osterlind steven (38 Ergebnisse)

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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - 1 What Is Constructing Test Items .- What This Book Is About.- Four Major Issues in Item Construction.- Type of Items Addressed.- Types of Items Not Covered.- Criteria for Material Included.- Major Purposes Of This Book.- Goal for This Book.- Standardizing Editorial Guidelines for Writing Items.- Other Purposes.- Why This Information Is Important.- Persons For Whom This Book Is Intended.- Two Groups of Item Writers.- Other Groups Who May Use This Information.- Overview Of The Remaining Chapters.- How To Approach the Chapters.- 2 Definition, Purpose, And Characteristics of Items.- Defining A Test Item.- The Definition of an Item.- Understanding the Definition.- Test Item Nomenclature.- No Current Uniform Terminology.- The Term Test Item.- The Examinee.- Specifying Item Formats.- Writing Samples, Exercises, and Essay-Type Questions.- Types of Item Formats.- Terms for Parts of the Test Item.- Terms Used in Scoring Test Items.- Putting Together the Parts of an Item.- Purpose For Test Items.- Psychological Theory as Background to Items.- Items as Measures of Constructs.- Constructs Exist for All Persons.- Criteria For Good Test Items.- Difficulty of Establishing Criteria.- Accepted Criteria for Good Items.- Assumptions For Test Items.- Assumptions as Theoretical Background to Constructing Items.- The Assumption of Unidimensionality for Items.- The Assumption of Local Independence for Items.- The Assumption of Items Characteristic Curves.- The Importance of the Assumptions.- Classification Of Items.- Understanding How Examinees Respond To Items.- Conclusion.- 3 Determining the Content For Items: Validity.- Basic Concepts of Validity.- Understanding Validity.- A Complete Definition of Validity.- Construct-Related Evidence for Validity.- The Relationship Between Constructing Test Items and Validity.- Abetting Validity in the Item Construction Process.- Documenting the Item-Construction Steps.- Conditions For Items To Contribute To Validity.- Defining a Test¿s Purpose.- Devising Specifications for Tests and Items.- Content-Related Evidence for Validity.- Initial Considerations When Selecting Content For Items.- The Relationship Between Tests and Curriculum.- Modern Goal Conception.- Achieving Clarity In A Test¿s Content.- Importance of Specificity in Content.- Examples of Clearly Defined Content.- Developing Test Content Specifications.- Planning for Test Content Specifications.- Researchers¿ Work in Promoting Clarity of Content.- Establishing a Table of Test Content Specifications.- Alternative Ways to Present Test Content Specifications.- The Test Developer¿s Responsibility for Preparing Test Content Specifications.- Melding Cognitive Processing Levels With Items Content.- Identifying Levels of Cognitive Processing.- Difficulty of Using Bloom¿s Taxonomy to Write Items.- The Framework for Instructional Objectives Taxonomy.- Test Item Specifications.- The Role of Test Item Specifications.- Caution Against Making Test Item Specifications Too Prescriptive.- Making An Item Consistent With Its Specification.- The Importance of Item-Objective Congruence.- Practice in Determining Congruence.- Conclusion.- 4 Starting To Write Items: Practical Considerations.- The Importance Of Good Writing In Test Items.- Sources For Information On Writing Style.- Computer Dictionaries and Thesauruses.- Using Taxonomies In Writing Items.- Writing Items at the Higher Taxonomic Levels.- Independence of Subject Matter from Cognitive Processing Level.- Suggestions for Writing Items with Other Cognitive Processing Taxonomies.- Distinctness Between Stem and Response Alternatives.- Importance Of An Interrogative Stem.- Determining The Correct Response For Test Items.- Absolutely-Correct Type Test Items.- Best-Answer Items.- Determining Which Response Is Best.- A Technique for Judging Items.- Difficulty in Writing Best-Answer Items.- Determining The Optimal Number Of Response Alternatives.- Making Response Alternatives Plausible.- Number of Distractors and Highly Able Examinees.- Humorous Distractors.- Use Of All Of The Above Or None Of The Above As Response Alternatives.- Advantages of All Of The Above Or None Of The Above.- Cautions With All Of The Above Or None Of The Above.- Special Circumstances with All of the Above.- All Of The Above Or None Of The Above and Item Difficulty.- Using Specific Determiners In Test Items.- Constructing Complex Response Alternatives.- Time Examinees Need To Respond To Items.- Conclusion.- 5 Style, Editorial, and Publication Guidelines For Items in the Multiple-Choice Format.- Understanding The Multiple-Choice Item Format.- Advantages and Criticisms Of Items In The Multiple-Choice Format.- Strengths of the Format.- Criticisms of the Multiple-Choice Format.- Editorial Format For Items.- Description of Editorial Style.- Sources for Learning Editorial Style.- Editorial Style for Graphics.- Avoiding Biases in Language.- Sources for Specialized Editorial Circumstances.- Using Directions Correctly.- Description of Directions.- Rules for Directions.- Specialized Style Rules For Multiple-Choice Items.- Avoid Repetition in Options.- Omit Articles in Options.- Handling Measurement Units.- Use of Third Person.- Italics and Boldface.- What and Which.- Ordering Response Alternatives.- Aligning Numerals.- Type Characteristics and Page Layout.- Importance of Appearance.- Suggested Typefaces for Items.- Suggested Type Size for Items.- Placing Passage and Graphic Dependent Items Together.- Conclusion.- 6 Style, Editorial, and Publication Guidelines For Items in Other Common Formats.- Precision In Wording, Again.- Understanding Items In The True-False Format.- Advantages of the True-False Format.- Criticisms of the True-False Format.- Comparison of True-False and Multiple-Choice Items.- Rules for Presenting True-False Items.- Understanding Items In The Matching Format.- Cautions for Matching Items.- Directions for Matching Items.- Understanding Short-Answer An.

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Hardcover. Zustand: Good. 0792380770 Good; Hardcover; Withdrawn library copy with the standard library markings; Light wear to the covers; Library stamps to the endpapers; Underlining/notes to about 30 pages, otherwise unmarked text pages; Good binding with a straight spine; This book will be stored and delivered in a sturdy cardboard box with foam padding; Medium Format (8.5" - 9.75" tall); Dark red covers with title in white lettering; 1997, Springer-Verlag Publishing; 352 pages; "Constructing Test Items: Multiple-Choice, Constructed-Response, Performance and Other Formats (Evaluation in Education and Human Services)," by Steven J. Osterlind.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Constructing test items for standardized tests of achievement, ability, and aptitude is a task of enormous importance. The interpretability of a test's scores flows directly from the quality of its items and exercises. Concomitant with score interpretability is the notion that including only carefully crafted items on a test is the primary method by which the skilled test developer reduces unwanted error variance, or errors of measurement, and thereby increases a test score's reliability. The aim of this entire book is to increase the test constructor's awareness of this source of measurement error, and then to describe methods for identifying and minimizing it during item construction and later review.Persons involved in assessment are keenly aware of the increased attention given to alternative formats for test items in recent years. Yet, in many writers' zeal to be `curriculum-relevant' or `authentic' or `realistic', the items are often developed seemingly without conscious thought to the interpretations that may be garnered from them. This book argues that the format for such alternative items and exercises also requires rigor in their construction and even offers some solutions, as one chapter is devoted to these alternative formats.This book addresses major issues in constructing test items by focusing on four ideas. First, it describes the characteristics and functions of test items. A second feature of this book is the presentation of editorial guidelines for writing test items in all of the commonly used item formats, including constructed-response formats and performance tests.A third aspect of this book is the presentation of methods for determining the quality of test items. Finally, this book presents a compendium of important issues about test items, including procedures for ordering items in a test, ethical and legal concerns over using copyrighted test items, item scoring schemes, computer-generateditems and more.Springer Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg 352 pp. Englisch.