grin verlag jan 2009 (605 Ergebnisse)

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Classic from the year 2008 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, , language: English, abstract: Buck did not read the newspapers, or he would have known that trouble was brewing, not alone for himself, but for every tide-water dog, strong of muscle and with warm, long hair, from Puget Sound to San Diego. Because men, groping in the Arctic darkness, had found a yellow metal, and because steamship and transportation companies were booming the find, thousands of men were rushing into the Northland. These men wanted dogs, and the dogs they wanted were heavy dogs, with strong muscles by which to toil, and furry coats to protect them from the frost.Buck lived at a big house in the sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley. Judge Miller's place, it was called. It stood back from the road, half hidden among the trees, through which glimpses could be caught of the wide cool veranda that ran around its four sides. The house was approached by gravelled driveways which wound about through wide-spreading lawns and under the interlacing boughs of tall poplars. At the rear things were on even a more spacious scale than at the front. There were great stables, where a dozen grooms and boys held forth, rows of vine-clad servants' cottages, an endless and orderly array of outhouses, long grape arbors, green pastures, orchards, and berry patches. Then there was the pumping plant for the artesian well, and the big cement tank where Judge Miller's boys took their morning plunge and kept cool in the hot afternoon.And over this great demesne Buck ruled. Here he was born, and here he had lived the four years of his life. It was true, there were other dogs, There could not but be other dogs on so vast a place, but they did not count. They came and went, resided in the populous kennels, or lived obscurely in the recesses of the house after the fashion of Toots, the Japanese pug, or Ysabel, the Mexican hairless,¿strange creatures that rarely put nose out of doors or set foot to ground. On the other hand, there were the fox terriers, a score of them at least, who yelped fearful promises at Toots and Ysabel looking out of the windows at them and protected by a legion of housemaids armed with brooms and mops.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 100 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Classic from the year 2009 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, , language: English, abstract: The Begging-Letter WriterThe amount of money he annually diverts from wholesome and useful purposes in the United Kingdom, would be a set-off against the Window Tax. He is one of the most shameless frauds and impositions of this time. [.]\*\*\*Bill-StickingIF I had an enemy whom I hated - which Heaven forbid! - and if I knew of something which sat heavy on his conscience, I think I would introduce that something into a Posting-Bill, and place a large impression in the hands of an active sticker. I can scarcely imagine a more terrible revenge. [.]\*\*\*A Child's Dream of a StarTHERE was once a child, and he strolled about a good deal, and thought of a number of things. He had a sister, who was a child too, and his constant companion. [.]\*\*\*The Child's StoryOnce upon a time, a good many years ago, there was a traveller, and he set out upon a journey. It was a magic journey, and was to seem very long when he began it, and very short when he got half way through. [.]\*\*\*A Christmas TreeI have been looking on, this evening, at a merry company of children assembled round that pretty German toy, a Christmas Tree. The tree was planted in the middle of a great round table, and towered high above their heads. It was brilliantly lighted by a multitude of little tapers; and everywhere sparkled and glittered with bright objects. [.]\*\*\*The Detective PoliceWE are not by any means devout believers in the old Bow Street Police. To say the truth, we think there was a vast amount of humbug about those worthies. Apart from many of them being men of very indifferent character, and far too much in the habit of consorting with thieves and the like, they never lost a public occasion of jobbing and trading in mystery and making the most of themselves. [.]\*\*\*Doctor MarigoldI am a Cheap Jack, and my own father¿s name was Willum Marigold. It was in his lifetime supposed by some that his name was William, but my own father always consistently said, No, it was Willum. [.]\*\*\*Down with the TideA VERY dark night it was, and bitter cold; the east wind blowing bleak, and bringing with it stinging particles from marsh, and moor, and fen - from the Great Desert and Old Egypt, may be. [.]Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 128 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Classic from the year 2009 in the subject Romance Languages - French Literature, , language: English, abstract: BOOK EIGHTH. CEMETARIES TAKE THAT WHICH IS COMMITED THEM\*\*\*CHAPTER I. WHICH TREATS OF THE MANNER OF ENTERING A CONVENT\*\*\*It was into this house that Jean Valjean had, as Fauchelevent expressed it, 'fallen from the sky.'He had scaled the wall of the garden which formed the angle of the Rue Polonceau. That hymn of the angels which he had heard in the middle of the night, was the nuns chanting matins; that hall, of which he had caught a glimpse in the gloom, was the chapel. That phantom which he had seen stretched on the ground was the sister who was making reparation; that bell, the sound of which had so strangely surprised him, was the gardener's bell attached to the knee of Father Fauchelevent.Cosette once put to bed, Jean Valjean and Fauchelevent had, as we have already seen, supped on a glass of wine and a bit of cheese before a good, crackling fire; then, the only bed in the hut being occupied by Cosette, each threw himself on a truss of straw.Before he shut his eyes, Jean Valjean said: 'I must remain here henceforth.' This remark trotted through Fauchelevent's head all night long.To tell the truth, neither of them slept.Jean Valjean, feeling that he was discovered and that Javert was on his scent, understood that he and Cosette were lost if they returned to Paris. Then the new storm which had just burst upon him had stranded him in this cloister. Jean Valjean had, henceforth, but one thought,-- to remain there. Now, for an unfortunate man in his position, this convent was both the safest and the most dangerous of places; the most dangerous, because, as no men might enter there, if he were discovered, it was a flagrant offence, and Jean Valjean would find but one step intervening between the convent and prison; the safest, because, if he could manage to get himself accepted there and remain there, who would ever seek him in such a place To dwell in an impossible place was safety.[.]BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 60 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Classic from the year 2009 in the subject Romance Languages - French Literature, , language: English, abstract: BOOK F SECOND. THE FALL\*\*\*CHAPTER I. THE EVENING OF A DAY OF WALKING\*\*\*Early in the month of October, 1815, about an hour before sunset, a man who was travelling on foot entered the little town of D---- The few inhabitants who were at their windows or on their thresholds at the moment stared at this traveller with a sort of uneasiness. It was difficult to encounter a wayfarer of more wretched appearance. He was a man of medium stature, thickset and robust, in the prime of life. He might have been forty-six or forty-eight years old. A cap with a drooping leather visor partly concealed his face, burned and tanned by sun and wind, and dripping with perspiration. His shirt of coarse yellow linen, fastened at the neck by a small silver anchor, permitted a view of his hairy breast: he had a cravat twisted into a string; trousers of blue drilling, worn and threadbare, white on one knee and torn on the other; an old gray, tattered blouse, patched on one of the elbows with a bit of green cloth sewed on with twine; a tightly packed soldier knapsack, well buckled and perfectly new, on his back; an enormous, knotty stick in his hand; iron-shod shoes on his stockingless feet; a shaved head and a long beard.The sweat, the heat, the journey on foot, the dust, added I know not what sordid quality to this dilapidated whole. His hair was closely cut, yet bristling, for it had begun to grow a little, and did not seem to have been cut for some time.No one knew him. He was evidently only a chance passer-by. Whence came he From the south; from the seashore, perhaps, for he made his entrance into D---- by the same street which, seven months previously, had witnessed the passage of the Emperor Napoleon on his way from Cannes to Paris. This man must have been walking all day. He seemed very much fatigued. Some women of the ancient market town which is situated below the city had seen him pause beneath the trees of the boulevard Gassendi, and drink at the fountain which stands at the end of the promenade. He must have been very thirsty: for the children who followed him saw him stop again for a drink, two hundred paces further on, at the fountain in the market-place.[.]BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 64 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Classic from the year 2009 in the subject Romance Languages - French Literature, , language: English, abstract: BOOK EIGHTH. A COUNTER-BLOW\*\*\*CHAPTER I. IN WHAT MIRROR M. MADELEINE CONTEMPLATES HIS HAIR\*\*\*The day had begun to dawn. Fantine had passed a sleepless and feverish night, filled with happy visions; at daybreak she fell asleep. Sister Simplice, who had been watching with her, availed herself of this slumber to go and prepare a new potion of chinchona. The worthy sister had been in the laboratory of the infirmary but a few moments, bending over her drugs and phials, and scrutinizing things very closely, on account of the dimness which the half-light of dawn spreads over all objects. Suddenly she raised her head and uttered a faint shriek. M. Madeleine stood before her; he had just entered silently.'Is it you, Mr. Mayor ' she exclaimed.He replied in a low voice:'How is that poor woman ''Not so bad just now; but we have been very uneasy.'She explained to him what had passed: that Fantine had been very ill the day before, and that she was better now, because she thought that the mayor had gone to Montfermeil to get her child. The sister dared not question the mayor; but she perceived plainly from his air that he had not come from there.'All that is good,' said he; 'you were right not to undeceive her.''Yes,' responded the sister; 'but now, Mr. Mayor, she will see you and will not see her child. What shall we say to her 'He reflected for a moment.'God will inspire us,' said he.'But we cannot tell a lie,' murmured the sister, half aloud.It was broad daylight in the room. The light fell full on M. Madeleine's face. The sister chanced to raise her eyes to it.[.]BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 28 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Classic from the year 2009 in the subject Romance Languages - French Literature, , language: English, abstract: BOOK FIFTH. THE DESCENT\*\*\*CHAPTER I. THE HISTORY OF A PORGRESS IN BLACK GLASS TRINKETS\*\*\*And in the meantime, what had become of that mother who according to the people at Montfermeil, seemed to have abandoned her child Where was she What was she doing After leaving her little Cosette with the Thenardiers, she had continued her journey, and had reached M. sur M.This, it will be remembered, was in 1818.Fantine had quitted her province ten years before. M. sur M. had changed its aspect. While Fantine had been slowly descending from wretchedness to wretchedness, her native town had prospered.About two years previously one of those industrial facts which are the grand events of small districts had taken place.This detail is important, and we regard it as useful to develop it at length; we should almost say, to underline it.[.]\*\*\*BOOK SIXTH. JAVERT\*\*\*CHAPTER I. THE BEGINNING OF REPOSE\*\*\*M. Madeleine had Fantine removed to that infirmary which he had established in his own house. He confided her to the sisters, who put her to bed. A burning fever had come on. She passed a part of the night in delirium and raving. At length, however, she fell asleep.On the morrow, towards midday, Fantine awoke. She heard some one breathing close to her bed; she drew aside the curtain and saw M. Madeleine standing there and looking at something over her head. His gaze was full of pity, anguish, and supplication. She followed its direction, and saw that it was fixed on a crucifix which was nailed to the wall.Thenceforth, M. Madeleine was transfigured in Fantine's eyes. He seemed to her to be clothed in light. He was absorbed in a sort of prayer. She gazed at him for a long time without daring to interrupt him. At last she said timidly:'What are you doing 'M. Madeleine had been there for an hour. He had been waiting for Fantine to awake. He took her hand, felt of her pulse, and replied:'How do you feel ''Well, I have slept,' she replied; 'I think that I am better, It is nothing.'He answered, responding to the first question which she had put to him as though he had just heard it:'I was praying to the martyr there on high.'[.]BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 60 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Classic from the year 2009 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, , language: English, abstract: Plated ArticlePutting up for the night in one of the chiefest towns of Staffordshire, I find it to be by no means a lively town. In fact, it is as dull and dead a town as any one could desire not to see. It seems as if its whole population might be imprisoned in its Railway Station. The Refreshment Room at that Station is a vortex of dissipation compared with the extinct town-inn, the Dodo, in the dull High Street.[.]\*\*\*A Poor Man's Tale of a PatentI am not used to writing for print. What working-man, that never labours less (some Mondays, and Christmas Time and Easter Time excepted) than twelve or fourteen hours a day, is But I have been asked to put down, plain, what I have got to say; and so I take pen-and-ink, and do it to the best of my power, hoping defects will find excuse.[.]\*\*\*The Poor Relation's StoryHe was very reluctant to take precedence of so many respected members of the family, by beginning the round of stories they were to relate as they sat in a goodly circle by the Christmas fire; and he modestly suggested that it would be more correct if ¿John our esteemed host¿ (whose health he begged to drink) would have the kindness to begin.[.]\*\*\*Prince BullOnce upon a time, and of course it was in the Golden Age, and I hope you may know when that was, for I am sure I don't, though I have tried hard to find out, there lived in a rich and fertile country, a powerful Prince whose name was BULL.[.]\*\*\*Public Life of Mr. Tulrumble ¿ Once Mayor of MudfogMudfog is a pleasant town¿a remarkably pleasant town¿situated in a charming hollow by the side of a river, from which river, Mudfog derives an agreeable scent of pitch, tar, coals, and rope-yarn, a roving population in oilskin hats, a pretty steady influx of drunken bargemen, and a great many other maritime advantages.[.]\*\*\*The Schoolboy's StoryBeing rather young at present¿I am getting on in years, but still I am rather young¿I have no particular adventures of my own to fall back upon.[.]\*\*\*The Seven Poor TravellersStrictly speaking, there were only six Poor Travellers; but, being a Traveller myself, though an idle one, and being withal as poor as I hope to be, I brought the number up to seven.[.]\*\*\*The Signal Man¿Halloa! Below there!¿When he heard a voice thus calling to him, he was standing at the door of his box, with a flag in his hand, furled round its short pole.[.]Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 128 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Classic from the year 2009 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, , language: English, abstract: Familiar Epistle from a Parent to a Child Aged Two Years and Two Months MY CHILD, To recount with what trouble I have brought you up--with what an anxious eye I have regarded your progress,--how late and how often I have sat up at night working for you,--and how many thousand letters I have received from, and written to your various relations and friends, many of whom have been of a querulous and irritable turn,--to dwell on the anxiety and tenderness with which I have (as far as I possessed the power) inspected and chosen your food; rejecting the indigestible and heavy matter which some injudicious but well-meaning old ladies would have had you swallow, and retaining only those light and pleasant articles which I deemed calculated to keep you free from all gross humours, and to render you an agreeable child, and one who might be popular with society in general,--to dilate on the steadiness with which I have prevented your annoying any company by talking politics--always assuring you that you would thank me for it yourself some day when you grew older,--to expatiate, in short, upon my own assiduity as a parent, is beside my present purpose, though I cannot but contemplate your fair appearance--your robust health, and unimpeded circulation (which I take to be the great secret of your good looks) without the liveliest satisfaction and delight. [.] \*\*\* A Flight WHEN Don Diego de - I forget his name - the inventor of the last new Flying Machines, price so many francs for ladies, so many more for gentlemen - when Don Diego, by permission of Deputy Chaff-wax and his noble band, shall have taken out a Patent for the Queen's dominions, and shall have opened a commodious Warehouse in an airy situation; and when all persons of any gentility will keep at least a pair of wings, and be seen skimming about in every direction; I shall take a flight to Paris (as I soar round the world) in a cheap and independent manner. At present, my reliance is on the South-Eastern Railway Company, in whose Express Train here I sit, at eight of the clock on a very hot morning, under the very hot roof of the Terminus at London Bridge, in danger of being 'forced' like a cucumber or a melon, or a pine-apple. [.] [.]Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 136 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Classic from the year 2009 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, , language: English, abstract: The Haunted House CHAPTER I - THE MORTALS IN THE HOUSE Under none of the accredited ghostly circumstances, and environed by none of the conventional ghostly surroundings, did I first make acquaintance with the house which is the subject of this Christmas piece. I saw it in the daylight, with the sun upon it. There was no wind, no rain, no lightning, no thunder, no awful or unwonted circumstance, of any kind, to heighten its effect. More than that: I had come to it direct from a railway station: it was not more than a mile distant from the railway station; and, as I stood outside the house, looking back upon the way I had come, I could see the goods train running smoothly along the embankment in the valley. I will not say that everything was utterly commonplace, because I doubt if anything can be that, except to utterly commonplace people- -and there my vanity steps in; but, I will take it on myself to say that anybody might see the house as I saw it, any fine autumn morning.[.] \*\*\* Holiday Romance PART I - INTRODUCTORY ROMANCE PROM THE PEN OF WILLIAM TINKLING, ESQ. (Aged eight.) THIS beginning-part is not made out of anybody's head, you know. It's real. You must believe this beginning-part more than what comes after, else you won't understand how what comes after came to be written. You must believe it all; but you must believe this most, please. I am the editor of it. Bob Redforth (he's my cousin, and shaking the table on purpose) wanted to be the editor of it; but I said he shouldn't because he couldn't. HE has no idea of being an editor.[.] \*\*\* The Holly-Tree First Branch¿Myself I have kept one secret in the course of my life. I am a bashful man. Nobody would suppose it, nobody ever does suppose it, nobody ever did suppose it, but I am naturally a bashful man. This is the secret which I have never breathed until now. I might greatly move the reader by some account of the innumerable places I have not been to, the innumerable people I have not called upon or received, the innumerable social evasions I have been guilty of, solely because I am by original constitution and character a bashful man. But I will leave the reader unmoved, and proceed with the object before me.[.]Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 128 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,3, University of Freiburg (Englisches Seminar), course: Proseminar I, language: English, abstract: Without a doubt, the Victorian age can be considered as a very vibrant era, an age of change and development, a time of expansion, reforms and of technological and scientific advance. It was only natural that these changes would affect the traditional religious and social beliefs and conventions, as well. The conventional gender system with its strict hierarchy and role expectations was mostly still intact and sexuality and corporeality were considered to be taboo subjects. Nevertheless, it was exactly this attempt to avoid sexuality and gender topics which led to sometimes excessive discussions about these issues, for example the so called ¿Great Evil¿ of prostitution and related to that the enforcement of the Contagious Disease Acts in the 1860s. These discussions, however, made many Victorians ¿ for example the ¿New Women¿ that formed the basis for the later on emerging feminism ¿ aware of the injustice of the status quo and led to a questioning of the traditional separate spheres ideology. The ideas of womanhood and masculinity had to be discussed and to be adapted to a new age. Although the stereotype of the ¿uptight Victorian¿ lives on until today, the literature of this time ¿ since literature always mirrors the cultural climate of the society in which it came into being ¿ demonstrates the Victorian¿s interest in gender questions. In this paper Robert Browning will serve as an example for a poet highly aware of these ongoing changes. In his dramatic monologue ¿Porphyriäs Lover¿ he takes up the gender issue and deals with femininity, manliness and sexuality. The first chapter of this paper will give some information about the form of the dramatic monologue as a special means to present a person¿s inner life and furthermore, will deal with the conventional idea of gender in the Victorian age. On the basis of this more general infor-mation, the second chapter will have a closer look at the poem itself and will compare the concept of gender roles and the construction of gender relationship designed by Browning with the traditional gender ideology. Browning¿s way of dealing with this issue will be taken as one example for the Victorian¿s awareness of the complexity of the gender question.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 16 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Classic from the year 2009 in the subject Romance Languages - French Literature, , language: English, abstract: Chapter 1'Tschah!' exclaimed old Roland suddenly, after he had remained motionless for a quarter of an hour, his eyes fixed on the water, while now and again he very slightly lifted his line sunk in the sea.Mme. Roland, dozing in the stern by the side of Mme. Rosémilly, who had been invited to join the fishing-party, woke up, and turning her head to look at her husband, said:'Well, well! Gerome.'And the old fellow replied in a fury:'They do not bite at all. I have taken nothing since noon. Only men should ever go fishing. Women always delay the start till it is too late.'His two sons, Pierre and Jean, who each held a line twisted round his forefinger, one to port and one to starboard, both began to laugh, and Jean remarked:'You are not very polite to our guest, father.'M. Roland was abashed, and apologized.'I beg your pardon, Mme. Rosémilly, but that is just like me. I invite ladies because I like to be with them, and then, as soon as I feel the water beneath me, I think of nothing but the fish.'Mme. Roland was now quite awake, and gazing with a softened look at the wide horizon of cliff and sea.'You have had good sport, all the same,' she murmured.But her husband shook his head in denial, though at the same time he glanced complacently at the basket where the fish caught by the three men were still breathing spasmodically, with a low rustle of clammy scales and struggling fins, and dull, ineffectual efforts, gasping in the fatal air. Old Roland took the basket between his knees and tilted it up, making the silver heap of creatures slide to the edge that he might see those lying at the bottom, and their death-throes became more convulsive, while the strong smell of their bodies, a wholesome reek of brine, came up from the full depths of the creel. The old fisherman sniffed it eagerly, as we smell at roses, and exclaimed:'Cristi! But they are fresh enough!' and he went on: 'How many did you pull out, doctor 'His eldest son, Pierre, a man of thirty, with black whiskers trimmed square like a lawyer's, his mustache and beard shaved away, replied:'Oh, not many; three or four.'The father turned to the younger. 'And you, Jean ' said he.[.]BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 160 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Physical Geography, Geomorphology, Environmental Studies, grade: 1,3, University of Kent (Department of Geography), course: Cryospheric Processes and climate change, language: English, abstract: Permafrost degradation due to global warming is a widespread phenomenon in recent dec-ades (Lemke et al. 2007), latitudinal as well as altitudinal. Dealing with permafrost related mountain hazards requires knowledge on the exact permafrost distribution throughout mountain areas. Therefore, a monitoring project on European permafrost distribution will be discussed. Furthermore, it has to be determined, what mountain hazards exist in general and which of them could be affected by permafrost degradation in terms of frequency and/or intensity. Two different types of mountain hazards will be examined in detail: rockfall and outburst flood of permafrost dammed lakes.Moreover, the impact of mountain hazards on the society will be marked. The focus will be on investigations which can be done, before undertaking engineering projects. After that a brief overview on perspectives in terms of climate scenarios and their possible impact on permafrost degradation and mountain hazards will be given. Finally, some concluding statements will be made.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 20 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, University of Frankfurt (Main) (Institut für England- und Amerikastudien), course: Introduction to Language and Language Learning, language: English, abstract: This paper has been designed to provide an efficient overview of theoretical discourse analysis by discussing the following questions: ¿ What is discourse analysis ¿ defining the difference between the terms text and discourse and discourse analysis itself.As well as: What are the basic concepts and aspects of discourse analysis ¿ taking a closer look at context, coherence, the importance of background knowledge and the differences between spoken and written language. And finally: What are the uses of discourse analysis ¿ investigating on the problem of application and social relevance of discourse analysis.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 16 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,3, Humboldt-University of Berlin (Department of English and American Studies), course: 20th - Century Drama, language: English, abstract: On 5 January 1953 'Waiting for Godot' challenged its first theaters audience with a never seen dramatic work of art, radically different from anything shown before, the title ¿referring ironically to the nonappearance of the person awaited so faithfully by the two main protagonists¿.Before Beckett, drama was synonymous with action: a plot in which barely anything happens was inconceivable. Beckett is the first dramatist to focus exclusively on the act of waiting and to make this into his dominant metaphor for existence. He, at he same time, expects his audience to share that experience of waiting with Estragon and Vladimir. As Martin Esslin pointed out in 1961: ¿Beckett is trying to capture the basic experience of being 'in the world', having been thrust into it without a by-your-leave, and having, somehow, to come to terms with 'being there', 'Dasein' itself, in Heidegger's sense¿.Vladimir and Estragon, two tramps, are the main characters of the play. They perform on an empty stage, marked only by a single tree and a low mound, waiting for the appearance of a mysterious character named Godot. Two other men, Pozzo and Lucky, master and servant, turn up and stay with them for a while. To pass their time, they discuss their bodily handicaps, their non-fitting clothes and episodes of their life together as well as questions of theology. Godot, however, never comes; but a boy delivers the message, that he will be there the next day. Vladimir and Estragon consider leaving and even committing suicide, but they fail in doing so. Nearly the same events take place during the second act. Godot never comes and the story kind of repeats itself.Since the first performance of the play people have asked themselves: Who is Godot Why wait for him Why is there a Waiting for Godot Godot. Godot. Is Godot hope Life A new beginning Or death and salvation Or is he maybe God himself And then why does he not come Is God dead Lies the real catastrophe in his promise My work therefore shall have a short look at Beckett's religious background, his relationship with religion and god; as well as the religious motives in Waiting for Godot and the question of whether Godot is God or not.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 20 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Classic from the year 2009 in the subject Philosophy - Philosophy of the 17th and 18th Centuries, , language: English, abstract: Sect. I. Of the different Species of Philosophy: Moral philosophy, or the science of human nature, may be treated after two different manners; each of which has its peculiar merit, and may contribute to the entertainment, instruction, and reformation of mankind. The one considers man chiefly as born for action; and as influenced in his measures by taste and sentiment; pursuing one object, and avoiding another, according to the value which these objects seem to possess, and according to the light in which they present themselves. As virtue, of all objects, is allowed to be the most valuable, this species of philosophers paint her in the most amiable colours; borrowing all helps from poetry and eloquence, and treating their subject in an easy and obvious manner, and such as is best fitted to please the imagination, and engage the affections. They select the most striking observations and instances from common life; place opposite characters in a proper contrast; and alluring us into the paths of virtue by the views of glory and happiness, direct our steps in these paths by the soundest precepts and most illustrious examples. They make us feel the difference between vice and virtue; they excite and regulate our sentiments; and so they can but bend our hearts to the love of probity and true honour, they think, that they have fully attained the end of all their labours.The other species of philosophers considers man in the light of a reasonable rather than an active being, and endeavours to form his understanding more than cultivate his manners. They regard human nature as a subject of speculation; and with a narrow scrutiny examine it, in order to find those principles, which regulate our understanding, excite our sentiments, and make us approve or blame any particular object, action, or behaviour. They think it a reproach to all literature, that philosophy should not yet have fixed, beyond controversy, the foundation of morals, reasoning, and criticism; and should for ever talk of truth and falsehood, vice and virtue, beauty and deformity, without being able to determine the source of these distinctions.[.]Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 140 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2001 in the subject Sociology - Miscellaneous, grade: 90, erg International School - Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel (Helmut Kohl Institute for European Studies), course: The Popular Culture in the Nineteenth Century Europe, language: English, abstract: The bohemians to a great measure directed not only their daily behaviour and appearances but also consciously created the image of themselves that was to be handed down to the generations to come. As a social class and as a space of positions within the general social structure their very emergence have become possible through the creation of the market for cultural goods from one side, and through the general rise in the level of the European economic activity that gradually has had its influence on the general standard of living. According to a series of researchers the coffee-houses are heterogeneous sites because of the various uses of this type of social space, on one side of spectrum of such activities are gambling and prostitution, while on the other newspapers reading and political pamphlets, as well as because of structural functionality of their position within the realization of the dynamics of modernity as an epoch spanning the period from the late Renaissance to the twentieth century (Hetherington 1997: 14; Ellis 1956; Billington 1980; Stallybrass and White 1986). The essence of the umbilical relationship of the bourgeoisie as a social class and of the identitarian politics of its self-constitution against the site of the social space that presents itself both as other and as the identical to the ethos of the middle class is revealed in the role the coffee-house played in the seventeenth and eighteenth century with regard to the stabilization of the ways the bourgeois social relations work.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 36 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Essay from the year 2008 in the subject Health - Nutritional Science, grade: 65 Punkte = 2,3, The University of Liverpool (School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology), course: Diet, Evolution and Culture, language: English, abstract: Hominid evolution has been a widely discussed aspect concerning its effects on ecological, physiological, and behavioral as well as reproductive, and metabolic development of humans and non-human primates for plenty of years. During the last decade, a huge amount of investigations regarding large brain size in humans have tried to figure out whether the observation, that humans have a relatively larger brain size than other primates or non-primate mammals, is based on either the correlated decrease of other tissues or significant foraging strategies , or even both. Although it is common, that an enlargement of the brain ¿ being a high expensive metabolic organ ¿ has to lead in dietary changes or that it was influenced by nutritional variations during the evolution of humans and non-human primates , there are different possibilities to explain this evolutionary progress. In 1995, Aiello/Wheeler published their expensive-tissue hypothesis regarding the relationship between large brain sizes in humans and high-quality diets. The authors attempt to confirm the parallel between the increase of hominid brains, the obviously correlated decrease of the gastrointestinal tract and dietary changes based on animal protein. They constitute the large brain sizes in human and non-human primates and its connection to nutritional varies to be one of the most significant prime releasers of brain evolution. The submitted essay portrays the main arguments of Aiello/Wheeler. By outlining the authors¿ intentions concerning the energy balance in humans and non-human primates, answering the linkage between the basal metabolic rate and the relative brain size of humans in the negative, and ascertaining both the lack of data based on human and non-human primates¿ evolutionary development, and the weakness of recent isolated studies, the essay will make an appraisal of the usefulness of the expensive-tissue hypothesis. Therefore, several papers of scientists facing the prime mover theories will be introduced. This pattern appears to be the best to indicate the advantages and weaknesses in the line of Aiellös/Wheeler¿s arguments. The essential question will be, how early humans are able to fulfil the high energetic costs of their large brains ¿ in the following named as cost question.[.]BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 24 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,3, University of Bayreuth (Lehrstuhl für Englische Literaturwissenschaft), course: 19th Century British Novels, language: English, abstract: Oscar Wilde¿s The Picture of Dorian Gray is a novel of the Victorian ¿fin de siécle¿. Its protagonists are dandies, who follow the principle of a so-called New Hedonism. Under the influence of the elder Lord Henry, Dorian Gray assumes his way of life, thinking and even his attitude to women. Actually the entire novel is shaped by a certain misogynistic culture that reveals itself in different forms. In this paper I am going to illustrate how the male characters, mainly the dandies Lord Henry and Dorian, use their voice to speak up against women, whereas the female ones remain voiceless most of the time.Apart from its fictional content, the novel is full with concepts that shaped Victorian society. To get a full understanding, I am therefore going to illustrate the novel¿s historical context and some of the phenomena of the Victorian ¿90s, for example, New Hedonism, Dandyism etc. I am then going to give a description of the dandies in the novel, Lord Henry Wotton and Dorian Gray, before illustrating their misogynistic attitudes. I will be looking for reasons as well as describing the different types of women that are in the novel, focusing on Sibyl, the most important female character in the novel.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 24 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,0, University of Hannover (Englisches Seminar), course: HS Caribbean Literature and Culture, language: English, abstract: (.) The novel belongs to the genre of the Caribbean novels, and, as a historical fiction about the slave trade, provocatively combines historical and imaginative elements. Thus, it can be subsumed under the term ¿revisionist historical novel¿, which, according to Ansgar Nünning, denotes novels that maintain a positive tension between their status as literature and their status as history (cf. Thieme, 1121; Pichler, 6, 11).Feeding the Ghosts is based on the infamous ¿Zong Massacre¿ which took place in 1781. It was an incident in which 133 slaves were thrown overboard an English slave ship, leading to a civil action in the same year by the ship¿s owners, who sued their insurers for compensation for the dead slaves. The publicity about the law suit and the concluding verdict, which confirmed the legal status of slaves as cargo, fostered abolitionist support and made them a landmark of the battle against British slave trade in the 18th century. Due to growing public indignation a parliamentary act was finally passed in 1790, which ruled out insurance claims resulting from slave mortality or the jettison of slaves on any account (cf. Low, 106 et seq.; Pichler, 6; Philp, 245; Baucom, 61 et seq., Frias 421, Schatteman, 234; James, 327).In order to recreate the trauma of the Middle Passage D¿ Aguiar¿s fictionalised treatment of the Zong Massacre and of the subsequent trial mainly focuses on the reconstruction of the events from a slave girl¿s point of view, (cf. Schatteman, 234, Phil, 245; Carr, Pichler, 11).Since the most prominent feature of D¿ Aguiar¿s fiction is his poetic style, which is an object of acclaim as well as of critical reprimand (cf. Steward, 68; Figueredo, 211; Frias, 418; James, 327; Bovenschen; Low, 110; Schatteman, 234; Carr), the paper at hand chooses the novel¿s imagery as its subject-matter and examines the principal dichotomy of sea and land. By elucidating their meanings the analysis will show that these images are multilayered metaphors which mutually influence each other, and explain other imagery they are connected to. Subsequently, sea and land will analysed in the light of the concept of writing back in Postcolonial Criticism in order to point out that they are part of a distinctive, reconciling approach, which aims at understanding history by personality and at recompense by remembranceBooks on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 28 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,3, Saarland University (Anglistik, Amerikanistik und Anglophone Kulturen), course: India & the American Dream: Fictional Examples, language: English, abstract: In this paper, we will attempt a psychoanalytically tinted interpretation of one, if not the main character in Jhumpa Lahiri¿s The Namesake. To be more specific, we intend to concentrate on Gogol Ganguli.As the novel is said to portray '¿ conflicts that ¿ haunt Gogol on his own winding path through divided loyalties, comic detours, and wrenching love affairs' (Lahiri reverse of the novel), we should thus be allowed to ask what conflicts Is it true that there are several conflicts or is it possible that there exists only one major conflict With these questions in mind and the feeling that there is something in the text we are not explicitly told, we decided to try a psychoanalytical interpretation of Gogol ¿ an interpretation which allows us to approach the text as follows:We will first provide the definitions of the basic concepts and ideas. As these concepts and ideas are not only abstract, but contradictory to a certain degree, we feel obliged to simplify and generalize these notions ¿ without falsifying or distorting the basic concepts.Secondly, we will provide the reader with our line of argument. In other words, we will piece together the basic notions in order to form a coherent line of thought.The third step consists of an application of this line of thought to the text, which, in turn, is expected to yield new insights.As we are convinced that this approach provides new insights, we will deal with their implications in step four. This then brings us to the conclusion of the paper, which will take the form of a short summary of all our findings.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 28 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2003 in the subject American Studies - Literature, grade: 1,7, University of Frankfurt (Main), course: Decadence and Moderism in the Late 20th Century American Cinema, language: English, abstract: Jonathan Veitch asserts in the preface of his book American Superrealism that critics have had problems in placing Nathanael West within the literature of the 1930s and American literature in general. They understood him for example as 'a poet of darkness', as 'an apocalyptic writer', as 'a homegrown surrealist', as 'a writer of the left' , as a 'universal satirist' , in a way as 'the prototype of the contemporary Jewish-American novelist' (Wisker 1-2) or as a realistic writer (Martin, see Roberts). Although some of these characterizations are contradictory, they all fit because they reflect different facets of the author, or rather his work. West combined all these elements and probably even several others in his writings. His 'style was never constant. At times his pictorial technique closely resembles collage [but also] cartoon strips, movies, and several different schools of painting, as well as such non-graphic visual arts as the tableau and the dance.' (Reid 9)Taking the (though not planned) final result of his development as a writer, his last book The Day of the Locust (1939) as an example, I want to show in my essay that at least one of West's books does not 'fall between the different schools of writing' (Wisker 2), as he once noted. He is certainly a representative of modernism, the 'literary movement' and 'point of view' of his time (see O'Conner) not only because a 'struggle for definition is part of what those years are about' (Wisker 121). Nathanael West was influenced by the same historical events and used many of the strategies other contemporary writers employed to express his way of seeing the world. I will point out the features of modernism in the novel because, as Randall Reid states'[i]n a century which has made experimental writing almost an absolute value, he is one of the more interesting innovators. [¿]'First of all, it will be useful to look at the historical background to understand modernism before defining it with emphasis on decadence as a special characteristic. In the next part of my essay, I am going to show how modernism, that is surrealism, Dada and the typical modernist themes, is reflected in the novel. Finally, I will summarize the resulting main points in the conclusion.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 32 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2, University of Hamburg, course: Language and Emotion, language: English, abstract: With forming a passive-voiced sentence out of an active-voiced sentence, certain elements of a situation shall be emphasized. By making the recipient of the active-voiced form the grammatical subject of the passive-voiced sentence, its focus becomes reinforced due to the sentence-initial position. The passive is thus favoured over the active form when the receiver of an action (recipient) should be focused rather than the performer (agent) of the action. Next to the greater emphasis of the active-voice object, the passive is used to stress the result of an action (which is supported by the possibility of omitting the agent).The structure be + past particle can be considered as the norm for English passives. Since the passive meaning is essentially expressed by past participles, be in the structure can also be replaced by other verbs such as get, become, remain etc. Considering be- and get-passives, there seems to be no obvious difference between the two forms. However, the get-passive would not be used at all unless it had a different meaning in comparison to the be-passive.This paper aims to explore what the distinctive feature of the get-passive is. A major contribution to answer this question comes from Hübler who claims that the get-passive is used as means of an emotive language device. I will focus mainly, though not exclusively, on his contribution The Expressivity of Grammar. While many authors (Hatcher, Lakoff, Collins etc.) have tried to analyse the difference in meaning of the two passive forms, Hübler seems to have covered and united most of the theories, leading to the conclusion that the get-passive is used to express emotional attachment. His theory is depicted in detail in the following chapter.This paper should furthermore serve to test Hübler¿s (somehow vast and seemingly to far spread) claims in contrasting both, be- and get-passives. On a corpus based study I will analyse 100 examples of each type of passive for their emotional content.Finally the results of this analysis will be discussed and the two passive forms are compared in order to describe their differences in meaning.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 36 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Scientific Essay from the year 2004 in the subject History Europe - Other Countries - Ages of World Wars, grade: keine, Cornell University Ithaca (NY) (History Departement), course: Interdisciplinary Conference: German Suffering / Deutsches Leid - (Re)presentations, language: English, abstract: In the 20th century no decisive event left its mark on the people of Central Europe as much as the time of the Second World War. War, death, and the separation of families were sources of suffering that had¿and have¿to be integrated, to be repressed, to be understood, and to be remembered. I would like to make the focus of my discussion a village, its people, and their fates and memories. The pictures you will see, uncommented, in the next half hour are being shown with the ex-press permission of the surviving villagers and their Czech friends. I am compro-mising to a certain extent the usual standards of scholarship because my mother¿s family forms a part of the community about which I am reporting.Here I want to examine two questions: How is the past of the village re-membered and how are these memories connected with the expulsion of its in-habitants and the village¿s subsequent fate And how was memory constructed after 1990, and what forms does it take today To establish different levels of discourse, I¿d like to diferentiate beetween the usage of the name Maiersgrün as a memory-designator and Vysokà, its official contemporary name. The village was a little spot on the border between Bohemia and Bavaria, the Sudetenland and the German Reich, between the Federal Repub-lic of Germany and Czechoslovakia. As a result of the Benes decree in the year 1946, all of its 700 inhabitants, as Sudeten Germans, were forced to leave and settled for the most part in the Western zones. Over the course of the decades the buildings in the village, located as it was in a restricted border area, became di-lapidated, so that today exactly five of the former 120 houses are still standing. The village no longer exists. On the basis of this village, which has a special status due to its exposed geographical location, I would like in a case study to attempt to trace the history of German suffering and German memory up to the present day.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 28 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Essay from the year 2008 in the subject South Asian Studies, South-Eastern Asian Studies, grade: A, LUISS Guido Carli (Faculty of Political Science), course: Humanitarian Strategies and Non- Governmental Organisations, language: English, abstract: [.] The introduction is followed by the first section that provides readers with basicinformation about ASEAN, how ASEAN was born and how it has operated, expanded anddeveloped over the years. My focus is on the ASEAN Way, ASEAN¿s agenda-setting anddecision-making as well as ASEAN Community building. The second section describes thefragmented, complex picture of civil society in Southeast Asia, which has insufficiently andunevenly developed under unfavourable conditions. The third is about the engagementbetween civil society and ASEAN, which has often been criticised by the former for beingelitist and state-centric, prior to the charter process. I divide this section into two periods:before and after the Asian financial crisis. And the fourth - the most important in this essaydiscusses and analyses the engagement of ASEAN and civil society in the ASEAN Charterprocess, in which I examine the interactions between the EPG and civil society, the latter¿sefforts to get access to the actual drafters (the High-level Task Force) and to the draft itself inspite of the uncooperative attitudes of the ASEAN senior officials, as well as civil society¿sreactions to the content of the charter. [.]BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 40 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject South Asian Studies, South-Eastern Asian Studies, grade: 1, University of Vienna (Institut für Ostasienwissenschaften), course: Chinese Migration, language: English, abstract: This paper focuses the Chinese of Indonesia, that group that is assumed to dominatethe economy as well as to be unassimilable (Oetomo 1989). In the course of this essay, the follwing thesis will be examined: only because of the political and economic intrumentalization by the Dutch colonial government, the Chinese migrants became the so-called seperated ¿ethnic Chinese minority group¿and stayed in this condition as a result of the independent Indonesian state¿s policy.The first part of this paper presents an explanation of the term ¿migration¿ andintroduces an overview of migration research and the history of migration to SouthEast Asia. While the second part discusses the theoretical premisis of the construction of an ethnical minority, the third part reassess the drawn conclusion on the case of the Chinese in Indonesia.A summary of the results are given in the conclusion.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 28 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: European Union, grade: 1,3, Berlin School of Economics and Law, course: Modul: Europäische Kohäsionspolitiken und Förderinstrumente, language: English, abstract: Cohesion policies are a mean to support European integration. This esay indicates the main financial instruments which are to achieve cohesion.It identifies crucial factors leading to successful implementation of European funding programmes. The essay addresses the following issues: 1. Analysis of the relationship between the two objectives of the cohesion policies, growth and reduction of disparities. Are there any contradictions or tension between these objectives or do they just complement each other 2. Analysis and comparison of the priorities of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Social Fund (ESF) in the light of the overall objectives for the cohesion policies. What are their differences in scope Where are similarities Where are potential synergies 3. For the funding period 2007-2013 the budget of the European Structural Funds is dedicated to certain objectives and financial instruments. How is the present distribution of the financial means of the Structural Funds What are the main reasons and criteria having guided the decision for this distribution Assessment of the adequacy of the existing distribution and reasons for the conception. 4. Besides the European Structural Funds there are a large number of European funding programmes covering a broad range of thematic subjects. Systematical differentiation between sources of European funding. 5. According to a commonly agreed Operational Programme the means of the European Structural Funds are implemented decentralized by the Member States or the regions. Based on this framework, it is up the national and regional governments to make the best use of European money. How can the quality of regional public administration services contribute to an effective and efficient implementation of the European Structural Funds Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 32 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Scientific Study from the year 2007 in the subject Cultural Studies - Miscellaneous, grade: keine, Cornell University (Departement of History), language: English, abstract: Der amerikanische Diplomat und Universitätsgründer Andrew Dickson White besuchte im Jahr 1880 Deutschland und wurde Zeuge von zwei kulturellen Ereignissen, die noch heute für deutsche Theaterkultur stehen: Oberammergau und Bayreuth.White zeigte sich fasziniert von Oberammergau, dessen religiösen Ernst er lobte und angewidert von Richard Wagners Gralsopern, denen er eine gewisse Künstlichkeit anmerkte. Aus Whites Einschätzung wird nicht nur die Mentalität des Amerikaners deutlich, vielmehr auch die allgemeine Einschäztung der beiden Kulturerscheinungen.In dieser Studie wird dargelegt, wie die beiden Festspielorte Bayreuth und Oberammergau aus der Sicht eines Zeitgenossen beschrieben werden und wofür sie standen.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 28 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Sociology - Work, Profession, Education, Organisation, grade: 1,5, University of Copenhagen (Sociology), course: Human Resources Management, language: English, abstract: In this paper the methods of recruitment through the Internet are going to be analyzed in regard to the traditional methods of recruitment. On the one hand there are the traditional recruitment methods, such as newspaper advertising, career fairs or personal contacts.On the other hand there is the sector of e-recruitment which lately has become immensely popular especially among larger companies. First, the problem is going to be sketched out as it is related to the temporary context. Before analyzing and discussing the problem in detail the methodological issues will be be outlined briefly. Finally, the results will be presented and evaluated in conclusion together with further perspectives.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 24 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 2,2, International Business Academy, course: English Society,Business Communication & Culture: World Englishes, language: English, abstract: This paper deals with the English language in Finnish education and business. Furthermore, it shows how success and language skills are linked to each other, especially under the aspect of intercultural communication. Some examples show what kind of communication problems might emerge, when Finns communicate with native English speakers.BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 16 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Engineering - Civil Engineering, grade: A, University of California, Berkeley , language: English, abstract: In 1894 the British architect John Tavenor wrote an article about the remains of medieval architecture in the Baltic area. He concluded that the style in this area has been carried throughout the Middle Ages and further stated that the style is ¿quite dissimilar to those of the rest of the continent¿ , meaning the Gothic style, that started to spread over Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries. He calls this architecture the ¿Baltic style¿ and considers it to be a sub-style of the Gothic style.The Holy Roman Empire, which contributed to the spread of the Gothic style, only reached as far as the Elbe River in Germany. The Baltic area, as the heart of Northern Europe, was fractured into many kingdoms, principalities and lordships in the 1st millennium B.C. So how was it possible that cultural and economic goods could spread in these disadvantageous circumstances, at a time when ¿commerce by sea was little more than outrageous piracy and commerce by land was obliged to follow one or two beaten tracks across Europe in order to escape merciless exactions of the robber barons¿ One answer could be the Hanseatic League, a protected network created by merchants, in order to protect their trade. This alliance allowed trading guilds to manifest a trade monopoly within the entire Baltic area. Since the League was not tied to any sphere of control but the merchants themselves, trades could be made easily within Northern Europe.Consequently the simultaneous appearance of the League and the Baltic style suggest that there is a possible correlation between the architecture in the Baltic area and its spread along the Hanseatic League¿s trading routes. During this essay I am going to support this assumption by finding exemplifying similarities among buildings in the Hanse towns along the main trading routes.[.]BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt 24 pp. Englisch.