Springer mär 2012 (53 Ergebnisse)

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The European Organization for Research into Cancer Treatment (OERTC), founded in 1962 initially under the name Groupe Europeen de Chimiotherapie Anti cancereuse (GECA), is an extramural European Institute for collecting, co-ordinating and encouraging the work of scientists researching into cancer treatment at 16 European institutes: 3 in W. Germany, 2 in Italy, 2 in Belgium, 3 in the Netherlands, 2 in the United Kingdom, 1 in Switzerland and 3 in France. The first President of OERTC was Professor GEORGES MATHE, now succeeded by Professor SILVIO GARATTINI of Milan. The organization has a Board of 20 Directors, responsible for co-ordinating the entire range of activities and guiding research and experimental studies on animals, also the first human trials of new therapeutic agents which have been fully tested on animals. The Co-operating Groups carry out com plementary testing involving large numbers of patients. Thus, OER TC is not a 'learned society' but an agency for co-ordinating work. OER TC's annual plenary meeting for 1968 was held in Paris on 22nd and 23rd March. It was given over to an intensive study of the scientific basis of chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer in man. These two working sessions brought together members of all groups, both directing and co-operating. The first day was in effect a teaching seminar, open to all practitioners wishing to use chemotherapy in cancer, and explaining the scientific basis of such treatment. This seminar constitutes the present monograph.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book sets out to provide a useful directory to writers, reviewers, and citizens interested in the environmental impact statement (EIS) process in the United States. Although several 'environmental' directories address a narrow portion of EIS subject matter, there is no single directory that covers the wide range of agencies and organizations involved in the EIS process. Therefore, the purpose of this directory is to bring EIS-related agencies and organizations into one comprehensive reference book. EIS writing and reviewing can be improved by providing practioners with a directory that puts them quickly in touch with the national EIS net work. At the present time, practioners must rely on their personal, and sometimes, limited network of agencies and organizations for the exchange of information. The EIS Directory quickly connects EIS-related agencies and organizations throughout the United States at the national, regional, state, and local levels. The EIS Directory is a compilation of directories provided by members of the EIS community. A written survey of over five hundred agencies and or ganizations was made in 1980. The response to the survey provided a wide range of in-house directories. This book contains approximately 4,000 entries developed from over 300 documents. This book was written in the hope that it will help people communicate more easi1y--u1timately improving the quality of EIS decision making. I re alize the limitations of this initial edition and accept the challenge of providing a more effective reference tool in future editions. …

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The economics of forestry has always fascinated me as one of the most brain-taxing cases in economics. As an investment forestry is different from many other projects as it has unusually long gestation periods. For example, in the United Kingdom it takes over 40 years to grow coniferous and over 100 years for deciduous timber. These long gestation periods make it very clear how import ant are the magnitude of the discount rate and the method of discounting in the evaluation of investment projects. Any errors in these will misguide investors in forestry one way or the other. In addition, forestry redistributes income between gener ations. Its long gestation periods make it obvious that more than one generation will be involved in any venture. When we plant trees we know that the bulk of the benefits will be captured by future generations. Conversely, when we fell trees we reap the benefit of projects which were established in the past, mostly by generations who are long gone. So far most economists have devoted their time and energy to analysing income distribution in an intragenerational context, and this is a very sensitive and controversial issue. After all, most revolutions have taken place because of the uneven income distribution which was oppressive for the majority. Forestry helps us to study the case from the viewpoint of different generations. Forestry necessitates estimating timber prices a long time ahead.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The growth of neurochemistry. molecular biology, and biochemical genetics has led to a burgeoning of new information relevant to the pathogenesis of brain dysfunction. This explosion of exciting new information is crying out for collation and meaningful synthesis. In its totality, it defies systematic summa tion, and, of course, no one author can cope. Thus invitations for contributions were given to various experts in areas which are under active investigation, of current neurological interest, and pregnant. Although this project is relatively comprehensive, by dint of size. other topics might have been included; the selection was solely my responsibility. I believe systematic summation a virtual impossibility-indeed, hardly worth the effort. The attempt to assemble all of the sections involved in a large treatise with multiple authors inevitably results in untoward delays due to the difference in the rate at which various authors work. Therefore, the following strategy has been adopted: multiple small volumes and a relatively flexible format, with publication in order of receipt and as soon as enough chapters are assembled to make publication practical and economical. In this way, the time lag between the ideas and their emergence in print is the shortest.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Although thousands of articles and hundreds of books on aging have been published, only a small percentage of this material has dealt with anatomy, particularly at the fine structural level. It was with this in mind that Aging and Cell Structure was conceived. Volume 1 of Aging and Cell Structure was published in 1981 and represented a current compilation of information, concentrating at the electron microscopic level, on morphological changes which occur in cells and tissues as they age. The present volume completes the two-volume set. While Volume 1 highlighted structural changes occurring in the aging nervous system, Volume 2 centers its efforts on studies of in vitro aging. Chapters on other subjects are included as well. These include age-related changes seen in neuromuscular junctions, oral tissues, and the pancreas. Although these two volumes represent a very small part of the published infor mation on experimental gerontology, their approach is rather unique because they focus on anatomy, perhaps the most basic of all the biomedical sciences. Because many dif ferent tissue types are examined, we begin to see recurrent, definitive patterns in the aging cell which may not be fully apparent from studies taking one cell type at a time. This becomes even more evident in the present volume where changes seen in popula tions of cells grown in culture-isolated from hormones or nervous impulses from other body areas-are found to be similar to those changes found in vivo. …

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) \* at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 22 (thesis year 1977) a total of 10,658 theses titles from 28 Canadian and 227 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 22 reports theses submitted in 1977, on occasion, certain universities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Spectroscopic Tricks was introduced in 1959 as a special section in the journal Applied Spectroscopy. Its purpose was to provide a means for communicating information on new devices, modifica tions of existing apparatuses, and other items of this nature of interest to the working spectroscopist. That it has proved valuable is indicated by the continuing publication of this section now under the title of Spectroscopic Techniques. However, the use fulness of these contributions, scattered through the many issues of the journal, diminishes as time passes since the reader must consult the annual indices of many volumes of the journal to find the contri bution that may hold the solution to his problem. The collection of the contributions into a single volume for the years 1959 through 1965 made it easier for the reader to make this search. The success of the first volume has prompted the continuation of these collec tions. The contributions in this second volume are selected from the the years 1966 through 1969. They are arranged in the same manner as in the previous volume according to the area of spectroscopy. Those concerned with the same devices are placed together so that the reader can compare them readily. To maintain the advantages inherent in a single collection of articles, the subject index for this volume includes all the entries and page references from the original volume. Both author and journal indices are are also provided, the latter citing the original Applied Spectroscopy edition.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Modern technology began in the 1950's and 1960's, with the devel opment of transistor technology. At first it was useful in improving the performance of voice communications. But then it made possible extraordinary computer capability in manageable size-and at man ageable cost. First came large mainframe computers for only the largest companies; and later the microcomputer as we know it today. The increasing use of computers, in the 1960's with their ability to manipulate and store vast quantities of information, stimulated the need for computers to communicate with one another and so tele phone circuits had to be segregated and conditioned specifically for computer traffic, using the modem. Computers ushered in a new era of business communications in which data could be developed, ma nipulated, stored or transmitted with remarkable ease. The recent pace of technological advancement has been breath taking and, today, the distinction between communications and computers is no longer even necessary. Computers, at the very core of communications networks, route and control communications on major common carriers. The decade of the 1980's is bearing the fruits of the marriage of computers and communications. For the first time networks are en abling organizations to utilize the combined processing power of computers and communications equipment.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - These volumes contain the invited and contributed talks of the first general Conference of the Condensed Matter Division of the European Physical Society, which took place at the campus of the University of Antwerpen.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This volume contains the contributions to a symposium held at Gatlinburg, Tennessee, under the auspices of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in April, 1971. In the past, these proceedings had appeared as a supplement to the Journal of Cellular Physiology. Due to the nature of the subject ma terial and the relevance of the topic of the symposium to the readers of BIOMEMBRANES, it was agreed by the organizers of the symposium to publish the contributions of the partici pants as a separate volume in BIOMEMBRANES. It had been originally envisaged that, from time to time, the proceedings of a conference whose subject matter was directly related to the scope of this series would be included. The proceedings are being published exactly as they have been submitted to the Editor without the usual editorial re V1S10n. This is being done to increase the speed of publica tion. For the same rOeason, no indices have been provided since the time needed to prepare an adequate subject index would have unnecessarily delayed publication. Included in the proceedings are short reports of a number of workshops that were held during the conference. The editor has received excellent cooperation from both the organizers of the conference and the several contributors to this volume. If the experiment is a success, it is thanks to their promptness.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - If an ion in a crystal is replaced by an impurity ion with a different charge, compensation for the charge difference must be accomplished. This is usually done by an intrinsic defect, i. e. a lattice vacancy or interstitial host ion, in such a way to balance the excess or deficit of charge. The introduction of cation vacan cies along with divalent cation impurities in alkali halides is a familiar example. If these crystals are carefully annealed, nearly all of the compensating defects migrate to the impurity ions to form impurity-defect complexes. It is the behavior of these complexes that are the principal concern in this paper. Almost invariably such complexes are dipolar in character, and when subjected to an electric or mechanical stress field, they will tend to realign to an orienta tion of lower energy provided the thermal activation is sufficiently great. If the complex consists of an impurity-vacancy couple, re orientation may occur either by the vacancy moving around the impu rity or by an exchange of positions of the partners. In general the activation energy for these two distinct reorientation paths is different. If the complex consists of an impurity-interstitial couple, interchange of positions is unlikely and reorientation is considered to occur exclusively by the motion of the interstitial around the vacancy.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science, having only recently passed through its descriptive phase of naming and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively few new truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics, biochemical cytology, and high-resolution microscopy and spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information explosion. Few serious attempts have so far been made to chronicle these events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000 pages in a total of about 22 volumes, represents a commitment by a large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now amorphous and disjointed and scattered throughout a wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in perspective as well as to develop an invaluable reference and sourcebook for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed as a continuum that can be entered anywhere but which also provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated concepts.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The first and foremost concrete fact which every one will affirm to belong to his inner experience is the fact that consciousness of some sort goes on. I -William James, 1893 We are witnessing today a mounting interest among behavioral and biological scientists in problems long recognized as central to our understanding of human nature, yet until recently considered out of the bounds of scientific psychology and physiology. Sometimes thrown into the heading of 'altered states of consciousness,' this growing research bears directly upon such time-honored questions as the nature of conscious experience, the mind-body relationship, and volition. If one broadly views this research as encompassing the two interrelated areas of consciousness and self-regulation, one can find many relevant contemporary examples of creative and experimentally sophisticated approaches, including research on the regulation of perception and sensory experience, attention, imagery and thinking, emotion and pain; hypnosis and meditation; biofeedback and volun tary control; hemispheric asymmetry and specialization of brain func tion; drug-induced subjective states; and biological rhythms. Because the material is spread over many different kinds of publications and disciplines, it is difficult for anyone person to keep fully abreast of the significant advances. The overall aim of the new Plenum Series in Consciousness and Self-Regulation: Advances in Research is to provide a scholarly forum for discussing integration of these diverse areas by presenting some of the best current research and theory.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - In a previous volume, Families as Learning Environments for Children, we presented a series of chapters that dealt with research programs on the role of families as learning environments for children. Those studies were based on empirical data and sought answers to basic research questions, with no explicit concern for the application of the results to practical problems. Rather, their purpose was to contribute primarily to conceptualization, research methodology, and psychological theory. Now, in this volume, we turn our attention to intervention-efforts to modify the way a family develops. As in our previous conference, the participants of the working conference on which the present volume is based are research scientists and scholars interested in application. This group is distinct from practitioners, however, whose primary focus is service; participants in this conference have as their primary interest research into the problems of processes of application. Applied professional issues concerning the lives of families come from many varied sources, from some that are distant and impersonal (e. g. , the law) to direct face-to-face efforts (educators, therapists). The variety of sources and types of applications are eloquent testimony to the degree to which families are subject to a host of societal forces whose implicit or explicit aim is to modify family functioning. For example, some educators may wish to alter family child-rearing patterns to enhance child development; the clinician seeks to help families come to terms and to cope with a schizophrenic child. The list can be extended.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four categories: to develop (I) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and physicists; because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multi disciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for theoretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger scientists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate. Kendric C. Smith Editor vii Contents v Contents of Earlier Volumes . . Preface . . vii Chapter 1. The Activation of Enzymes with Light . . …

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - That residues of pesticide and other 'foreign' chemicals in foodstuffs are of concern to everyone everywhere is amply attested by the reception accorded previous volumes of 'Residue Reviews' and by the gratifying en thusiasm, sincerity, and efforts shown by all the individuals from whom manuscripts have been solicited. Despite much propaganda to the contrary, there can never be any serious question that pest-control chemicals and food additive chemicals are essential to adequate food production, manufacture, marketing, and storage, yet without continuing surveillance and intelligent control some of those thalt persist in our foodstuffs could at times conceivably endanger the public health. Ensuring safety-in-use of these many chemicals is a dynamic challenge, for established ones are continually being displaced by newly developed ones more acceptable to food technologists, pharma cologists, toxicologists, and changing pest-control requirements in progressive food-producing economies. These matters are also of genuine concern to increasing numbers of governmental agencies and legislative bodies around the world, for some of these chemicals have resulted in a few mishaps from improper use. Adequate safety-in-use evaluations of any of these chemicals persisting into our food stuffs are not simple matters, and they incorporate the considered judgments of many individuals highly trained in a variety of complex biological, chemi cal, food technological, medical, pharmacological, and toxicological disciplines.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Twenty years is a long time in the life of a science. While the historical roots of psychology have not changed since the first edition of this book, some of the offshoots of the various theories and systems discussed have been crit- ically reexamined and have undergone far-reaching modifications. New and bold research has led to a broadening of perspectives, and recent devel- opments in several areas required a considerable amount of rewriting. I have been fortunate in the last fifteen years to have worked with about 2,000 psychologists and other behavioral scientists who contributed to several collected volumes I have edited. As the editor-in-chief of the In- ternational Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis and Neurol- ogy, I have had the privilege of reading, scrutinizing, and editing the work of 1,500 experts in psychology and related disciplines. In addition, I have written several books and monographs and over one hundred scientific papers. Armed with all that experience, I have carefully examined the pages of the first edition. Chapter 8 required substantial rewriting and several new sections have been added to other chapters: 'Current Soviet Psychol- ogy' (Chapter 2, Section 7); 'New Ideas on Purposivism' (Chapter 5, Sec- tion 4); 'Recent Developments in the Sociological School of Psychoanalysis' (Chapter 9, Section 4); and 'Present Status of Gestalt Psychology' (Chapter 12, Section 4). Chapter 15 was omitted, and two new chapters were added: Chapter 14 ('Humanistic Psychology') and Chapter 16 ('Selected Research Areas').…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This volume represents the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Amino Acids as Chemical Transmitters, which took ~lace at Spatind Hotel in Norway, August 14-21, 1977. The meeting is related to two previous meetings on metabolic compart mentation in the brain. The first of these meetings took place at Rockefeller Foundation, Bellagio, Italy, July 11-16, 1971 and the proceedings, Metabolic Compartmentation in Brain, were edited by R. Balazs and J. E. Cremer and published by Macmillan in 1973. The second meeting was an Advanced Study Institute on Metabolic Com partmentation and Neurotransmission Relation to Brain Structure and Function, which was held in Oxford, September 1-8, 1974. The proceedings were edited by S. Berl, D. D. Clarke and D. Schneider and published as Volume 6 of the NATO ASI Life Science series by Plenum Press. The object of the present meeting was to review and discuss the present status of amino acids as chemical transmitters. Several issues such as electrophysiological response, localization, synthe sis, release and receptor binding of transmitter candidates were discussed. The possible morphological correlates to these func tions were also reviewed. During the meeting 24 leading papers were given. In addition, several of the participants presented important new findings during the discussion. Some of these have been included as short reports. The main financial support was obtained from NATO, Scientific Affairs Division.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - About 21 years ago prenatal diagnosis became part of the physician's diagnostic armamentarium against genetic defects. My first monograph in 1973 (The Prenatal Diagnosis of Hereditary Disorders) critically assessed early progress and enunciated basic principles in the systematic approach to prenatal genetic diagnosis. Six years later and under the current title, a subsequent volume provided the first major reference source on this subject. The present second (effectively third) edition, which was urged in view of the excellent reception of the two earlier volumes, reflects the remarkable growth of this new discipline and points to significant and exciting future developments. Notwithstanding these advances, the use of the new tools and techniques for the benefit of at-risk parents has taken many more years than most anticipated. Key factors have been the lack of teaching of human genetics in medical schools in the preceding decades and the difficulty of educating practicing physicians in a new scientific disci pline. Even today the teaching of genetics in medical schools leaves much to be desired and this will further delay the introduction of newer genetic advances to the bedside.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Existence of huge amounts of data on the Web has developed anundeferring need to locate right information at right time, as well asto integrating information effectively to provide a comprehensivesource of relevant information.There is a need to develop efficient tools for analyzing and managingWeb data, and efficiently managing Web information from the databaseperspective. The book proposes a data model called WHOM (WarehouseObject Model) to represent HTML and XML documents in the warehouse. Itdefines a set of web algebraic operators for building new web tablesby extracting relevant data from the Web, as well as generating newtables from existing ones. These algebraic operators are used forchange detection.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This second volume of the Charged Particle Traps deals with the rapidly expanding body of research exploiting the electromagnetic con nement of ions, whose principles and techniques were the subject of volume I. These applications include revolutionary advances in diverse elds, ranging from such practical elds as mass spectrometry, to the establishment of an ult- stable standard of frequency and the emergent eld of quantum computing made possible by the observation of the quantum behavior of laser-cooled con nedions. Bothexperimentalandtheoreticalactivity intheseapplications has proliferated widely, and the number of diverse articles in the literature on its many facets has reached the point where it is useful to distill and organize the published work in a uni ed volume that de nes the current status of the eld. As explained in volume I, the technique of con ning charged particles in suitable electromagnetic elds was initially conceived by W. Paul as a thr- dimensional version of his rf quadrupole mass lter. Its rst application to rf spectroscopy on atomic ions was completed in H. G. Dehmelt's laboratory where notable work was later done on the free electron using the Penning trap. The further exploitation of these devices has followed more or less - dependently along the two initial broad areas: mass spectrometry and high resolution spectroscopy. In volume I a detailed account is given of the theory of operation and experimental techniques of the various forms of Paul and Penning ion traps.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Exploratory data analysis, also known as data mining or knowledge discovery from databases, is typically based on the optimisation of a specific function of a dataset. Such optimisation is often performed with gradient descent or variations thereof. In this book, we first lay the groundwork by reviewing some standard clustering algorithms and projection algorithms before presenting various non-standard criteria for clustering. The family of algorithms developed are shown to perform better than the standard clustering algorithms on a variety of datasets.We then consider extensions of the basic mappings which maintain some topology of the original data space. Finally we show how reinforcement learning can be used as a clustering mechanism before turning to projection methods. We show that several varieties of reinforcement learning may also be used to define optimal projections for example for principal component analysis, exploratory projection pursuit and canonical correlation analysis. The new method of cross entropy adaptation is then introduced and used as a means of optimising projections. Finally an artificial immune system is used to create optimal projections and combinations of these three methods are shown to outperform the individual methods of optimisation. …

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The possibility of initiating chemical reactions by high-intensity laser exci tation has captured the imagination of chemists and physicists as well as of industrial scientists and the scientifically informed public in general ever since the laser first became available. Initially, great hopes were held that laser-induced chemistry would revolutionize synthetic chemistry, making possible 'bond-specific' or 'mode-specific' reactions that were impos sible to achieve under thermal equilibrium conditions. Indeed, some of the early work in this area, typically employing high-power continuous-wave sources, was interpreted in just this way. With further investigation, however, a more conservative picture has emerged, with the laser taking its place as one of a number of available methods for initiation of high-energy chemical transformations. Unlike a number of these methods, such as flash photolysis, shock tubes, and electron-beam radiolysis, the laser is capable of a high degree of spatial and molecular localization of deposited energy, which in turn is reflected in such applications as isotope enrichment or localized surface treatments. The use of lasers to initiate chemical processes has led to the discovery of several distinctly new molecular phenomena, foremost among which is that of multiple-photon excitation and dissociation of polyatomic molecules. This research area has received the greatest attention thus far and forms the focus of the present volume.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The characterization of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate inflammation provides a foundation that supports future studies that will de fine mechanisms more intimately. It encourages substantial optimism about the opportunities to understand the inflammatory process and to use that information to develop novel therapeutic approaches. Recent progress has defined the cells that mediate the inflammatory response, many of the inter cellular transmitters, the receptors, signal transduction processes and regula tory mechanisms. Thus, we now have the opportunity to understand inflammation in pharmacologic terms and to attack the key molecular targets to develop new therapeutics. Among the cells involved in the inflammatory response are the lympho cytes, neutrophils and endothelial cells. Maintenance of homeostasis, re sponse to proinflammatory stimuli and pathophysiologic responses are products of complex interactions between these and other elements of the immune systems. Each of these cells displays a variety of receptors to define the stimuli to which they respond. The receptors displayed that the signal transduction processes and cellular responses are regulated genetically and epigenetic ally . The critical role of membranes and particularly the phospho lipid components of the membranes is emphasized by recent studies.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Volume 4 of the Encyclopedia of the Alkaloids covers the literature to the end of 1981 and includes those compounds which have been discovered since Volume 3 was published in 1977. There is also a small number of entries giving recently determined structure or addi tional information regarding alkaloids given in the preceding three volumes. It is a great pleasure to thank the staff of the John Rylands Science Library of the Univer sity of Manchester for kindly providing me with access to the literature on this subject. Woodhouses, JOHN S. GLASBY Manchester, England May, 1982 Contents A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31O G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Formula Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 A ACETYLALLOYOHIMBINE (Alkaloid NRB6) C23H2SN203 M. p. Indefinite I I OAc The root bark of Rauwolfia nitida yields this yohimbine-type alkaloid which has been ob tained as an off-white amorphous powder having no definite melting point. The base is lae 2 vorotatory with a specific rotation of [aJ5 -89° (c 0. 01, CHCI ) and gives an ultraviolet 3 spectrum in MeOH with absorption maxima at 225,284 and 290 nm. The structure has been established from chemical and spectroscopic analysis. M. A. Amer, W. E. Court, Phytochem. , 20,2569 (1981) 14-ACETYLBROWNINE ___ :(OMe M. p.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The primary metabolism of protobionts was probably based on the electron transfer reactions regulated by catalysts or photo sensitizing pigments. The action of photoreceptive pigments was inevitable in the case of electron transfer leading to light energy storage in the reaction products. The primitive tetrapyrrolic pig ments formed abiogenically (porphin, chlorin) as well as their more complicated biogenic analogs (chlorophylls) are capable of photo sensitizing electron transfer in systems, having various degrees of molecular complexity. The inorganic photosensitizers (titanium dioxide. zinc oxide. etc.). being excited in the near ultraviolet. are able to perform the same reactions as porphyrins--electron transfer from donor to acceptor molecule (including photoreduction of viologens) or water molecule photooxidation (oxygen liberation). coupled with reduction of ferric compounds and quinones. The in organic photosensitizers are not used in biological evolution; actually the inorganic ions entered into tetrapyrrolic cycle. form ing effective photocatalysts. Inclusion of pigments into primary membranes led to elaborated coupling between pigments and enzymatic systems. The involvement of the excited pigments into the biocata lytic electron transfer chain was prerequisite to effective func tion of photosynthetic organisms. REFERENCES 1. Oparin. A. I., 'Origin of Life on Earth,' Izd. AN SSSR. Moscow. 1957. 2. Gaffron, H., in: 'Horizons in Biochemistry' (Kasha. M and Pullmann, B eds.), p. 59. Academic Press, New York. 1962. 3. Calvin. M 'Chemical Evolution,' C1arendon Press, Oxford. 1969. 4. Pasynsky. A. G . and Pav1ovskaya. T. E . Uspekhii khimii 33, 1198 (1964).…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Nearly two hundred years ago Crawford and Cruickshank, surgeons and chemists in the Royal Artillery, reported the occurrence of a 'new earth' in the mines at the Scottish village of Strontian. Humphrey Davy, following the advice of Berzelius, isolated stable strontium in 1808 along with other alkali earth metals. It was not until 1883 that physiological effects of stable strontium were first recognized by none other than Sidney Ringer in his experiments on frog heart. The medicinal use of strontium salts was first described in Squire's Companion in 1894. Subsequently, strontium was introduced into the Pharma copeias of Great Britain, United States, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and Mexico and was used in treatment of a variety of disease. s, clearly without detailed knowledge of its actions. It is hoped that this handbook will provide a sound basis for further research on stable strontium and the establishment of the levels of intake, necessary or desirable, in different pathophysiological conditions. The objective of this publication was to assemble a comprehensive collection of essays on stable strontium which review the respective areas of research as well as present original data. I consider myself fortunate to have been able to work with the contributors of these essays. It is obvious that this type of book should be interdisciplinary in nature owing to the necessity of examining each subject from the viewpoint of different disciplines.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The fIrst reports on the tropism of the human immunodefIciency virus (HIV), then called human T-celilymphotrophic virus type ill (HTLY ill) or lymphadenopathy associated virus (LA V), indicated an almost absolute specifIcity of the virus for T4 (helper/inducer) lymphocytes. It became apparent a few years later that macrophages were also infectable by HIV. The common cellular receptor for the virus on these cell types was CD4. A remarkable series of studies by fIve different groups, four of which were published in the same issue of~, showed that recombinant soluble CD4 could inhibit the infectivity of the virus. Subsequent studies began to reveal, however, that cells not expressing CD4 could also be infected, thus raising the possibility that almost any cell in the body could act as a latent reservoir for the virus. Recent observations that the infectivity of patient isolates is not inhibited at the low concentrations of rsCD4 that inhibit laboratory strains, also indicate the importance of CD4-independent mechanisms. The mechanisms of fusion of my with cellular membranes are under investigation by a large number of laboratories. These studies range from the determination of the oligomeric structure of the envelope glycoproteins, to the analysis of the function of various regions of the proteins by site-directed mutagenesis, to the fluorimetric monitoring of membrane fusion. This book originated as the proceedings of a Workshop on the Mechanisms and Specificity of HIV Entry into Host Cells, held at the University of California, San Francisco in June 1989. …

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This treatise is an outgrowth of a series of seminars and tutorials on selected legal aspects of geology that were offered to several generations of undergraduate students at Lawrence University. The offerings were in response to a keen interest in how the law and legal institutions relate to the professional geologist. Much of the student interest was undoubtedly sparked by the legal controversies as sociated with the 'environmental movement' that became so active during the 1970s and continues today to look to the law for the resolution of conflicting goals. Other students were interested in the role allocated to law by society in general, or were simply curious about law as a profession. Existing published material did not meet my needs, and I had to rely on 'handouts' summarizing legal principles, reported appellate cases, and guest lectures from the county bar association. The more formally prepared course materials were edited by practicing attorneys and scholars in academia who encouraged me to seek a publisher who might make the materials available to a broader audience-an audience that might include not only students of the law but also the professional geologist, geological engineers, planners, policy makers, and attorneys, whether in industry, government, education, or private practice, who want to know more about the relationship between law and geology.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - In recent years, an ever-increasing amount of research has been conducted on the physico-chemical basis of the origin and evolution of life, or protobiology. Many questions are raised in this endeavor: What research methodology should be employed What sort of dependable facts are available as a firm frame of reference upon which the physico-chemical origin of life or protolife could be examined Is the origin due exclusively to chance events If not, what is then responsible for the origin What physical reality underlies the evolutionarily selective process leading to the origin What role does variation assume and how is it generated in the course of evolution Many research workers have pursued various avenues toward answering the stated questions. Among them, we believe Sidney W. Fox has been playing a very unique and pivotal role over the past quarter of a century, presiding over 240 man-years or more of labo ratory work. His laboratory syntheses of thermal proteins called proteinoids and proteinoid micro spheres have emphasized the prin ciple of the self-sequencing of amino acids as a key concept of protobiological synthesis. The significance of his contribution is seen in presenting the experimental evidence that the origin of life is largely due to nonrandom events. This discovery marks a new epoch in the conceptual development of studying the origin of life by focusing on the molecular processes that underlied the emergence and evolution of protobiological information.…