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Zustand: New. pp. 332.

Zustand: New. PP. xii + 276.

Zustand: New. pp. 332.

Hardcover. Zustand: New. Contents Preface. 1. Macroeconomic performance of developing countries. 2. IMF structure and working. 3. IMF supported programmes and conditionalities. 4. IMF development programmes global review. 5. Morocco external sector improvement. 6. Ghana poor performance despite inflow of capital. 7. Chile strong macroeconomic fundamentals. 8. Mexico lack of sustainable development. 9. India remarkable macroeconomic performance. 10. Bangladesh satisfactory economic turn around. 11. Conclusions. Appendices 1. IMF lendings and sources of funds. 2. IMF efforts to reduce poverty in poor countries. 3. IMF surveillance. 4. IMF technical assistance. 5. IMF world bank and WTO. 6. Social dimensions of the IMF policies. Bibliography. Index. A core responsibility of the IMF is to provide loans to countries experiencing balance of payments problems. This financial assistance enables member countries to rebuild their international reserves stabilize their currencies pay for imports and restore conditions for strong economic growth. Unlike development banks the IMF does not lend for specific projects. However when a country borrows from the IMF its government makes commitments on economic and financial policies. These policies are intended to resolve a country's balance of payments difficulties contribute to sustainable economic growth and to enable the government to repay the fund. Together these policies constitute a member country's policy programme (conditionalities). Over the years the most controversial aspect of the IMF's relationship with its members has been the conditionalities the terms on which the fund's resources become available to its members. Hence analysis of contents of the programmes and assessment of macroeconomic performance of developing countries under these programmes becomes interesting and important. This is the subject matter of this book. Six countries viz. Morocco Ghana Chile Mexico India and Bangladesh have been included in this study which covers the period from 1975 to 2002. 276 pp.

Zustand: New. pp. 364.

Hardcover. Zustand: New. 1st Edition. Created by Uruguay Round of Negotiations (1986-1994), WTO was established on January 1, 1995 with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. As on January 1, 2016, 162 countries of the world were members of the WTO. The creation of WTO in 1995 marked the biggest reform of international trade since 1948. During those 47 years, international commerce was regulated under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which helped to establish a prosperous multilateral trading system. However, by the end of 1980s an overhaul was due. WTO replaced GATT which remained in existence from 1948 to 1994. GATT was a multilateral treaty, governing trade in goods only. WTO is much wider in scope and coverage. WTO Agreements cover services and intellectual property as well. WTO is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO Agreements, the legal ground rules for international commerce and for trade policy. The agreements have three main objectives: (a) to help trade flow as freely as possible, (b) to achieve further liberalisation gradually through negotiations and (c) to set up an impartial means of settling disputes. A number of simple, fundamental principles run throughout all the WTO Agreements. They are the foundation of the multilateral trading system. They include: non-discrimination, freer trade, predictable policies, encouragement to competition and extra provisions for less developed countries. The present work provides an exhaustive description and documentation of the demise of GATT and the birth of WTO. More importantly, the work focuses on the present structure and functioning of WTO, its various agreements and declarations, dispute settlement mechanism, trade review mechanism, pending issues and ongoing negotiations. The work consists of three parts. Part I contains 9 chapters. Chapter 1 advocates the case for open trade. Chapter 2 is devoted to General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Chapter 3 discusses the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations and the birth of WTO. Chapter 4 covers WTO agreements on establishment, GATT, agriculture, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and textiles. Chapter 5 explains WTO agreements on technical barriers to trade, trade-related investment, anti-dumping, customs valuation, and pre-shipment inspection. Chapter 6 describes WTO agreements on rules of origin, import licensing, subsidies, and safeguards. Chapter 7 is exclusively devoted to General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Likewise, Chapter 8 exclusively deals with Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Chapter 9 spells out WTO understanding on rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes. Part II consists of 10 chapters, one each devoted to the discussions, declarations, decisions and agreements of 10 Ministerial Conferences of the WTO held so far. Part III contains 1 chapter which looks at the future of WTO. It explains and examines the current issues pending before WTO, hurdles in solving them and strategies of member countries/trade blocks in this regard. Besides, Part III also includes an appendix - which provides a list of 162 members of WTO (as on January 1, 2016) - bibliography and index.