Donal yeang (5 Ergebnisse)
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Literature Review from the year 2011 in the subject Energy Sciences, , language: English, abstract: Cambodia's power supply facilities were heavily damaged by war and its rehabilitation were made under the support from the World Bank, ADB, Japan, USA… and European Countries. At present, the electricity supply in Cambodia is fragmented into 24 isolated power systems centred in provincial towns and cities. All are fully reliant on diesel power stations. Per capita consumption is only about 48 kWh /year and less than 15% of households have access to electricity (urban 53.6%, rural 8.6%) and the amount of electricity consumption is as follows: Private sector 0.5%, Service sector 40%, Industrial sector 14%. The supply requirements are projected to increase in average by 12.1% per year, and the peak load is expected to reach up to 1 000 MW in 2020.An effective energy policy is considered by the government to be critical to Cambodia's future economic and industrial development and to improving the standard of living of its citizens. At present, only between 5% and 10% of Cambodia's population has access to networked power and the government is strongly committed to significantly increasing the percentage of its citizens to have access to the electricity distribution network. Around 76% of the 10,452 villages of Cambodia will still be without electricity in the year 2010. The government has set a target of 70% of households to access to electricity by 2030. However, Cambodia does also need astructured and comprehensive energy strategy that can address energy conservation needs.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Scientific Essay from the year 2009 in the subject Forestry / Forestry Economics, Wageningen University, language: English, abstract: Protected area has long history in natural reserve in Cambodia and its idea is not new to this nation. It has been i…ntroduced for not only management and conservation of ecosystem but also protection of cultural value and landscape. In 1925, 10,800 hectares of forests surrounding Angkor temple was declared as the first national park in Southeast Asia. To respond to the loss of biodiversity in the nation, conservation and management effort has been made continuously. In 1957, one third of country has been allocated into 173 forest reserves and six wildlife reserves and most of those sites currently declared as the protected areas which offer recreation services to the society along with nature conservation. The long delay of civil war caused the management of protected areas to collapse and over the past decade effort was made to restore the protected area systems into practical sense.In 1993, the King Norodom Shihanouk (Father of the present king) issued the decree on a new national protected area system. Ministry of Environment is responsible for the management and development an area of 3,327,200 ha in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery.The Royal Decree 126 on 'The Creation and Designation of Protection Area' designates 23 protected areas which constitute to 19 percent of the country. In addition, four management categories was defined, namely (1) national parks, (2) wildlife sanctuaries, (3) protected landscapes, and (4) multiple-use management areas. Until February 2008, law on protected areas was approved and it defined the clear roles, obligations and authority of different stakeholders. The increase of number of fish sanctuaries and protected forest areas set up through Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery bring the national protected area up to 21 percent of the nation.Even though protected area systems have been put in place, the implementations are still in process and face many challenges. In contrast, there are also some opportunities for protected areas in Cambodia. To have a deep understanding about the current situation of ecosystem conservation in Cambodia, this paper attempts to illustrate some main challenges and opportunities of management and conservation through protected area systems.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Master's Thesis from the year 2010 in the subject Forestry / Forestry Economics, grade: B, Wageningen University, course: Forestry / Forestry Economics, language: English, abstract: Deforestation and forest degradation account for up to 20% of the to…tal annual anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, current approaches to address climate change include strategies to reduce deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD). Even though REDD is still under discussion within the UNFCCC framework, many REDD pilot projects are being implemented across the tropics. Securing local communities' tenure rights and their equitable access to forest conservation benefits are critical in REDD because local communities could be excluded from REDD benefits if their land and forest access rights are not adequately addressed. In Cambodia, two REDD pilot projects: Community Forestry Carbon Offset Project (CFCOP) in Oddar Meanchey province and the Seima Protection Forest Project (SPF) in Mundulkiri province, are being implemented. This study aims to contribute to the development of an effective REDD mechanism in Cambodia by examining land and forest tenures and benefit sharing arrangements under the two REDD pilot projects in Cambodia. The paper employs concepts of discourse coalitions and rules of the game to explain tenure rights and benefit sharing arrangements in the two projects. The study is based on literature review, analysis of key text documents and interviews with 19 respondents from government, civil society, donor community, community and private sector involved in the two REDD pilot projects and from outside. Results show that the two REDD pilot projects are being implemented in community forests and protection forests. In both projects, local communities are granted forest access rights. In addition, the projects have legitimized tenure rights of local communities in the project areas as provided for through the Land and Forestry Law in Cambodia. The study also indicates that revenues from carbon credits generated by the projects will be shared with the local communities. According to the Government Decision No.699, more than 50% of net revenues will be channeled to local communities in the CFCOP while the sharing of the revenues in the SPF is still under consideration. The study offers lessons that could guide other REDD projects in securing local communities' forest access rights and their rights to benefits from forest conservation.
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Zustand: Sehr gut. Zustand: Sehr gut | Sprache: Englisch | Produktart: Bücher | Master's Thesis from the year 2010 in the subject Forestry / Forestry Economics, grade: B, Wageningen University, course: Forestry / Forestry Economics, language: English, abstract: Deforestation and forest degradation account for up to 20% of the to…tal annual anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, current approaches to address climate change include strategies to reduce deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD). Even though REDD is still under discussion within the UNFCCC framework, many REDD pilot projects are being implemented across the tropics. Securing local communities¿ tenure rights and their equitable access to forest conservation benefits are critical in REDD because local communities could be excluded from REDD benefits if their land and forest access rights are not adequately addressed. In Cambodia, two REDD pilot projects: Community Forestry Carbon Offset Project (CFCOP) in Oddar Meanchey province and the Seima Protection Forest Project (SPF) in Mundulkiri province, are being implemented. This study aims to contribute to the development of an effective REDD mechanism in Cambodia by examining land and forest tenures and benefit sharing arrangements under the two REDD pilot projects in Cambodia. The paper employs concepts of discourse coalitions and rules of the game to explain tenure rights and benefit sharing arrangements in the two projects. The study is based on literature review, analysis of key text documents and interviews with 19 respondents from government, civil society, donor community, community and private sector involved in the two REDD pilot projects and from outside. Results show that the two REDD pilot projects are being implemented in community forests and protection forests. In both projects, local communities are granted forest access rights. In addition, the projects have legitimized tenure rights of local communities in the project areas as provided for through the Land and Forestry Law in Cambodia. The study also indicates that revenues from carbon credits generated by the projects will be shared with the local communities. According to the Government Decision No.699, more than 50% of net revenues will be channeled to local communities in the CFCOP while the sharing of the revenues in the SPF is still under consideration. The study offers lessons that could guide other REDD projects in securing local communities¿ forest access rights and their rights to benefits from forest conservation.
