & Mriganka Sur Articles Top Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease Catherine N. Hall, Clare Reynell, Bodil Gesslein, Nicola B. Hamilton, Anusha Mishra + et al. Neuronal activity relaxes pericytes, leading to capillary dilation and increased blood flow, before arterioles dilate, suggesting that pericytes initiate blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional imaging signals; pericytes constrict and die in rigor in ischaemia, which will cause a long-lasting blood flow decrease after stroke, and damage the blood?brain barrier. See also News & Views by Greif & Eichmann Mechanism of Tc toxin action revealed in molecular detail Dominic Meusch, Christos Gatsogiannis, Rouslan G. Efremov, Alexander E. Lang, Oliver Hofnagel + et al. High-resolution structures of the Photorhabdus luminescens TcA toxin subunit and the entire Tc toxin complex reveal important new insights into Tc complex structure and function. Poly(A)-tail profiling reveals an embryonic switch in translational control Alexander O. Subtelny, Stephen W. Eichhorn, Grace R. Chen, Hazel Sive & David P. Bartel A new high-throughput sequencing method to determine mRNA poly(A)-tail length enabled studies of individual RNAs across species and developmental stages to investigate the role of poly(A) length in translational regulation; the relationship between poly(A) length and translational efficiency shown in early embryo systems does not occur later in development, a finding that explains different regulatory consequences of microRNAs acting at different developmental times. Letters Top A ring system detected around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo F. Braga-Ribas, B. Sicardy, J. L. Ortiz, C. Snodgrass, F. Roques + et al. Observations of a stellar occultation by (10199) Chariklo, a minor body that orbits the Sun between Jupiter and Neptune, reveal that it has a ring system, a property previously observed only for the four giant planets of the Solar System. See also News & Views by Burns Efficient rotational cooling of Coulomb-crystallized molecular ions by a helium buffer gas A. K. Hansen, O. O. Versolato, ? K?osowski, S. B. Kristensen, A. Gingell + et al. In combination with sympathetic cooling of translational degrees of freedom (leading to Coulomb crystallization), cooling of the rotational degrees of freedom of magnesium hydride ions using a helium buffer gas leads to temperatures in a tunable range from 60 kelvin down to about 7 kelvin for a single ion, the lowest such temperature so far recorded. Coherent control of the waveforms of recoilless ?-ray photons Farit Vagizov, Vladimir Antonov, Y. V. Radeonychev, R. N. Shakhmuratov & Olga Kocharovskaya The resonant interaction between ?-ray photons and an ensemble of nuclei with a periodically modulated resonant transition frequency can be used to control the waveforms of the photons coherently; for example, individual ?-ray photons can be converted into a coherent, ultrashort pulse train or into a double pulse. Highly siderophile elements in Earth?s mantle as a clock for the Moon-forming impact Seth A. Jacobson, Alessandro Morbidelli, Sean N. Raymond, David P. O'Brien, Kevin J. Walsh + et al. A large number of N-body simulations of the giant-impact phase of planet formation, combined with the measured concentrations of highly siderophile elements in Earth?s mantle, reveal that the Moon must have formed at least 40 million years after the condensation of the first solids of the Solar System. See also News & Views by Chambers The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory Frederick L. Hitti & Steven A. Siegelbaum CA2 neuron inactivation leads to a severe deficit in social memory, while having little effect on other well-known hippocampal functions such as contextual or spatial memory. Mouse liver repopulation with hepatocytes generated from hu.
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This Week Editorials Top The wrong kind of carbon cut The repeal of Australia?s carbon-pricing scheme ? the first time a nation has reversed action on climate change ? sets a worrying example for other countries mulling steps to reduce emissions. Fusion furore Soaring construction costs for ITER are jeopardizing alternative fusi…on projects. A fate sealed Exploring how species adapt to climate change requires long-term studies, not snapshots. World View Top Chile needs better science governance and support Its scientists have much to offer the world, but are being held back by scattered administration and Delegates mourn MH17 passengers No Alt text available for this image AIDS conference tries to draw inspiration from lost scientists. Katia Moskvitch & Edward Susman Anger as Australia dumps carbon tax No Alt text available for this image Climate experts decry demise of emissions-control system. Quirin Schiermeier Gene-hunt gain for mental health No Alt text available for this image Flood of genetic locations linked to schizophrenia helps spark financial boost to research field. Sara Reardon China plans super collider No Alt text available for this image Proposals for two accelerators could see country become collider capital of the world. Elizabeth Gibney Mars slow to yield its secrets No Alt text available for this image Scientists seek fresh approaches to deciphering red planet?s history. Alexandra Witze Plasma physics: The fusion upstarts No Alt text available for this image Fuelled by venture capital and a lot of hope, alternative fusion technologies are heating up. M. Mitchell Waldrop Science and politics: Hello, Governor No Alt text available for this image When California's governor enlisted the aid of two palaeoecologists, their careers took an unusual turn. Virginia Gewin comment Medical research: Treat ageing By 2050, the number of people over the age of 80 will triple globally. These demographics could come at great cost to individuals and economies. Two groups describe how research in animals and humans should be refocused to find ways to delay the onset of frailty. Correction Books and Arts Top Science visualization: Branching arguments Kevin Padian considers two books on tree diagrams and what they can represent. Review of Aristotle's Ladder, Darwin's Tree: The Evolution of Visual Metaphors in Biological Order & The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge J. David Archibald & Manuel Lima Books in brief Correspondence Top BRAIN initiative: Brain secrets cheap at twice the price Anuj K. Rastogi Data storage: Overcome hurdles to global databases Venceslas Goudiaby, Pieter A. Zuidema & Godefridus M. J. Mohren Environment: China's land creation project stands firm Yansui Liu & Yuheng Li Weed control: Tactics to stamp out herbicide resistance Margaret Mellon Careers Features Top Diversity: Equal access Universities seek to recreate the success of one institution's mentorship programme for minorities in science. Virginia Gewin research News & Views Top Schizophrenia: Genesis of a complex disease Jonathan Flint & Marcus Munafò See also Article by Ripke et al. Earth science: Rain on the parade Alison M. Anders Population biology: Fur seals signal their own decline Tim Coulson & Sonya Clegg See also Letter by Forcada & Hoffman Climate science: Cold carbon storage Sebastian Sobek See also Letter by Anthony et al. 50 & 100 Years Ago Gene regulation: Fine-tuned amplification in cells Chi V. Dang Articles Top Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Schizophrenia is a highly heritable genetic disorder, however, identification of specific genetic risk variants has proven difficult because of its complex polygenic nature?a large multi-stage genome-wide association study identifies 128 independent associations in over 100 loci (83 of which are new); key findings include identification of genes involved in glutamergic neurotransmission and support for a link between the immune system and schizophrenia. See also News & Views by Flint & Munafò Enhancer hijacking activates GFI1 family oncogenes in medulloblastoma Paul A. Northcott, Catherine Lee, Thomas Zichner, Adrian M. Stütz, Serap Erkek + et al. Focusing on two ill-characterized subtypes of medulloblastoma (group 3 and group 4), this study identifies prevalent genomic structural variants that are restricted to these two subtypes and independently bring together coding regions of GFI1 family proto-oncogenes with active enhancer elements, leading to their mutually exclusive oncogenic activation. Structure of an Rrp6?RNA exosome complex bound to poly(A) RNA Elizabeth V. Wasmuth, Kurt Januszyk & Christopher D. Lima The exosome complex contains two catalytic subunits which degrade RNA in either a distributive (Rrp6) or a processive (Rrp44) manner?previous structures indicated how RNA could be directed to Rrp44, but the path taken to Rrp6 was unclear; here the location of the Rrp6 catalytic domain and the RNA 3? end are determined and it is found that the RNA lies in an opposite orientation from that of the Rrp44-containing exosome structure, suggesting that the fate of an RNA may be influenced by the manner in which cofactors present it. Letters Top Jet acceleration of the fast molecular outflows in the Seyfert galaxy IC 5063 C. Tadhunter, R. Morganti, M. Rose, J. B. R. Oonk & T. Oosterloo The observation of high-velocity warm molecular hydrogen in the galaxy IC 5063 supports the proposal that the powerful jets of particles launched by active galactic nuclei can both accelerate and heat the molecular outflows that influence the evolution of galaxies. Tracking photon jumps with repeated quantum non-demolition parity measurements L. Sun, A. Petrenko, Z. Leghtas, B. Vlastakis, G. Kirchmair + et al. The quantized changes in the photon number parity of a microwave cavity can be tracked on a short enough timescale, and with sufficiently little interfe.
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Medical genomics: Gather and use genetic data in health care Research into how genetic variants can guide successful treatments must become part of routine medical practice and records, says Geoffrey Ginsburg. Books and Arts Top Natural history: A scientist's eye Beatrix Potter's meticulous artistry served mycology and entomolog…y as well as children's fiction, reveals Linda Lear. Medicine: The commodified body Scott Carney assesses a study of banked human blood, sperm and milk. Review of Banking on the Body: The Market in Blood, Milk, and Sperm in Modern America Kara W. Swanson Climate science: Stratospheric folly Tim Kruger examines an argument against injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to counter climate change. Review of Can Science Fix Climate Change? A Case Against Climate Engineering Mike Hulme Electrochemistry: Catalysis at the boundaries Aaron M. Appel See also Letter by Li et al. Sensory systems: Do you hear what I see? Ione Fine Infection biology: Nibbled to death Nancy Guillén See also Letter by Ralston et al. Genetics: The vital Y chromosome Andrew G. Clark See also Article by Cortez et al. See also Article by Bellott et al. 50 & 100 Years Ago Climate science: Sea levels from ancient seashells Ralph Schneider See also Article by Rohling et al. Reproductive biology: Sperm protein finds its mate Paul M. Wassarman See also Article by Bianchi et al. Letters Top Superconducting quantum circuits at the surface code threshold for fault tolerance R. Barends, J. Kelly, A. Megrant, A. Veitia, D. Sank + et al. A universal set of logic gates in a superconducting quantum circuit is shown to have gate fidelities at the threshold for fault-tolerant quantum computing by the surface code approach, in which the quantum bits are distributed in an array of planar topology and have only nearest-neighbour couplings. Electroreduction of carbon monoxide to liquid fuel on oxide-derived nanocrystalline copper Christina W. Li, Jim Ciston & Matthew W. Kanan The electrochemical conversion of CO and H2O into liquid fuel is made feasible at modest potentials with the use of oxide-derived nanocystalline Cu as the catalyst. See also News & Views by Appel Hybrid shallow on-axis and deep off-axis hydrothermal circulation at fast-spreading ridges Jörg Hasenclever, Sonja Theissen-Krah, Lars H. Rüpke, Jason P. Morgan, Karthik Iyer + et al. High-resolution three-dimensional simulations of hydrothermal flow beneath fast-spreading ridges predict two interacting flow components ? shallow on-axis flow and deeper off-axis flow ? that merge to feed axial vent sites, reconciling previously incompatible models favouring only one flow component. Plate tectonics, damage and inheritance David Bercovici & Yanick Ricard Lithospheric damage, combined with transient mantle flow and migrating proto-subduction, is proposed to explain the apparent emergence of plate tectonics three billion years ago; modelling confirms that tectonic plate boundaries and fully formed tectonic plates can arise under conditions characteristic of Earth but not of Venus. Herbivores and nutrients control grassland plant diversity via light limitation Elizabeth T. Borer, Eric W. Seabloom, Daniel S. Gruner, W. Stanley Harpole, Helmut Hillebrand + et al. Experimental data collected from 40 grasslands on 6 continents show that nutrients and herbivores can serve as counteracting forces to control local plant diversity; nutrient addition reduces local diversity through light limitation, and herbivory rescues diversity at sites where it alleviates light limitation. Eutrophication weakens stabilizing effects of diversity in natural grasslands Yann Hautier, Eric W. Seabloom, Elizabeth T. Borer, Peter B. Adler, W. Stanley Harpole + et al. Experimental eutrophication weakens the stabilizing effects of plant diversity on the productivity of natural grasslands. Trogocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica contributes to cell killing and tissue invasion Katherine S. Ralston, Michael D. Solga, Nicole M. Mackey-Lawrence, Somlata, Alok Bhattacharya + et al. Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of fatal diarrhoeal disease in children in the developing world, is shown here to kill human cells by biting off and ingesting pieces of cells, in a process reminiscent of the trogocytosis seen between immune cells; ingestion of bites is required for killing and this mechanism is used both in tissue culture and during invasion of intestinal explants. See also News & Views by Guillén Inhibition of miR-25 improves cardiac contractility in the failing heart Christine Wahlquist, Dongtak Jeong, Agustin Rojas-Muñoz, Changwon Kho, Ahyoung Lee + et al. Reduced activity of the calcium-transporting ATPase SERCA2a is a hallmark of heart failure; here, microRNAs that downregulate SERCA2a function are identified, and antagonism of one, miR-25, is shown to halt heart failure in mice. Foxc1 is a critical regulator of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cell niche formation Yoshiki Omatsu, Masanari Seike, Tatsuki Sugiyama, Tsutomu Kume & Takashi Nagasawa Transcription factor Foxc1 is a key regulator of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cell niche formation. Cell-cycle-regulated activation of Akt kinase by phosphorylation at its carboxyl terminus Pengda Liu, Michael Begley, Wojciech Michowski, Hiroyuki Inuzuka, Miriam Ginzberg + et al. Phosphorylation of Akt at its carboxy-terminal tail is an essential layer of Akt activation to regulate its physiological functions. Nectar secretion requires sucrose phosphate synthases and the sugar transporter SWEET9 I Winnie Lin, Davide Sosso, Li-Qing Chen, Klaus Gase, Sang-Gyu Kim + et al. Although nectar is known to be important, for example in plant?insect interactions, little has been known about the mechanism of its secretion; sucrose phosphate synthases are now reported to be essential for the synthesis of the sucrose component of nectar and the transporter protein SWEET9 is shown to mediate sucrose export into the extracellular space of the nectary. Structure o.
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comment Energy: Consider the global impacts of oil pipelines Debates over oil-sands infrastructure obscure a broken policy process that overlooks broad climate, energy and environment issues, warn Wendy J. Palen and colleagues. Physics: Bell?s theorem still reverberates Fifty years ago, John Bell made metaphysics testable, but q…uantum scientists still dispute the implications. Howard Wiseman proposes a way forward. Bibliometrics: The citation game Jonathan Adams takes the measure of the uses and misuses of scholarly impact. Review of Beyond Bibliometrics: Harnessing Multidimensional Indicators of Scholarly Impact Eds Blaise Cronin & Cassidy R. Sugimoto Space science: Lunar star Roger D. Launius is perplexed by a biography of Neil Armstrong that profiles the missions, not the man. Review of Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight Jay Barbree Forum Nuclear-weapons dismantlement: Identifying a hidden warhead John Finney & James M. Acton See also Article by Glaser et al. Antibiotic resistance: To the rescue of old drugs Djalal Meziane-Cherif & Patrice Courvalin See also Article by King et al. Fundamental constants: A cool way to measure big G Stephan Schlamminger See also Letter by Rosi et al. Structural biology: Wobble puts RNA on target Oscar Vargas-Rodriguez & Karin Musier-Forsyth See also Article by Naganuma et al. Applied physics: Trawling for complements J. Marty Gregg & Amit Kumar Structural biology: Enzyme assembly line pictured Peter F. Leadlay See also Article by Dutta et al. See alsoReview Top An overview of N-heterocyclic carbenes Matthew N. Hopkinson, Christian Richter, Michael Schedler & Frank Glorius N-heterocyclic carbenes are powerful tools in organic chemistry, with many commercially important applications; this overview describes their properties and potential uses. Articles Top A zero-knowledge protocol for nuclear warhead verification Alexander Glaser, Boaz Barak & Robert J. Goldston Future rounds of nuclear arms control would ideally involve direct inspection of nuclear warheads using procedures that give inspectors high confidence about the authenticity of submitted nuclear items yet give no information about their design; this is now shown to be achievable using zero-knowledge protocols in neutron imaging of nuclear warheads. See also News & Views by Finney & Acton Aspergillomarasmine A overcomes metallo-?-lactamase antibiotic resistance Andrew M. King, Sarah A. Reid-Yu, Wenliang Wang, Dustin T. King, Gianfranco De Pascale + et al. The emergence of Gram-negative pathogens resistant to carbapenem antibiotics is a global health concern and carbapenem resistance often arises through acquisition of ?-lactamase enzymes; this study identifies the natural fungal product aspergillomarasmine A as a metallo-?-lactamase inhibitor and a potential treatment to tackle carbapenem resistance. See also News & Views by Meziane-Cherif & Courvalin The selective tRNA aminoacylation mechanism based on a single G?U pair Masahiro Naganuma, Shun-ichi Sekine, Yeeting Esther Chong, Min Guo, Xiang-Lei Yang + et al. X-ray crystal structures of a tRNA synthetase bound to wild-type and mutant alanine tRNAs reveal the structural basis for selectivity. See also News & Views by Vargas-Rodriguez & Musier-Forsyth Structure of a modular polyketide synthase Somnath Dutta, Jonathan R. Whicher, Douglas A. Hansen, Wendi A. Hale, Joseph A. Chemler + et al. Polyketide synthases are multidomain enzymes that produce polyketides, which form the basis of many therapeutic agents; here, electron cryo-microscopy is used to establish the structure of a bacterial full-length module, and to elucidate the structural basis of both intramodule and intermodule substrate transfer. See also News & Views by Leadlay Letters Top Precision measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant using cold atoms G. Rosi, F. Sorrentino, L. Cacciapuoti, M. Prevedelli & G. M. Tino Determination of the gravitational constant G using laser-cooled atoms and quantum interferometry, a technique that gives new insight into the systematic errors that have proved elusive in previous experiments, yields a value that has a relative uncertainty of 150 parts per million and which differs from the current recommended value by 1.5 combined standard deviations. See also News & Views by Schlamminger Chirality-specific growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes on solid alloy catalysts Feng Yang, Xiao Wang, Daqi Zhang, Juan Yang, Da Luo + et al. Single-walled carbon nanotubes of a single chirality can be produced with an abundance of more than 92 per cent when using tungsten-based bimetallic alloy nanocrystals as catalysts. South Greenland ice-sheet collapse during Marine Isotope Stage 11 Alberto V. Reyes, Anders E. Carlson, Brian L. Beard, Robert G. Hatfield, Joseph S. Stoner + et al. The isotopic composition of glacial sediment discharged into the ocean from south Greenland is used to identify a major reduction in the amount of that sediment derived from erosion of Greenland?s Precambrian bedrock, probably indicating the cessation of subglacial erosion and sediment transport during Marine Isotope Stage 11 as a result of the almost complete deglaciation of south Greenland. Purkinje-cell plasticity and cerebellar motor learning are graded by complex-spike duration Yan Yang & Stephen G. Lisberger Recordings from monkeys during motor learning suggest that durations of complex-spike (CS) responses to climbing-fibre inputs are meaningful signals correlated across the Purkinje-cell population during motor learning; longer climbing-fibre bursts lead to longer-duration CS responses, larger synaptic depression and stronger learning, thus forming a graded instruction. Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei of a type 1 diabetic to diploid pluripotent stem cells Mitsutoshi Yamada, Bjarki Johannesson, Ido Sagi, Lisa Cole Burnett, Daniel H. Kort + et al. Here human embryonic stem cell lines are derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer from cells of a newborn and from sk.
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Public health: A sustainable plan for China's drinking water Tackling pollution and using different grades of water for different tasks is more efficient than making all water potable, say Tao Tao and Kunlun Xin. Diversity: Energy studies need social science A broader pool of expertise is needed to understand how human behaviour… affects energy demand and the uptake of technologies, says Benjamin K. Sovacool. Neuroscience: Looking-glass wars Patricia Smith Churchland welcomes a critique of the mirror-neuron theory linking brain and behaviour. Review of The Myth of Mirror Neurons: The Real Neuroscience of Communication and Cognition Gregory Hickok Palaeoclimate science: Causes and effects of Antarctic ice Dan Lunt See also Letter by Goldner et al. HIV: The mixed blessing of interferon Amalio Telenti See also Letter by Sandler et al. Quantum physics: The path most travelled Adrian Lupascu See also Letter by Weber et al. 50 & 100 Years ago Epigenetics: Cellular memory erased in human embryos Wolf Reik & Gavin Kelsey See also Letter by Smith et al. See also Letter by Guo et al. Articles Top Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinomaOpen The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network An integrated transcriptome, genome, methylome and proteome analysis of over 200 lung adenocarcinomas reveals high rates of somatic mutations, 18 statistically significantly mutated genes including RIT1 and MGA, splicing changes, and alterations in MAPK and PI(3)K pathway activity. Topoisomerase II mediates meiotic crossover interference Liangran Zhang, Shunxin Wang, Shen Yin, Soogil Hong, Keun P. Kim + et al. Topoisomerase II mediates meiotic crossover interference by adjusting the protein/DNA meshwork of chromosome axes. Structure of class C GPCR metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 transmembrane domain Andrew S. Doré, Krzysztof Okrasa, Jayesh C. Patel, Maria Serrano-Vega, Kirstie Bennett + et al. An X-ray structure is presented for metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, a class C G-protein-coupled glutamate receptor linked to fragile X syndrome and neurological disorders; this study provides insights into the protein?s mechanism of action. Letters Top Velocity anti-correlation of diametrically opposed galaxy satellites in the low-redshift Universe Neil G. Ibata, Rodrigo A. Ibata, Benoit Famaey & Geraint F. Lewis Measurements of the velocities of pairs of diametrically opposed satellite galaxies of host galaxies in the local Universe show that satellite pairs out to a distance of 150 kiloparsecs from their hosts are anti-correlated in their velocities and that galaxies in the larger-scale environment are strongly clumped along the axis joining the inner satellite pair. Misaligned protoplanetary disks in a young binary star system Eric L. N. Jensen & Rachel Akeson Observations show that one or both of the protoplanetary disks in the young binary system HK Tauri are significantly inclined to the binary orbital plane, demonstrating that the necessary conditions exist for the misalignment-driven mechanisms thought to produce the unusual orbits of some extrasolar planets. Mapping the optimal route between two quantum states S. J. Weber, A. Chantasri, J. Dressel, A. N. Jordan, K. W. Murch + et al. Reconstruction of the quantum trajectories of a superconducting circuit that evolves under the competing influences of continuous weak measurement and Rabi drive makes it possible to deduce the most probable path through quantum state space. See also News & Views by Lupascu Antarctic glaciation caused ocean circulation changes at the Eocene?Oligocene transition A. Goldner, N. Herold & M. Huber A climate model is used to show that the growth of the Antarctic ice sheet at about 34 Myr ago drove changes in ocean circulation, but the opening of ocean gateways had relatively little impact. See also News & Views by Lunt Widespread mixing and burial of Earth?s Hadean crust by asteroid impacts S. Marchi, W. F. Bottke, L. T. Elkins-Tanton, M. Bierhaus, K. Wuennemann + et al. A new bombardment model of the early Earth, calibrated with existing lunar and terrestrial data, shows that the Earth?s surface would have been widely reprocessed by impacts through mixing and burial by impact-generated melt; the model may also explain the age distribution of ancient zircons and the absence of early terrestrial rocks. Seasonal not annual rainfall determines grassland biomass response to carbon dioxide Mark J. Hovenden, Paul C. D. Newton & Karen E. Wills Large annual variation in the stimulation of above-ground biomass by elevated carbon dioxide in a mixed C3/C4 temperate grassland can be predicted accurately using seasonal rainfall totals. PTEX is an essential nexus for protein export in malaria parasites Brendan Elsworth, Kathryn Matthews, Catherine Q. Nie, Ming Kalanon, Sarah C. Charnaud + et al. This paper demonstrates that a protein complex known as PTEX translocates all malaria parasite proteins destined for export into the cytosol of their host red blood cell. See also News & Views by Desai & Miller See also Letter by Beck et al. PTEX component HSP101 mediates export of diverse malaria effectors into host erythrocytes Josh R. Beck, Vasant Muralidharan, Anna Oksman & Daniel E. Goldberg Plasmodium parasites, the causative agent of malaria, infect and remodel red blood cells by exporting hundreds of proteins into the red blood cell cytosol, a topological conundrum given that the parasite resides in a compartment known as the parasitophorous vacuole; here a dihydrofolate-reductase-based destabilization domain approach is used to inactivate HSP101, part of the Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins, and to demonstrate that it is required for the secretion of all classes of exported Plasmodium proteins. See also News & Views by Desai & Miller See also Letter by Elsworth et al. Equalizing excitation?inhibition ratios across visual cortical neurons Mingshan Xue, Bassam V. Atallah & Massimo Scanziani Different amounts of excitation received by.
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Struggle for independence The faculty of the Scripps Research Institute is bucking a national trend with its refusal to merge with the University of Southern California. Within reach A redoubling of efforts should swiftly eradicate polio from its last strongholds. Food for thought Researchers investigating different farming prac…tices should not have to pick sides. World View Top Misjudgements will drive social trials underground A Facebook study that manipulated news feeds was not definitively unethical and offered valuable insight into social behaviour, says Michelle Meyer. Research Highlights Top Agriculture: Global warming could hurt crops Planetary science: Titan's sea is super salty Cancer: Roving tumour cells tracked down Ecology: Ocean reserves miss key target Neurodegeneration: Antibodies fight Parkinson's Applied physics: Phone powers electronic label Vision: Prism of the eye guides light Virology: What makes HIV fit to spread Cognition: Chimp intelligence partly inherited The week in science: Smallpox found in fridge; HIV-rebound dashes hope of ?cure?; and scandal over faked peer review. News in Focus Quantum-hub finalists picked No Alt text available for this image UK government considers eight proposals for up to six research centres. Katia Moskvitch Landslide risks rise up agenda No Alt text available for this image Forum on deadly natural phenomena discusses use of simulation and hazard-mapping technologies. Jane Qiu Scripps merger fiasco highlights US funding woes No Alt text available for this image Other independent biomedical research institutions have turned to private benefactors. Erika Check Hayden Charity begins at CERN No Alt text available for this image Particle-physics lab sets up fund for ?extras? as other big institutes mull similar move. Elizabeth Gibney Correction Features Top Physics: Wave of the future No Alt text available for this image After two decades and more than half a billion dollars, LIGO, the world's largest gravitational-wave observatory, is on the verge of a detection. Maybe. Alexandra Witze Weight-loss surgery: A gut-wrenching question No Alt text available for this image Gastric-bypass surgery can curb obesity as well as diabetes and a slew of other problems. Researchers are now trying to find out how it works. Virginia Hughes comment Infectious disease: Polio eradication hinges on child health in Pakistan Boosting basic medical services and routine immunizations ? not travel vaccinations ? is the key to ending polio worldwide, says Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta. Psychological treatments: A call for mental-health science Clinicians and neuroscientists must work together to understand and improve psychological treatments, urge Emily A. Holmes, Michelle G. Craske and Ann M. Graybiel. Books and Arts Top History of medicine: Typhus and tyranny Tilli Tansey ponders a turbulent history of vaccine research in Nazi-occupied Europe. Review of The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis Arthur Allen research News & Views Top High-pressure physics: Piling on the pressure Chris J. Pickard & Richard J. Needs Ecology: Pesticides linked to bird declines Dave Goulson Astrophysics: Survival of the largest Haley Gomez Neurobiology: Keeping a lid on it Gina Turrigiano Cancer: Sugar-coated cell signalling Andrew J. Ewald & Mikala Egeblad Materials science: A superelastic organic crystal Tomiki Ikeda & Toru Ube 50 & 100 Years Ago Stem cells: Reprogramming finds its niche Daniel Lucas & Paul S. Frenette Analysis Top A deep crust?mantle boundary in the asteroid 4 Vesta Harold Clenet, Martin Jutzi, Jean-Alix Barrat, Erik I. Asphaug, Willy Benz + et al. Data on Vesta?s surface material provided by the Dawn probe and impacts modelling reveals that Vesta?s crust?mantle boundary must be deeper than 80 kilometres below the surface. Articles Top Genetics of ecological divergence during speciation Matthew E. Arnegard, Matthew D. McGee, Blake Matthews, Kerry B. Marchinko, Gina L. Conte + et al. Traits responsible for recent niche divergence between sympatric threespine stickleback species are subjected to forward genetic analysis; additive variation at several loci across the genome accounts for most of the genetic basis of ecological divergence, with a further role for epistatic interactions that disadvantage hybrids. Reprogramming human endothelial cells to haematopoietic cells requires vascular induction Vladislav M. Sandler, Raphael Lis, Ying Liu, Alon Kedem, Daylon James + et al. This study describes the conversion of human fetal and adult vascular endothelial cells into engraftable haematopoietic progenitors by transduction with some transcription factors and then culture on a vascular niche feeder layer; the haematopoietic progenitors may be useful for the generation of engraftable healthy and long-lasting haematopoietic cells for treatment of inherited and acquired blood disorders. The cancer glycocalyx mechanically primes integrin-mediated growth and survival Matthew J. Paszek, Christopher C. DuFort, Olivier Rossier, Russell Bainer, Janna K. Mouw + et al. Metastatic cancer cells are shown to have a tendency towards forming a bulky glycocalyx owing to the production of large glycoproteins, and this cancer-associated glycocalyx has a mechanical effect on the spatial organization of integrins ? by funnelling integrins into adhesions, integrin clustering and signalling is promoted, which leads to enhanced cell survival and proliferation. Rapid formation of large dust grains in the luminous supernova 2010jl Christa Gall, Jens Hjorth, Darach Watson, Eli Dwek, Justyn R. Maund + et al. The formation of dust in the dense circumstellar medium of the bright supernova 2010jl is at first rapid and produces very large grains, which resist destruction, whereas later the dust production rate increases, meaning its source is ejecta; this links early and late dust mass evolution in supernovae with dense circumstellar media. See als.
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Working together: A call for inclusive conservation Heather Tallis, Jane Lubchenco and 238 co-signatories petition for an end to the infighting that is stalling progress in protecting the planet. Conservation: A to-do list for the world's parks Experts share their priorities for what must be done to make protected areas more eff…ective at conserving global biodiversity. Economics: Account for depreciation of natural capital Economic indicators that omit the depletion and degradation of natural resources and ecosystems are misleading, warns Edward B. Barbier. History of science: Chemists behaving badly Theodore Gray revels in the ego-ridden story of the elements that never were. Review of The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side Marco Fontani, Mariagrazia Costa & Mary Virginia Orna Books in brief Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week's best science picks. Chemistry: A life in science and literature Alison Abbott reviews the latest autobiography of Carl Djerassi, father of the Pill. Review of In Retrospect: From the Pill to the Pen Carl Djerassi Insight: Sustainable ecosystems and society Sustainable ecosystems and society Patrick Goymer Implications of agricultural transitions and urbanization for ecosystem services Graeme S. Cumming, Andreas Buerkert, Ellen M. Hoffmann, Eva Schlecht, Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel + et al. Learning to coexist with wildfire Max A. Moritz, Enric Batllori, Ross A. Bradstock, A. Malcolm Gill, John Handmer + et al. The performance and potential of protected areas James E. M. Watson, Nigel Dudley, Daniel B. Segan & Marc Hockings Accelerator physics: Surf's up at SLAC Mike Downer & Rafal Zgadzaj See also Letter by Litos et al. Developmental biology: Cells unite by trapping a signal James Sharpe See also Letter by Durdu et al. Astrophysics: Monster star found hiding in plain sight Donald F. Figer 50 & 100 Years Ago Ecology: Diversity breeds complementarity David Tilman & Emilie C. Snell-Rood See also Letter by Zuppinger-Dingley et al. Organic chemistry: Shape control in reactions with light Kazimer L. Skubi & Tehshik P. Yoon See also Letter by Huo et al. Cancer: Metastasis risk after anti-macrophage therapy Ioanna Keklikoglou & Michele De Palma See also Letter by Bonapace et al. Articles Top Life cycles, fitness decoupling and the evolution of multicellularity Katrin Hammerschmidt, Caroline J. Rose, Benjamin Kerr & Paul B. Rainey Simple cooperating groups of bacteria reproduced either by embracing or purging cheating types; those that embraced cheats adopted a life cycle of alternating phenotypic states, underpinned by a developmental switch that allowed the fitness of collectives to decouple from the fitness of constituent cells. Architecture of mammalian respiratory complex I Kutti R. Vinothkumar, Jiapeng Zhu & Judy Hirst Complex I is the first enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and it is essential for oxidative phosphorylation in mammalian mitochondria; here the electron cryo-microscopy structure of complex I from bovine heart mitochondria is reported, advancing knowledge of its structure in mammals. Letters Top Turbulent heating in galaxy clusters brightest in X-rays I. Zhuravleva, E. Churazov, A. A. Schekochihin, S. W. Allen, P. Arévalo + et al. Analysis of X-ray data of galaxy clusters shows that turbulent heating of the intracluster medium is sufficient to counteract the radiative energy losses from the medium. Suppression of cooling by strong magnetic fields in white dwarf stars G. Valyavin, D. Shulyak, G. A. Wade, K. Antonyuk, S. V. Zharikov + et al. Cool white dwarf stars often have mysteriously strong magnetic fields (because their coolness suggests that they are old, and magnetic fields should decline in strength with age) and unexplained brightness variations; here the magnetic field is shown to suppress atmospheric convection, inhibiting cooling evolution and causing dark spots. High-efficiency acceleration of an electron beam in a plasma wakefield accelerator M. Litos, E. Adli, W. An, C. I. Clarke, C. E. Clayton + et al. To develop plasma wakefield acceleration into a compact and affordable replacement for conventional accelerators, beams of charged particles must be accelerated at high efficiency in a high electric field; here this is demonstrated for a bunch of charged electrons ?surfing? on a previously excited plasma wave. See also News & Views by Downer & Zgadzaj Solution-processed, high-performance light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots Xingliang Dai, Zhenxing Zhang, Yizheng Jin, Yuan Niu, Hujia Cao + et al. The insertion of an insulating layer into a multilayer light-emitting diode (LED) based on quantum dots and produced by depositing the layers from solution increases the performance of the LEDs to levels comparable to those of state-of-the-art organic LEDs produced by vacuum deposition, while retaining the advantages of solution processing. Asymmetric photoredox transition-metal catalysis activated by visible light Haohua Huo, Xiaodong Shen, Chuanyong Wang, Lilu Zhang, Philipp Röse + et al. A chiral iridium complex serves as a sensitizer for photoredox catalysis and at the same time provides very effective asymmetric induction for the enantioselective alkylation of 2-acyl imidazoles; the metal centre simultaneously serves as the exclusive source of chirality, the catalytically active Lewis acid centre, and the photoredox centre. See also News & Views by Skubi & Yoon Recent Northern Hemisphere stratospheric HCl increase due to atmospheric circulation changes E. Mahieu, M. P. Chipperfield, J. Notholt, T. Reddmann, J. Anderson + et al. Policies have been in place since 1987 to reduce the release of chlorine atoms in the stratosphere, where they deplete ozone; here observations show that since 2007 hydrogen chloride has been increasing in the lower stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere, an increase that is attributed to a slowdown in atmospheric circulation. Selection for niche differentiation in plant commun.
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Biogeochemistry: Microbes eat rock under ice Martyn Tranter See also Letter by Christner et al. Developmental biology: It takes muscle to make blood cells Suphansa Sawamiphak & Didier Y. R. Stainier See also Letter by Nguyen et al. See also Letter by Kobayashi et al. Earth science: Warning signs of the Iquique earthquake Roland…Bürgmann See also Letter by Hayes et al. See also Letter by Schurr et al. Palaeoanthropology: The time of the last Neanderthals William Davies See also Letter by Higham et al. Molecular physics: Complexity trapped by simplicity Francesca Ferlaino See also Letter by Barry et al. Population history: Human melting pots in southeast Asia Jared Diamond Ribosomal frameshifting in the CCR5 mRNA is regulated by miRNAs and the NMD pathway Ashton Trey Belew, Arturas Meskauskas, Sharmishtha Musalgaonkar, Vivek M. Advani, Sergey O. Sulima + et al. Programmed ?1 ribosomal frameshifting (?1 PRF) is a process by which a signal in a messenger RNA causes a translating ribosome to shift by one nucleotide, thus changing the reading frame; here ?1 PRF in the mRNA for the co-receptor for HIV-1, CCR5, is stimulated by two microRNAs and leads to degradation of the transcript by nonsense-mediated decay and at least one other decay pathway. Crystal structure of a human GABAA receptor Paul S. Miller & A. Radu Aricescu GABAA receptors are the principal mediators of rapid inhibitor synaptic transmission in the brain, and a decline in GABAA signalling leads to diseases including epilepsy, insomnia, anxiety and autism; here, the first X-ray crystal structure of a human GABAA receptor, the human ?3 homopentamer, reveals structural features unique for this receptor class and uncovers the locations of key disease-causing mutations. X-ray structure of the mouse serotonin 5-HT3 receptor Ghérici Hassaine, Cédric Deluz, Luigino Grasso, Romain Wyss, Menno B. Tol + et al. The first X-ray crystal structure of the mouse serotonin 5-HT3 receptor, a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel, is similar to those of other Cys-loop receptors ? though here electron density for part of the cytoplasmic domain, which is important for trafficking, synaptic localization, and modulation by cytoplasmic proteins, but not visible in previous structures, is also described. Letters Top Interacting supernovae from photoionization-confined shells around red supergiant stars Jonathan Mackey, Shazrene Mohamed, Vasilii V. Gvaramadze, Rubina Kotak, Norbert Langer + et al. A model in which the stellar wind of the fast-moving red supergiant Betelgeuse is photoionized by radiation from external sources can explain the dense, almost static shell recently discovered around the star, and predicts both that debris from Betelgeuse?s eventual supernova explosion will violently collide with the shell and that other red supergiants should have similar, but much more massive, shells. Magneto-optical trapping of a diatomic molecule J. F. Barry, D. J. McCarron, E. B. Norrgard, M. H. Steinecker & D. DeMille Magneto-optical trapping is the standard method for laser cooling and confinement of atomic gases but now this technique has been demonstrated for the diatomic molecule strontium monofluoride, leading to the lowest temperature yet achieved by cooling a molecular gas. See also News & Views by Ferlaino Abrupt glacial climate shifts controlled by ice sheet changes Xu Zhang, Gerrit Lohmann, Gregor Knorr & Conor Purcell The volume of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet controlled abrupt millennial-scale climate changes during the last glacial. Continuing megathrust earthquake potential in Chile after the 2014 Iquique earthquake Gavin P. Hayes, Matthew W. Herman, William D. Barnhart, Kevin P. Furlong, Sebástian Riquelme + et al. The 2014 Iquique event was not the earthquake that had been expected to fill the regional seismic gap; given that significant sections of the northern Chile subduction zone have not ruptured in almost 150 years, it is likely that future megathrust earthquakes will occur south and potentially north of the 2014 Iquique sequence. See also News & Views by Bürgmann See also Letter by Schurr et al. Gradual unlocking of plate boundary controlled initiation of the 2014 Iquique earthquake Bernd Schurr, Günter Asch, Sebastian Hainzl, Jonathan Bedford, Andreas Hoechner + et al. A long foreshock series unlocked the South American plate boundary until eventually initiating the M 8.1 Iquique, Chile, earthquake. See also News & Views by Bürgmann See also Letter by Hayes et al. Dietary specializations and diversity in feeding ecology of the earliest stem mammals Pamela G. Gill, Mark A. Purnell, Nick Crumpton, Kate Robson Brown, Neil J. Gostling + et al. Differences in function and dietary ecology between Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium show that lineage splitting during the earliest stages of mammalian evolution was associated with ecomorphological specialization and niche partitioning. The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance Tom Higham, Katerina Douka, Rachel Wood, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Fiona Brock + et al. Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating is used to construct a chronology of Neanderthal disappearance, showing that Neanderthals overlapped with anatomically modern humans for between about 2,000 and 5,000 years. See also News & Views by Davies A microbial ecosystem beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet Brent C. Christner, John C. Priscu, Amanda M. Achberger, Carlo Barbante, Sasha P. Carter + et al. There has been active debate over microbial life in Antarctic subglacial lakes owing to a paucity of direct observations from beneath the ice sheet and concerns about contamination in the samples that do exist; here the authors present the first geomicrobiological description of pristine water and surficial sediments from Subglacial Lake Whillans, and show that the lake water contains a diverse microbial community, many members of which are closely related to chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and archaea.
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Climate policy: Rethink IPCC reports Voluntary work alone cannot sustain the assessments carried out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Thomas F. Stocker and Gian-Kasper Plattner call for institutional support and a longer report cycle. Economics: Manufacture renewables to build energy security Countries should fo…llow China's lead and boost markets for water, wind and solar power technologies to drive down costs, say John A. Mathews and Hao Tan. Science fiction: Verne and beyond Danièle Chatelain and George Slusser explore how French science fiction grapples with Cartesian duality. Q&A: The sci-fi optimist Best-selling science-fiction writer Neal Stephenson's works cover everything from cryptography to Sumerian mythology. Ahead of next year's novel Seveneves, he talks about his influences, the stagnation in material technologies, and Hieroglyph, the forthcoming science-fiction anthology that he kick-started to stimulate the next generation of engineers. Books in brief Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week's best science picks. Lung cancer Herb Brody Epidemiology: The dominant malignancy Eric Bender Diagnosis: Early warning system Katherine Bourzac Perspective: The screening imperative John K. Field Personalized medicine: Special treatment Michael Eisenstein Immunotherapy: Chemical tricks Bianca Nogrady Aetiology: Crucial clues Sarah Deweerdt Environment: Breathing trouble Traci Watson Public health: A burning issue Nidhi Subbaraman Genomics: Something to swing about Michael J. O'Neill & Rachel J. O'Neill See also Article by Carbone et al. Microbiology: Bacteria get vaccinated Rodolphe Barrangou & Todd R. Klaenhammer Atmospheric chemistry: No equatorial divide for a cleansing radical Arlene M. Fiore See also Letter by Patra et al. Sustainable development: The promise and perils of roads Stephen G. Perz See also Letter by Laurance et al. Oceanography: What goes down must come up Raffaele Ferrari Sensory systems: Sound processing takes motor control Uri Livneh & Anthony Zador See also Article by Schneider et al. Astrophysics: Quasar complexity simplified Michael S. Brotherton See also Letter by Shen & Ho Articles Top Assembly-line synthesis of organic molecules with tailored shapes Matthew Burns, Stéphanie Essafi, Jessica R. Bame, Stephanie P. Bull, Matthew P. Webster + et al. The iterative, reagent-controlled homologation of a boronic ester is used to create an ?assembly line? capable of synthesizing organic molecules that contain ten contiguous, stereochemically defined methyl groups and which have different shapes depending on the stereochemistry of those groups. A synaptic and circuit basis for corollary discharge in the auditory cortex David M. Schneider, Anders Nelson & Richard Mooney Here auditory cortex excitatory neurons are shown to decrease their activity during locomotion, grooming and vocalization, and this decrease was paralleled by increased activity in inhibitory interneurons; these findings provide a circuit basis for how self-motion and external sensory signals can be integrated to potentially facilitate hearing. See also News & Views by Livneh & Zador Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apesOpen Lucia Carbone, R. Alan Harris, Sante Gnerre, Krishna R. Veeramah, Belen Lorente-Galdos + et al. The genome of the gibbon, a tree-dwelling ape from Asia positioned between Old World monkeys and the great apes, is presented, providing insights into the evolutionary history of gibbon species and their accelerated karyotypes, as well as evidence for selection of genes such as those for forelimb development and connective tissue that may be important for locomotion through trees. See also News & Views by O'Neill & O'Neill Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinomaOpen The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network The Cancer Genome Atlas reports on molecular evaluation of 295 primary gastric adenocarcinomas and proposes a new classification of gastric cancers into 4 subtypes, which should help with clinical assessment and trials of targeted therapies. Letters Top The diversity of quasars unified by accretion and orientation Yue Shen & Luis C. Ho Analysis of archival quasar data reveals that two quantities ? the Eddington ratio and orientation ? explain most of the diverse characteristics of quasars. See also News & Views by Brotherton Probing excitonic dark states in single-layer tungsten disulphide Ziliang Ye, Ting Cao, Kevin O?Brien, Hanyu Zhu, Xiaobo Yin + et al. A series of long-lived excitons in a monolayer of tungsten disulphide are found to have strong binding energy and an energy dependence on orbital momentum that significantly deviates from conventional, three-dimensional, behaviour. Observational evidence for interhemispheric hydroxyl-radical parity P. K. Patra, M. C. Krol, S. A. Montzka, T. Arnold, E. L. Atlas + et al. Observations of methyl chloroform combined with an atmospheric transport model predict a Northern to Southern Hemisphere hydroxyl ratio of slightly less than 1, whereas commonly used atmospheric chemistry models predict ratios 15?45% higher. See also News & Views by Fiore A major advance of tropical Andean glaciers during the Antarctic cold reversal V. Jomelli, V. Favier, M. Vuille, R. Braucher, L. Martin + et al. A moraine chronology determined by surface exposure dating shows that glaciers in the northern tropical Andes expanded to a larger extent during the Antarctic cold reversal (14,500 to 12,900 years ago) than during the Younger Dryas stadial (12,800 to 11,500 years ago), contrary to previous studies; as a result, previous chronologies and climate interpretations from tropical glaciers may need to be revisited. A global strategy for road building William F. Laurance, Gopalasamy Reuben Clements, Sean Sloan, Christine S. O?Connell, Nathan D. Mueller + et al. A global zoning scheme is proposed to limit the environmental costs of road building while maximizing its benefits for human development, by disc.
