grin verlag grin verlag sep 2008 (792 Ergebnisse)

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Cultural Studies - Miscellaneous, grade: 0,7, Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design (Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, History and Theory), course: Relations between technology and culture, language: English, abstract: Stating today that the Western Civilization is the most technological advanced civilization on earth and in history, will probably not draw many objections, but how and when did this happen What made Western Europe outstrip the other great civilizations that long held technological superiority over it In this short essay I try to follow a thought of Professor Lynn Townsend White , seeing the intellectual condition of a society (namely religious values) as the main important factor for its technological development. Although many critics argue against White, downplaying religious value orientation as a possible cause, focusing on technological success of other civilizations in the Middle Ages, portraying the 'technological mind' of western Europe as the consequence and not the cause of it's rapid technological growth or portraying the Western leading technological position as a kind of coincidence, I find them not convincing. To the contrary: the spread of ideas and their grave effects can have their basis in the minds of very few or even single persons, who convince a society to change or adapt their values Further, the wide spread and common borrowing of technological inventions in the medieval Eurasian cultures makes a search for an answer of the astonishing European success even more a question of society and intellectual attitude than the hardware inventions, since Byzantium, the Islamic world, India and China had in the 10th century the same or better technologies and inventions than as Western Europe. And of course on can argue that technological attitudes and pro-technological ideological changes in society where the product of technological progress and not it's cause, but first this would be hard to prove (since for example Monasticism and 'Ora et Labora' came before the great technological progress of Western Europe) and second this leaves the question open what then caused the groundbreaking technological progress in Western Europe (and not in other cultures) in the first place Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 16 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Scientific Essay from the year 2007 in the subject Sociology - General and Theoretical Directions, grade: B, Loughborough University (United Kingdom Loughborough University), course: Power in Society , language: English, abstract: Power has always been of a central meaning for the society as it is inherent in any social resp. political or economic relations. This concerns any kind of society, from the simple, primitive clans of hunter- gatherers, which are only segmentary differentiated to the highly differentiated societies of today¿s industrial nations. Of course the importance of power relations has grown together with the amount of different social positons. According to its importance, it is a controversially discussed issue in many sciences. Psychology, Sociology, Philosophy and the economic sciences offer a large variety of different theories to explain its diverse aspects. One of the most influential concepts of power has been developed by Steven Lukes in his work ¿Power: A Radical View¿. The following text will compare and contrast this book with Sallie Westwood¿s ¿Power and the Social¿. In the process, theoretical arguments and conclusions of both texts will initially be introduced followed by a consideration of several objections to each book.2. Steven Lukes¿ ¿Power: A Radical View¿In 1974, Steven Lukes published his book ¿Power: A radical View¿. Despite its size of no more than 60 pages, it still had an enormous impact and provided material for further discussions and academic debates on the concept of power, as well as empiric research. However, his approach has been outmost controversially discussed and criticised. In a response to this, he published the second edition in 2005. There, he made concessions to criticism but also vindicated himself and still defends a revised version of his model.However, in the following text, I will refer mainly to Lukes` 1974 essay, in which he first criticised the theoretical views of power which have been dominant in the earlier part of the twentieth century, that is to say, the one- dimensional and the two- dimensional accounts of power. In the process of his critique on the previous accounts, more importantly, he first introduced his own three- dimensional approach.To understand Lukes` objections, the one- and two- dimensional concepts shall first be roughly explained.(.)BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 16 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Pedagogy, Literature Studies, grade: 2, Martin Luther University, course: Teaching English in a Postcolonial Context , language: English, abstract: Working as a teacher can often be very difficult. There are not just the questions of how to structure the lesson or motivate the students, but also whether or not the various topics are accepted by them and helpful in learning a language. In his book ¿The Folktale¿ Thompson points out that, ¿The teller of stories has everywhere and always found eager listeners.¿ As a result, folktales seem to be incorporated very easily into a lesson.In this paper, I want to look at the use of folktales in a classroom, where English as a second language is being taught. First of all, however, I want to consider the definition of folktales and explain the hidden subtypes behind the term. Apart from looking at the origins of a folktale, or folklore in general, I want to take a look at their function. Later on, I will also discuss the reasons for using these in school. Finally, I want to provide the reader with a variety of activities that combined can be used with reading folktales.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 16 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Pedagogy, Literature Studies, grade: 1,3, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg (Institut für fremdsprachliche Philologien), course: Intercultural Learning, language: English, abstract: Intercultural Learning and Intercultural Competence are ubiquitous buzzwords that have been used in the sphere of English teaching and learning for more than two decades now. It has been recognized that modern language teaching goes far beyond the acquisition of grammar and vocabulary alone. As students progress in their study of the foreign language, it is expected that they extend their knowledge and broaden their awareness about the target culture¿s characteristics and peculiarities.Theoretically, the creative implementation of Intercultural Learning could, if intelligently put into practice, have also led to an ¿overthrow¿ of outdated teaching methods that, as a rule, emphasise pure cognition rather than communication or interaction. Unfortunately, the initial euphoria has gone and only little has changed in German classrooms. Still, interculturality is often taught in a way that appears uninteresting and ineffective, that is mainly based on facts and figures, and therefore rendering English sometimes not particularly popular as a subject among students.The reasons for this situation are manifold. Teachers (and students) know too little about Intercultural Learning because it is a concept too fuzzy, vague, abstract and indefinite so as to be grasped immediately. It may also be due to the apparent lack or shortage of suitable learning and teaching materials that can be used in day-to-day school life. Luckily, current textbooks increasingly include creative aspects of interculturality. But how useful and fruitful are these modest ¿intercultural elements¿ in practice In this paper, I will analyse two German textbooks used in institutional English teaching and learning nationwide and scrutinise them from an intercultural point of view. Before that, I will carry out a brief but thorough investigation into the notion of ¿Intercultural Learning¿ (abbreviated to IL). I will then look into general functions of school textbooks as the primary teaching instrument, followed by a critical description and analysis of Green Line 5 (Klett) and English G 2000 D5 (Cornelsen).Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 20 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject American Studies - Miscellaneous, grade: 1,3, University of Paderborn, course: US Presidency, language: English, abstract: First of all, I want to show how Franklin D. Roosevelt¿s early biography influencedand contributed to his political career. Furthermore, I will explain how Roosevelt becamepresident in 1933 and briefly address the issue of his reelections. In addition, I will to focuson the New Deal as a result of the depression, explaining certain New Deal laws and theiroutcome. Finally, I will compare several responses to Roosevelt¿s policies.[.]Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 20 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Culture and Applied Geography, grade: 2,7, RWTH Aachen University (Institut für Anglistik ), course: Readings in Australian Aboriginal Literature, Proseminar, language: English, abstract: More than 230 years ago, Captain James Cook, a British explorer, ¿discovered¿ the Australian continent and claimed it for Great Britain. From then on, the Indigenous Australian population experienced a drastic cultural and social change. Today around ¿68% of the Aboriginal population [¿] live in urban environements¿ (Knudsen 2004, S. 73). Despite the progress in assimilation, smoldering sources of social friction between Aboriginal people and the white community, like unemployment, poverty, alcoholism and bad health care, remain. These subjects often occur in literature of indigenous authors, especially poetry, ¿the most popular genre of Aboriginal creative expression inEnglish¿ (Shoemaker 1989, S. 179).Another important theme, which is often worked up in indigenous poetry, is the urban Aboriginal¿s relation to their cultural heritage, which will be the topic of this termpaper.This theme is of high topicality nowadays, considering the increasing number of Aboriginals living in urban environments. It will be important to figure out to what extent the Indigenous¿s past does still play a role in their present lives. Also it will be of interest if they still feel connected with their cultural past, if nature still plays a decisive role, even in¿civilised Aboriginals¿¿ lives, and how they generally feel about their situation of being part of two significantly differing cultures. Therefore, the poems will be analysed on the basis of the subtopics nature, identity and past.The aim of this paper is to provide a small overview of recent poetic works dealing with this topical theme of the urban Aboriginals relation to their cultural heritage to draw the reader¿s attention to a new, probably even largely unknown part of Aboriginal¿s lives.This termpaper will first give a short overview about the Aboriginal poetry in general and the authors lives. Later on, poems in which subjects like past, civilisation or nature occur will be analysed. Poems by Oodgeroo Noonuccal and Jack Davis will act as exemplary works to be analysed and interpreted. Therefore, at the beginning of the termpaper some short biographical facts about these poets will be given to become acquainted with their culturalbackground.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 20 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 2,0, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (Institut für Anglistik), course: Seminar, language: English, abstract: This paper shall analyse Richard Brinsley Sheridan`s play ¿The School for Scandal¿. This drama was first performed in 1776 in London¿s Drury Lane Theatre, and was a cultural part of the colonization process in India.The aim of the first chapter is to provide some background information about Sheridan and his time, and also serves to explain the role which the concept of the sentimental comedy played during the time it was first performed in London. The main focus here, however, is to explore the differences as well as the comparable elements with other comedy genres.The second chapter deals with the production of ¿The School for Scandal¿ which was first performed in Calcutta in 1777. Here it seem appropriate to analise the motives behind the exportation of British culture into the colony and to find out more about the commercial as well as the cultural aspects.An important source of information in reference to this production is the Folger manuscript; a handwritten copy of the play complete with stage directions, which had been used at the New Playhouse in Calcutta. It is necessary to mention here that this Folger manuscript ¿recovered¿ by Mita Choudhury, whose essay about the production of ¿The School for Scandal¿ is the main source for the second part of this paper. The aim of this chapter however, is not to summarise her work, but rather to approach her argumentation critically.The last part of the paper deals with the question whether or not there is a connection between the play and the process of colonialism in Calcutta in terms of the production itself and its content. It also examines the part which colonialism plays within the drama, with regards to its moral and financial aspects.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 20 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Environmental Sciences, grade: 1,0, Vrije University Brussel (Solvay Business School), course: Advanced Technology, language: English, abstract: The ongoing process of changes in the global climate system is rather undisputed these days, as it is evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice as well as rising global sea levels. Moreover, while the exact causes for the currently observed increases in global temperatures are yet to be established, a growing consensus is emerging that at least part of it is human-caused. As a result, various panels and organisations have emerged throughout the world, which are working on strategies how to reverse or at least halt this process. As Kolk & Pinske point out the resulting climate policies across different sectors and locations are diverse. Various companies are trying to restructure their operations in order to reduce waste and to make their processes more energy efficient. A number of governments are enacting policies to replace CO2-intensive energy, released through the burning of coal, oil and gas by more environmentally friendly, so-called ¿clean¿ energy, such as wind, solar, or hydroelectric power. Others are resorting back to nuclear power asserting that the actual risks of this technology are by far not as high as they are perceived to be or as they were some years ago. A further alternative that has recently been implemented by the EU is a ¿cap-and-trade system¿ for energy-intensive industries, which defines strict limits for the absolute amount of emissions. While the responsibility for complying with this regulation rests with the companies in the respective industries, they are free to find ways how to stay within the limits. Compensating for emissions by purchasing carbon credits is one prominent option available to companies in this respect.Purpose of this paper will hence be to analyse the current state of emissions trading development and assess the prospects of a universal worldwide emissions trading scheme.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 24 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject American Studies - Miscellaneous, grade: 2, University of Innsbruck (Department of American Studies), course: Ethical Issues in American Medical and Legal Narratives, language: English, abstract: 'How many lives do we live How many times do we die They say we all lose 21 grams. at the exact moment of our death. Everyone. And how much fits into 21 grams How much is lost When do we lose 21 grams How much goes with them How much is gained How much is gained Twenty-one grams. The weight of a stack of five nickels. The weight of a hummingbird. A chocolate bar. How much did 21 grams 'Paul Rivers leaves us with all these questions before he dies, and in fact, we need all these questions in order to reach a deeper understanding and to make sense of the movie. So, how much do 21 grams weigh And what are these 21 grams. It is tempting to give a relatively simple answer from a medical or religious perspective. We may say that gases exhaust from our body or even that the soul escapes from the body when we die. But this movie goes a step further.These 21 grams apparently weigh so little but in the end weigh a lot. These 21 grams are the happiness of a family, the target of revenge, the reason for struggle, they are life itself. So our lives are dependent on these 21 grams, which shows that life is really fragile. And this leads us to the topic of this paper: organ transplantation. Organ transplantation gives us the possibility to save another person¿s life when our life is already over.For many people it is self-evident to donate an organ when someone else¿s life can be saved through that, and it may seem that there are no real problems or questions concerning organ transplantation, but there are. Organ transplantation is a much more controversial issue as most people might believe and there are definitely a number of ethical problems concerning organ transplantation. The aim of this paper is to analyze Alejandro González Iñárritüs movie 21 Grams and to describe the problems and questions connected with organ transplantation that come up. In order to provide a solid basis for the analysis, necessary background information will be presented and connected with the movie. First of all, the director will be presented briefly. Then, general questions and problems concerning organ transplantation in 21 Grams will be discussed and finally more complex issues (decision making, psychological problems and interest groups) will be dealt with.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 32 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Master's Thesis from the year 2007 in the subject Law - Comparative Legal Systems, Comparative Law, grade: Gut, University of Amsterdam (Labour Law), course: International Labour Law, language: English, abstract: Agency work is an embodiment of the ¿Flexicurity¿ ¿ issue: It is flexible due to its uncomplicated usage and fast availability in companies, but it is strictly regulated in order to provide sufficient security for the workers employed. It was created by the demand in the market for a more flexible method of utilization of the available of workforce, but the need to provide for security of the employee especially in this form of work was always recognized by the trade unions. Formerly called a ¿modern form of slave work¿ it is now recognized as legal and its necessity is not anymore contested.The share of temporary work in Europe saw a growth of 10% between 1991 and 1998 and it is believed to continue to grow. In the overall employment its share is still small: in 1998 a mere 1.4% of the total employment in Europe was agency work, but its dynamics and fluctuation of workforce makes it an important factor in the labour market. Agency work is an important part of the European labour policy as the Social Agenda recommended stimulating the creation of quality jobs, diversifying forms of employment and reconciling flexibility and security. Agency work is not equally spread in Europe: Around 80% of its workforce is employed in 4 countries: the Netherlands, France, Germany and the UK. The methods of regulation of agency work differ considerably between the Member States: Germany and Austria have specific definitions of and regulations for temporary work which mainly cover the relationship between the three partners. Denmark, the role model in terms of ¿Flexicurity¿, only has a limited regulation while France, Italy, Belgium et al. have regulated agency work in detail covering not only the relationship but also the status of temporary workers. All over Europe different strategies have been employed to regulate this type of atypical work providing for more or less flexibility or security. On the European level a directive has been drawn up, that provides for significantly less protection than granted in Germany and Austria. The first intentions to regulate the matter are found in the 1980ies.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 32 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Essay from the year 2008 in the subject African Studies - Culture and Applied Geography, grade: 1,3, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Summer Academy 2008), course: Energy & Environment, language: English, abstract: Climate change has emerged as the most critical challenge to sustained global economic growth, social well-being, quality of life, and political stability in the 21st century. In the last two years, two landmark reports ¿ the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 report, and the Stern Review ¿ have provided highly persuasive empirical evidence, analytical explanations of observed trends, and simulation model projections drawing stronger cause-and-effect linkages between human socio-economic activities and greenhouse gases (GHGs), and between the latter and climate change.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 24 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Politics - Topic: Public International Law and Human Rights, grade: 1,7, Vrije University Brussel (Faculty of Economic, Political and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School), course: European and International Politics, language: English, abstract: This paper examines the impact of policies of the European Union (EU) on the human rights development in the People¿s Republic of China (PRC). To this end the definition of human rights from a United Nations perspective will be used.After briefly looking at the history of human rights abuses in China, the paper turns towards the main analysis shedding light on the EU¿s conditional engagement policy towards China and the nature of the EU-China relations - whether it be a true strategic partnership or merely a strategic dialogue.The paper then evaluates the success of the EU¿s policy by looking at how far it has been able to achieve its objectives set with regard to human rights in the PRC. Moving on from the achievements to date, a critical outlook on the prospects of Europe¿s strategy is given comprising an analysis of the opportunities and challenges the EU is likely to face in this respect.Finally, the paper concludes that the impact of the European Union on the human rights development in China remains far from clear-cut. Whereas some scholars and politicians attribute much of the observed advancements to Europe¿s conditional engagement policy, others challenge this view and contest that developments in this area are predominantly related to Chinäs overall economic progress. While the truth probably lies somewhere in between these two opposing views, future human rights development in the PRC will nevertheless remain a challenging task. Whereas developments on the economic and social side are also in Chinäs interest and will thus be relatively easy to promote, holistic progress - including civil and political rights - will only be possible if substantial differences between the EU and China can successfully be dissolved. Amongst other things, this will require the development of deep mutual cultural understanding and the discovery of sophisticated, novel negotiation approaches. Due to the complexity and sensitivity of the involved issues meaningful progress will only develop gradually, though, and the achievement of a universally acceptable human rights standard in China will still require a substantial amount of time as well as the willingness to compromise on behalf of both parties.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 36 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Scientific Study from the year 2007 in the subject Politics - Region: Russia, grade: 1,0, Vilnius University (Vilnius University), language: English, abstract: The aim of this paper is to find out the major changes in interests of the Ukrainian society and how they determined party preferences. Therefore it will not only analyse parliamentary elections but also presidential elections. The presidential ¿ parliamentary system of Ukraine (until 2005), with crucial powers of the president is determining presidential elections as important, even if parties itself play a less important role than candidates. Change of interests also can be visible by voting for one or another candidate at least for major cleavages in the society. Presidential elections also normally work for the consolidation of party competition (Harasymiw 2002).The first part of this work will lay the theoretical ground for the analyses of voter preferences in Ukraine. It will deal with a generalization of interest building theory and a more closer view on transforming post-communist societies. Furthermore it will present two concepts which are important in explaining the interconnection between society and political interests. The first concept deals with class inequalities as base for class specific interest and voting behaviour. But this concept cannot give enough explanation for the case of Ukraine, due to its special political development in general and its different historical experience during Soviet times. Therefore I will present a second concept; the concept of cleavages. It is more genereal in describing the connections between specific interest and voter preferences and therefore more useful than the former concept.In the second part of this paper I will analyse the parliamentary and presidential elections of Ukraine until 2006. Therefore I will describe important surroundings, present the results and analyse the major cleavages or interest groups.[.]Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 32 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject Politics - Region: USA, grade: 1,7, University of Duisburg-Essen (Politische Theorie), course: Politische Rhetorik, language: English, abstract: The American Dream has always been a central subject in political speeches.Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan were not the only presidents who referred toit in their speeches. Quite possibly every presidential candidate and presidentrelated to it when they accepted their nominations and when they outlined theirpolitical programmes at their inaugurations. Ever since it has become part ofthe tradition of political rhetoric in the United States, one can say how centrallyimportant the American Dream (still) is and what great influence it has on theAmerican people.So what exactly is the American Dream Peter Freese calls the attempt ofdefining it ¿subjective and imcomplete¿, especially because he is of the opinionthat the vision and beliefs transferred in the American Dream change with thetimes. However, he quotes Hartmut Keil by using his definition of the AmericanDream with a lot of its beliefs and convictions that are substantial parts of it:¿Individual success, advancement, materialism, personal successneighborliness, naturalness, individuality, freedom, equality, equal opportunitysearch for identity, national purpose, American consciousness, democraticdream, dream of paradise (¿), moving force, liberation of humanity, world¿ssalvation¿; but he comes to the conclusion that there is not the possibility of aprecise definition in case one does not want to list nearly every aspect of¿American society¿.Still, the fundamental values and virtues that build the basis and are the corefunction of the American Dream, are the main part of American politicalrhetoric. The metaphor of the American Dream has always been used by beingglorified by politians in their speeches, and mostly with the promise of fulfilmentsoon after the elections in case it was a nomination speech. Therefore the American Dream seems to have a realistic side, it is not only a vision or autopia when presidential candidates and presidents talk about its fulfilment.Since the promise of fulfilment is made ever since this subject has played amajor role in political speeches, it is a dream which can and ¿ referring to thepoliticians¿ promises ¿ will come true.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 32 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject Politics - History of Political Systems, grade: 1,3, Vilnius University, language: English, abstract: To describe the Ukrainian nationalism I will also use the famous concept from the Czech historian Hroch who is dividing the national movements into three phases. Phase 1) cultural awakening- a small group of educated people develops an interest in language, history and folklore of an ethnic group.Phase 2) national agitation- the implementation of national consciousness into a wider circle of the population in order to mobilize them and to integrate them into a national community which will lead to Phase 3) mass movement with its goal of political autonomy (Hroch in Kappeler 2001/ Weeks 1996). The case of Ukraine is in this sense not very easy to look at because of several events, in form of national policies of two influential Empires. Another interesting theoretical point of view is the distinction between ¿ancient¿ and ¿young¿ nations and their prospects to form a successful national movement. The former having a tradition of a national elite, and high culture, and the latter not. Young nations also have an incomplete social structure and almost no urban middle class. They also are fighting first primarily against the foreign elite and less against the state. The main aim is to create firstly a high culture of their own. Ukraine is seen as such a ¿small¿ or ¿young¿ nation (Kappeler 2001).I will describe Ukrainian nationalism in the context of modernization and mobilization through social, economic and political changes as well as on special events that might had a greater impact on the Ukrainian nationalism. The time period covered in this paper will be from the starting point of pre-historical Ukrainian ¿nation¿ to the reenactment of the above described third phase of national mass movement.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 24 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,7, University of Duisburg-Essen, course: Non-verbal aspects of communication , language: English, abstract: This essay deals with the question whether facial expressions are universal meaningthat all cultures use the same mimics for expressing a certain feeling. Are theseexpressions innate or do they have to be learned First, I will give an overview of Charles Darwin¿s theory about the universality of facialexpressions because he was the first who dealt in detail with this issue.The chapter is subdivided in three parts: the first part describes the relationshipbetween the facial expressions of nonhuman primates and human primates. Thefollowing part deals with Darwin¿s observations of the facial expression in infants andchildren including those children that have no opportunity to learn facial expressionsfrom others. Finally, Darwin¿s method of cross-cultural study in order to provideevidence for his claim will be presented.The second chapter depicts the behaviourists¿ position that in contrast to theUniversalists¿ point of view is based on the belief that all facial expressions arelearned and culturally bound.The main chapter represents the most current and detailed research of facialexpressions. The studies of Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen refer mainly to Darwinbut also consider the cultural aspect. They introduce a neurocultural theory ofemotions, showing that the facial behaviour itself is determined by biological factorsas well as by social factors. Further, I will give a summary of three importantexperiments Ekman and Friesen conducted in order to proof that the facialexpressions for the six basic emotions are universal.[.]BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 24 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen (Anglistik), course: Hauptseminar: The History of British Comedy, language: English, abstract: This paper will examine the four female characters of William Shakespeare¿s comedy A Midsummer Night¿s Dream which is one of the early comedies of the playwright. Here we encounter four main female characters who come from three different backgrounds. While Hippolyta is about to be married to Theseus, one can say that she represents the leadership in the mortal world. Titania is another leading character who is the queen of the fairy land. Hermia and Helena represent young women who are trying to find the right partner for themselves.As in many Shakespeare¿s comedies, the married couples are confronted with a certain problem that seems to endanger their marriage, while the unmarried people make choices that are not accepted or a confusing love constellation exists, for instance the ¿love chain¿ that can be found in this play, where Helena loves Demetrius who loves Hermia who loves Lysander. The play can be divided into three parts: at the beginning we face a world of Athens, where life is organized by law; the middle part of the play takes place in the magical wood where the fairies control the irrational events and cause a lot of discord, and finally a return to the ¿normal¿ world occurs where all the mismatched couples can resolve their troubles and a triple wedding takes place which is the ultimate happy end for a comedy of Shakespeare¿s times. All four female characters will be analyzed in all three stages of the play: before the magic intervention of the fairy king, during the confusion caused by him and after the initial conditions are restored. Hippolyta remains the only character who is not manipulated by the love potion.The female characters will be analyzed according to their behavior, their image of themselves and the relationship to the men. Each character will be introduced and analyzed in a separate chapter. The goal is to find parallels and contrasts between these characters which will be presented in the conclusion of this paper.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 28 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,3, University of Mannheim, course: British Literature of the 50's, language: English, abstract: All human beings have a deep need for necessity in their lives. We want to know why we exist, we want to understand the world and its secrets, and we want to know our place in the world. Concepts like religion and philosophy are concerned with those questions and try to provide answers to them. Nevertheless, there are still no satisfying explanations. This is due to the fact that ¿our actual lived experience has no form or unity in itself, but is full of contingent rubble, accident, and unsystematized detail which may resist our attempts at unity¿ (Antonaccio & Schweiker, Human Goodness 111). As our world is contingent, it cannot be completely understood. Consequently, we should accept its contingency instead of denying it by trying to find an explanation to everything.The stress ratio between contingency and necessity is also the theme of Iris Murdoch¿s first novel Under the Net. Throughout the novel, the protagonist Jake Donaghue searches for his own identity and for a master theory which is able to explain the world (cf. Porter, Leitmotiv 379). In the end, he realizes that he has to change his attitude towards contingency.In the following, I will try to find reasons for the change of Jake¿s attitude, and I will describe the consequences of this change. In order to be able to do this, I will first provide a definition of the term ¿contingency¿ and place it in the context of philosophy in chapter 2. Afterwards, I will explain some essential aspects of contingency in the novel in chapter 3. In chapter 4, I will have a look at Jake¿s changing attitude towards contingency in the course of the novel in order to, finally, be able to find reasons for the change and to describe its consequences in chapter 5 and 6.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 36 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Culture and Applied Geography, grade: 1,7, University of Paderborn, course: Narratives of London, language: English, abstract: Some people say you can only experience London as you walk it. Others say that ridingthe London Tube gives you the real picture of the city as you receive differentperspectives.Indeed, the world¿s oldest and largest underground, is one of the city¿s most prominentand prototypical features. For more than 140 years, a diverse range of people such astourists, visitors, provincials and commuters have travelled the metropolis byunderground. Yet all of them for the same reason: to get from one place to the other.From the opening of the first line in 1868, the London Underground also attracted theattention of many writers who depicted this means of transportation in their works. Infact, the London Underground still fascinates many contemporary authors such as DorisLessing and Charlie Higson.Reading Lessing¿s In Defence of the Underground or Higson¿s The Red Line you aretaken along on a journey below the city, exploring the metropolis. While the story¿scharacters travel through London they organize space. When riding one of theunderground lines, certain places and linked together. As the story continues, thenarrative structures unfold to be spatial syntaxes that take the reader along on a tourthrough the metropolis.In this paper I will argue to what degree texts about the London Tube as well as theLondon Underground maps can be considered a way of organizing the space of London.First of all, I want to give a short introduction on spatial theory and a definition of theconcept of spatial stories. Afterwards, I will apply my findings on spatial stories to theLondon Underground texts In Defence of the Underground and The Red Line.Moreover, I will discuss the different representation of London within the two texts.Finally, I want to examine to what degree London Underground maps can be considereda way of organizing the space of the city.[.]Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 24 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,3, University of Mannheim, course: Psycholinguistics, language: English, abstract: Reading is a part of our daily life. It enables us to get information, for example when we read a newspaper, or it is just for entertainment. Once we have learned to read, we are not able to stop it anymore. If we see a text, we read it automatically and know what it means. But how is it possible that we understand the meaning of a text What is going on inside our brain while we are reading And how are we able to remember and recall something from a text These are central questions the text processing research concentrates on. In order to find an answer to them, researchers have different approaches. One of them is the construction-integration model by Walter Kintsch, which has its origin in several earlier models of processing.The main field of application for this model is instruction. The results of research on learning can be used to create new instruction methods, which facilitate the process of learning and advance the ability to remember what has just been learned.My term paper is going to concentrate on Kintsch¿s construction-integration model and its assumptions. It is structured into two parts. The first part gives an overview of the theory. To be able to understand the model, I will initially describe its different components, namely: propositions, the text base, the situation model, and inferences (chapter 2). Then, I will briefly dwell on Kintsch¿s earlier models (chapter 3). Afterwards, I will explain the model itself and give a short evaluation of it in chapter 4. The second part of the term paper consists of my imitation of an experiment on the existence of propositions, which was originally carried out by Gail McKoon and Roger Ratcliff (chapter 5).Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 32 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject American Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, University of Cologne, course: Differences in American and British English, language: English, abstract: In past years, many studies have been published concerning the influence of English, especiallyof American English, on the German language. Many people complain about thehotchpotch of English and German used by present-day youths. They blame the media forthe destruction of the German language. This even led to the founding of an associationder Verein Deutsche Sprache, to protect the German language. However, few people seemto be aware that German has made a sizeable contribution to the American English vocabularytoo, even though this is not as large as the contribution of English to the German language.As will be shown in this paper, words denoting foods, drinks, amusements, skiingactivities, German inventions and parts of the education system were borrowed by the nativepopulation. Borrowing from German started with the early colonial settlers in the 17thcentury, settling in Pennsylvania and evolving the Pennsylvanian German which is not ofinterest in this paper as it is completely different from the usage of German words of anaverage American, and has continued to the present time.This paper deals with Germanisms in American speech and is intended to give anoverview of the concept of borrowing. Firstly, the processes of borrowing with its examplesof distant and intimate borrowing are traced. Stanforth¿s monograph Deutsche Einflüsseauf den englischen Wortschatz in Geschichte und Gegenwart serves as the basis. Afterwardsin accordance to Haugen, his categorisation of the loan material into importationsubstitution, partial-substitution and their subdivisions loan words, loan meanings, loancoinages, loan blends and loan compounds are represented with examples. The followingparagraphs elaborate on the naturalization of the loan material. It is shown that the typographicrepresentation of words, the orthography, the pronunciation and the grammar cangive information on the state of naturalization. Furthermore, the loan material can changeits part of speech or meaning after having been borrowed. In the fourth main paragraph thereasons for the large amount of Germanisms, such as the lack of American English equivalentsor the striving for profit and prestige, are explained in detail.[.]Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 28 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2, University of Tubingen (Seminar für Anglistik), course: Historical Grammar, language: English, abstract: In the following essay the development of strong verbs in English will be examined, starting in the Old English period and reaching up to Modern English times. The different classification systems and conjugational patterns that apply for the periods will be compared. The main task of the essay will be to find out similarities differences and parts which have remained the same in these systems.In the course of the essay, the Old English system of strong verbs will be compared to the Middle English system and finally the Modern English system. In order to do this, it will be necessary to describe the classification system of Old English strong verbs in detail as well as pointing out the conjugational patterns that apply for these verbs.In the next section the same will be done for Middle English strong verbs. In that section changes will already have to be mentioned.Afterwards, an entirely different classification of Modern English irregular verbs as suggested by Quirk & Greenbaum will be introduced. In addition the conjugational system of Modern English verbs will be described.Following this mainly descriptive first part of the essay, the second part will compare the systems and point out the main differences or similarities.The last section provides a summary of the developments which took place in the evolution of strong verbs and which have already been touched in the descriptions of the different classification systems.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 24 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject American Studies - Literature, grade: 1,0, University of Vienna (Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik), course: Seminar des 2. Studienabschnitts, language: English, abstract:This paper seeks to shed light upon Charlotte Perkins Gilman¿s short story ¿The Yellow Wallpaper¿ (1892) ¿ a text that has become an American feminist classic and has been interpreted as a ¿transformed autobiography¿ (Shulman, xix), as a ¿journalistic/clinical account of a woman¿s gradual descent into madness¿ (Bak, 39), and in multiple ways as a ¿critique of gender relations¿ (Shulman, xix). It is a ¿bitter story¿, as Ann J. Lane describes it, ¿of a young woman driven to insanity by a loving husband-doctor, who, with the purest motives, imposed Mitchell¿s ¿rest cure¿¿ (Lane, vii). The narrator of the story is diagnosed as suffering from a ¿temporary nervous depression¿ (W, 4), which is today known as ¿postpartum depression¿, that is, a depression caused by profound hormonal changes after childbirth. Written some five years after the author herself, following the birth of her first child, became ¿a mental wreck¿ in need of a ¿rest cure¿, ¿The Yellow Wallpaper¿ is a fictionalized account of Gilman¿s own subjection to the rest cure of Silas Weir Mitchell, whose mode of treatment so notoriously typified conventional late Victorian doctoring of women .BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 36 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Applied Geography, grade: 1,0, University of Dortmund, language: English, abstract: The following paper aims at giving a condensed insight into the large body of myths and be-liefs revolving around the probably most crucial and controversial topic of the 20th and 21st century with regard to human existence on a world-wide level: the Acquired Immune Defi-ciency Syndrome (AIDS).Since the first discoveries of the virus in human beings in the late 20th century in the US as well as on the African continent, its real origin has not yet been determined and most impor-tantly, a cure could not be developed until today. Research has made enormous progress though and has enabled infected people to extend their life expectancy after the illness¿ out-break up to twenty years with the help of antiretroviral medication. But still, the disease re-mains a ¿killer disease,¿ since yet incurable and thus ultimately incontrollable for human be-ings and their otherwise advanced and sophisticated medical science.The uncertainty HIV/AIDS creates with regard to its origin triggers conceivable concern and simultaneously an adamant wish to finally being able to attribute its origin and aggressive spread to a certain source. Hence, in order to give a name to what has been happening to mankind for the last decades, people clasp at straws to make the phenomenon understandable in accordance to their personal world-view. Since the unrelenting spread of the virus is to be reported from all over the world, every society and culture, depending on context, tries to make sense of the issue for itself, which means, finding reasons for HIV/AIDS that seem most probable against the background of the respective nation and its personal history. Particular explanations, when having been maintained and repeatedly used over a longer period of time, may then sometimes develop into outright myths that bear witness of a larger social and cul-tural movement of reasoning within the respective nation. Considering their foundation in a nation¿s history and its experience with other countries, those myths cannot be regarded as mere expressions of phantasm though but rather as cultural and social constructs that attempt to explain the world people live in.Those myths and their respective functions shall be pursued and analysed in the following essay, setting the primary focus on South Africa with its idiosyncratic set of beliefs on the one hand and the West as its perceived opponent on the other. [.]BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 28 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,3, University of Leipzig (Institut für Anglistik), course: Harry Potter and The End, language: English, abstract: The Harry Potter series display such a complex set of plots with so many references tohistory, legend and literature, with so many playfully arranged puns according to the names ofcharacters, creatures, items or places that one cannot easily decide where to begin with anexamination that may befit the extent of a seminar paper. The finally chosen scope of thispaper refers to my general interest in mythology and legend as well as to Rowling¿s admiringaptitude to equip her characters from an extraordinary variety of backgrounds. Names are themost obvious means of depicting literary characters and their intended personalities. Yetconsidering the multiplicity of those characters in the ever further developed seven novelsfurther specification appears to be necessary to meet the demands of this paper. Therefore, itsfocus is limited to character names and in that to several selected characters only, whosenames demonstrate mythological background most efficiently. To that effect, I am notexclusively following a selective principle regarding the characters¿ significance in the books.Surely enough, there are several major characters bearing names grounded on mythology, yetRowling placed so many according hints and links on minor characters and on figures noteven acting in the story(ies) themselves that it would seem a squandering of her labour toconcentrate on particular ¿significant¿ characters only.[.]BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 28 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2008 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Pedagogy, Literature Studies, grade: A, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka (Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka - Department of English), course: Seminar, language: English, abstract: To learn a second/foreign language, the learner takes a linguistic journey from his/her mother tongue to the target language and naturally constructs a personal linguistic system in the interim time. This individual system termed ¿interlanguage¿ is a single and unique one which is yet to conform to the target language norms and evidently incorporates linguistic deficiencies or errors exhibiting the learner¿s current linguistic level and implying what he/she need acquire to reach a standard of the target language. Hence, the present research has been designed to investigate and examine the relevance of the study of the interlanguage of 21 tertiary level students learning English as a foreign language (EFL). To carry out the study, an experimental group consisting of the 21 students and a control group having another 21 students of the same level have been used. Based on the findings, the researcher makes some linguistic and pedagogic recommendations.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 32 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject American Studies - Culture and Applied Geography, grade: 1,3, University of Duisburg-Essen, course: A Survey of American History, language: English, abstract: America in the sixties was above all a time of protest in which the minorities includingAfro- Americans as well as women began to plead for equal rights. Manyorganizations were founded during this time and every movement applied its ownmethods in order to achieve its goal. The Black Panther Party was one of theseorganizations which developed out of the Black Power Movement, a radicaliseddevelopment in the Civil Right Movement, which was until then famous to use nonviolentmethods of resistance in order to achieve their aims. This essay will deal withthe importance of the Black Panther Party for the emancipation of Afro-Americansduring the time of the Civil Rights Movement, which success the Party could achieveto end the discrimination of blacks and which impact the party or their leaders stillmight have today. In the first part the social situation of Afro-Americans in the sixtieswill be described in detail and in which areas racism became obvious. Next there willbe a historical overview of main events during the Civil Right Movement andespecially of the different positions that began to develop within the movement. Inparticular, the importance of Malcolm X for the Black Power will be mentioned. BlackPower is famous as a slogan and an idea but also resulted in a movement. Thesecond part of this essay will deal with the development of the Black Panther Party.Here it is important to know from which social background the founders came fromand which kind of people they wanted to address with their ideology. Furthermore, Iwill focus on the theories on which the ideologies and strategies of the Black PantherParty are based on. While the second part concentrates mainly on the theory behindthe party¿s activities the third part gives an idea of their actions and campaigns andas well as of important events that marked the history of the Party and demonstratedthe great impact of the Black Panther Party on Afro-Americans. The last chapterdescribes the loss of the party¿s influence, their division and the dissolution of theparty in the beginning of the 1980ies. Finally, I will give a comment on the importanceand lasting impact of the Black Panther Party for the present situation of AfroAmericans.[.]Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 28 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject American Studies - Literature, grade: 2,0, University of Stuttgart (Institut für Literaturwissenschaft: Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Literary Studies - G2-Seminar ¿The American Short Story¿, language: English, abstract: ¿The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber¿ is among Ernest Hemingway¿s most impressive short stories. His famous ¿Iceberg Theory¿ (he thereby meant that in his texts, only a short part of the overall content is actually written down, the rest of it stands between the lines) has often caused confusion in reading his short stories and his omissions have tended to obscure their thematic implications - ¿The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber¿, however, is embarrassing by its riches. The exciting story is made up of manifold topics being key themes of the literary period of modernism: The main theme of the story, the self-discovery of Francis Macomber, correlates with modernist questions like: ¿What am I in it - What¿s my function in the universe - What are the limits of knowledge - What is real ¿Another topic of modernism is the breaking up of traditional values such as the development of a new relationship between man and woman, that is, again, a central theme in Hemingway¿s text. Thus, it becomes clear that the topics in the story are also linked to the time the author has lived in.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 24 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Business economics - Accounting and Taxes, grade: 1,3, University of Applied Sciences Berlin, course: Financial Management, language: English, abstract: Executive Summary Financial analysis can be conducted internally or externally to assess a company¿s financial condition by analyzing mainly its financial statements. A company¿s overall financial condition can be appraised using ratio analysis to examine its key figures in leverage, liquidity, efficiency and profitability. Within this paper, next to the theoretical explanations, the different ratios will be observed for the two retail companies Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (Wal-Mart) and Target Corp. (Target). Due to its large contribution to the US gross domestic product (GDP), the retail industry and its most important companies for the US, Wal-Mart and Target are examined more closely. Wal-Mart is a world-wide operating discount store, which engaged 2.1 million employees in January of 2008 and whose revenues made up about 2.1 % of US GDP. Compared to Wal-Mart, the upscale discounter Target employs 366,000 people within the US. Within this paper the following leverage ratios, which are computed to evaluate a company¿s ability to meet financial obligations, will be theoretically explained and then examined more closely for the US discounters Wal-Mart and Target: the debt-ratio, the debt-equity ratio and the times-interest-earned ratio. The computed leverage ratios need to be confronted with the liquidity ratios to investigate, whether a company can also cover its short-term debts in order to survive and to then meet long-term debt obligations. Within this paper the current ratio, the quick ratio and the cash ratio will be regarded more closely for Wal-Mart and Target. How efficiently a company makes usage of the invested current and fixed assets is detected using efficiency ratios, like the sales-to-assets ratio, the days in inventory ratio and the average collection period. Profitability ratios investigate how profitable a company works compared to its competitors analyzing the net profit margin, the return on assets and the return on equity as well as the payout ratio. Finally connections between the profitability and efficiency ratios will be shown using the Dupont system.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 40 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2007 in the subject Business economics - Offline Marketing and Online Marketing, grade: 1,7, University of applied sciences, Neuss, language: English, abstract: Executive SummaryThe internet developed from is shadowy existence to an interactive information, communica-tion and transaction medium. Interactive communication capabilities of web-enabled tech-nologies increase consumer convenience, reduce information search costs, and make choice assistance and customization possible. Consumers and companies populate two market environments today: the face-to-face and the virtual face-to-screen exchange relation. More and more people buy online over the internet. The reasons are convenience, Choice, customization, communication, cost and control. The internet brings more transparency for the consumers. The internet contains a lot of chances for companies: They can establish new distribution channels over the internet and herewith the possibility to deal global. Because these chances are the same for every company the competition increases rapidly. The challenge is to win this rat race and exploit all possible features in the marketing mix. Instruments of the online marketing are affiliate marketing, keyword advertising, search en-gine optimization, e-mail marketing and online advertising. Companies have the challenge to find the right online marketing mix and to convince the con-sumers that their product or services includes more value for them. It is important for the companies to find the right mix of online and offline advertising because despite the still increasing amount of online users the traditional media are necessary to reach a wide target group.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 28 pp. Englisch.