Jerusalimov a p (1 Ergebnisse)
Verlag: Earnest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 1999
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Wraps. Zustand: Good. Revised Edition. 454 pages. Cover has some wear and soiling and some edge soiling. Includes Introduction (with Overview, Scope of this Compilation, Using this Compilation, Particle Physics data System, Accessing the PPDS Databases, and References); Indices (with Id/Reference/Title Index, Bear/Target/Momentu…m Index; Reaction/Momentum/Data-Descriptor Index; Particles/Decay Indices; and Accelerator/Experiment/Detector Index); and Vocabularies (with Particle Vocabulary; Accelerator Vocabulary; Detector Vocabulary; and Data Descriptor Vocabulary). This is an indexed guide to experimental particle physics literature for the years 1994-1998. About 4100 papers are indexed. All indices are cross-referenced to the paper's title and reference in a ID/Reference/Title index. Particle physics (also known as high energy physics) is a branch of physics that studies the nature of the particles that constitute matter and radiation. Although the word particle can refer to various types of very small objects (e.g. protons, gas particles, or even household dust), particle physics usually investigates the irreducibly smallest detectable particles and the fundamental interactions necessary to explain their behavior. By our current understanding, these elementary particles are excitations of the quantum fields that also govern their interactions. The currently dominant theory explaining these fundamental particles and fields, along with their dynamics, is called the Standard Model. Thus, modern particle physics generally investigates the Standard Model and its various possible extensions, e.g. to the newest "known" particle, the Higgs boson, or even to the oldest known force field, gravity. The idea that all matter is fundamentally composed of elementary particles dates from at least the 6th century BC. In the 19th century, John Dalton, through his work on stoichiometry, concluded that each element of nature was composed of a single, unique type of particle. The word atom, after the Greek word atomos meaning "indivisible", has since then denoted the smallest particle of a chemical element, but physicists soon discovered that atoms are not, in fact, the fundamental particles of nature, but are conglomerates of even smaller particles, such as the electron. The early 20th century explorations of nuclear physics and quantum physics led to proofs of nuclear fission in 1939 by Lise Meitner (based on experiments by Otto Hahn), and nuclear fusion by Hans Bethe in that same year; both discoveries also led to the development of nuclear weapons. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, a bewildering variety of particles were found in collisions of particles from beams of increasingly high energy. It was referred to informally as the "particle zoo". That term was deprecated[citation needed] after the formulation of the Standard Model during the 1970s, in which the large number of particles was explained as combinations of a (relatively) small number of more fundamental particles. Standard Model The current state of the classification of all elementary particles is explained by the Standard Model, gaining widespread acceptance in the mid-1970s after experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. It describes the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental interactions, using mediating gauge bosons. The species of gauge bosons are eight gluons, bosons, and the photon. The Standard Model also contains 24 fundamental fermions (12 particles and their associated anti-particles), which are the constituents of all matter.[8] Finally, the Standard Model also predicted the existence of a type of boson known as the Higgs boson. On 4 July 2012, physicists with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced they had found a new particle that behaves similarly to what is expected from the Higgs boson.