Peter tilman schuessler (4 Ergebnisse)
- Softcover
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2002 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Public International Law and Human Rights, grade: 17 von 20 (A-), University of St Andrews (Department of Politics), course: IR 2004, language: English, abstract: This… essay will show how complex it is for states to react to non-compliance, that will mean the violation of treaties. The reasons for difficulty in replying to breaches of international law1 are based on three main factors: States will respond if they have the interest, legitimacy of response and the power to act. If one of these points is missing, a country will find it hard to act. However in most cases there will be a reaction, even if this is seen only in the articulation of protest. Nevertheless, serious measures like an embargo, or an intervention to pursue a punishment or the reinstatement of order, depend on the previous factors. Firstly we shall deal with the question of legitimacy, secondly with the connection of interest and hierarchy of states; and finally, the interlinkages between these factors will be demonstrated by means of examples.It is important for states in order to justify their move to their own population and to maintain international reputation, to have a legitimacy to react. Therefore it is necessary that the breach of the law occurred intentionally, is proven, and the reaction to the breach does not itself contradict international law. In the following these three ideas will be explained.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2002 in the subject Politics - International Politics - General and Theories, grade: 17 von 20 (A), University of St Andrews (Department of IR), course: IR 1006, language: English, abstract: We have to look back to the year 750 AD…, the end of the Omayyad Caliphs 1, to see the 'Islamic world' acting as an united power. The probability of an emergence of a pan-Islamic foreign policy is to be discussed in this essay, which means a foreign policy that involves all Muslim countries and allows them to speak with one voice. Joint policy aims can only be formulated when the interests differ just slightly. The Islamic countries however have few common goals. Firstly this essay will discuss economic, and secondly political and cultural factors. Thirdly the structure of the states will be considered, and finally religious influences will be evaluated. It will be shown that obstacles impeding a collective foreign policy outweigh the driving forces in its favour by far.Economic issues regularly have a strong impact on foreign policy strategies. The interlinkages between the areas of politics and economics are often so complex, that even one major common aim of two states might not be enough to produce a consensus between them on one policy programme. There might be joint interests like issues concerning oil if we talk about Indonesia and Kuwait, for instance. The differences in their goals, however, are too great to bring them together. Kuwait is rich and tries to retain its wealth, while Indonesia struggles with economic difficulties, inflation and local uprisings. The archipelago depends on the support of the world bank while the Kuwaitis do not know any problems of that kind. Nevertheless there are attempts to combine several nations' economic interests with one another. OPEC, while not all of its member have an Islamic population (although its most influential and powerful ones do), is a fine example of how international co-operation might work. All participants of that organisation produce oil, and they founded this alliance to raise the world oil price by organised behaviour 2. History shows that this was quite effective in the beginning. Yet this is not enough to be optimistic to create promising prospects for a pan-Islamic co-operation. Since Venezuela has a Christian population, not all OPEC states are Islamic; the organisation can therefore not be seen as a fine prototype for a purely Muslim alliance. Additionally the development of OPEC continued less successfully - in terms of forming a combined foreign policy strategy - than it began.
- Softcover
Anbieter: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, DeutschlandAHA-BUCH GmbH
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2002 in the subject Politics - International Politics - General and Theories, grade: 17 von 20 (A), University of St Andrews (Department of IR), course: IR 2004, language: English, abstract: The answer to this question seems to be… very simple. Global governance is bound to be undemocratic because, according to Dahrendorf, Internationalisation 'almost invariably means a loss of democracy'1. Why and if this is the case will be examined in this essay. Governance, in contrast to government2, 'refers to the process of making collective decisions, [.] in international relations, for example, no world government exists to resolve problems but many issues are resolved by negotiation'3. After a discussion about democracy in this context, the focus will be laid on different global intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), followed by a future outlook over possible future alternative possibilities and restraints. It will be shown that international democratic decision making is not likely to happen.Before entering the discussion, it is necessary to define what the term democracy` refers to. Normally it is used in a national context, and even within this context there exist various forms in parallel in neighbouring nations, whose political styles span from governmental to federal, and from one party to multiple party systems. Regarding the international order, which can be seen as a society of states, definition becomes more difficult. A basic definition is offered by the MSN Encarta as follows: 'A political system in which the people of a country rule through any form of government they choose to establish'4; but this refers merely to the people` and to a permanent institutional idea that does catch the real process. The definition of a 'democratic governmental system [which describes] a system of government based on the principle of majority decision-making'5 might suit here better, although it uses the term government instead of governance. Hence a decision in international terms has to be supported by the majority to be called democratic. Yet it is not clear what kind of majority this could be. Is it the majority of states This implies that each state would have one voice without special rights unlike a veto. However, is this really democratic This would favour small (in size and population), generally powerless and poor states and put large, populous, generally rich and influential countries at a disadvantage.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2002 in the subject Leadership and Human Resource Management - Miscellaneous, grade: 15 of 20, University of St Andrews (Management Department), course: Human Resource management, language: English, abstract: Using the concepts of… reliability and validity, critically examine how confident Human Resource professionals should be in using interviews as an effective selection technique.Interviews are the most common selection technique for recruiting. Notwithstanding, this method has been frequently criticised. It is the task of this essay to evaluate how valid and reliable they are. Therefore, firstly validity and reliability have to be defined to form a basis to start with. Secondly, different types of interviews, beginning with the traditional type, will be presented and analysed. Thirdly, attempts to standardise and improve the interview in terms of reliability and validity will be critically examined. Finally a short outlook will be given, to show that not everything can be related to be reliable and valid. This text will analyse only selection interviews as the topic refers mainly to these. Furthermore it will only deal with personal interviews of employees, which excludes, for example, telephone screening1. Every selection method has weaknesses and therefore it will become clear that interviews are not absolutely valid and reliable, but nevertheless to fill certain vacant positions they will be still irreplaceable.Reliability and Validity are the two key characteristics that interviews have to have to be a suitable method for selection. They measure if the chosen methods provide consistent results and if they adequately measure the characteristic they are looking at2.'Reliability means that the selection methods, tests and ensuing results are consistent and do not vary with time, place or different subjects'3. Or as Cowling puts it: 'Reliability is a measure of the consistency with which a predictor continues to predict performance with the same degree of success'4. That means that, for instance, two interviews at a different time and place, with different interviewers and questions but under otherwise same conditions and with the same applicants will bring the same result; namely the best candidate should still be the best and the interviewees who failed should still fail5. It is also possible to maintain the conditions, the applicants and the structure but to change the other parameters of the assessment.
