Compton e et al (4 Ergebnisse)
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Weitere BilderÉlectrons et Photons. Rapports et Discussions du Cinquieme Conseil de Physique tenu a Bruxelles du 24 au 29 Octobre 1927 sous les Auspices de L'Institut International de Physique de Solvay. Publiés par la Commission administrative de l'Institut
[BOHR, Niels; BORN, Max; BRAGG, William Lawrence; COMPTON, Arthur; DE BROGLIE, Louis; DIRAC, Paul; EINSTEIN, Albert; HEISENBERG, Werner; LORENTZ, Hendrik; SCHRÖDINGER, Erwin; et al.]
Verlag: Gauthier Villars, Paris 1928
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First edition. The Bohr-Einstein Debate Begins. First edition, rare in the original printed wrappers, of the proceedings of the fifth Solvay Congress, where the debate between Bohr and Einstein on the consistency and completeness of quantum mechanics began. It was at this, the most famous of the Solvay conferences, that Einstein…, disenchanted with Heisenberg's uncertainly principle, made his famous remark that "God does not play dice," to which Niels Bohr replied, "Einstein, stop telling God what to do!" Seventeen of the twenty-nine attendees, which included nearly all the principal architects of the old and the new quantum theory, were or became Nobel Prize winners. "The three and a half years since the fourth Solvay Conference . were marked by enormous progress in quantum physics. Partly based on discoveries and ideas that had been available already before 1924 ? such as the Compton effect and matter waves ? the new atomic theory had arisen, which did more than throw new light on the difficulties discussed at the 1924 conference: quantum or wave mechanics went right to the heart of the problems posed by atomic phenomena. The two subjects put programmatically into the title of the fifth Solvay Conference ? electrons and photons ? designated the crucial points of interest, because 'electrons' also stood for the smallest, massive constituents of matter, and they now became associated with waves, and 'photons' (a name given only recently, in October 1926 by the physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis, to Einstein's light-quanta) characterized the quantum-theoretical aspect of electromagnetic radiation. It was the declared intention of the Scientific Committee of the Institut International dePhysique Solvay to contribute by scientific reports and discussions about them to the clarification of the scientific concepts in the physics of the day. In retrospect, one may indeed attribute an important success to the 1927 Solvay Conference in marking the completion of the ideas that had first been discussed in the international physics community sixteen years previously at the first Solvay Conference of 1911" (Mehra & Rechenberg, pp. 233-4). Following a 'Notice nécrologique' by Lorentz, the present volume contains the following reports, and discussions about them by the participants (all articles in French): 'The Intensity of the Reflection of X-rays,' by Bragg; 'Disagreement between Experience and the Electromagnetic Theory of Radiation,' by Compton; 'The New Dynamics of Quanta,' by de Broglie; 'The Mechanics of Quanta,' by Born and Heisenberg; 'The Mechanics of Waves,' by Schrödinger; 'The Quantum Postulate and the New Development of Atomic Theory,' by Bohr. No copies located in auction records. In 1911 the Belgian industrialist Ernest Solvay invited a group of the world's most prominent physicists, including Einstein, Planck, Lorentz, Sommerfeld, Rutherford and Marie Curie, to participate in a scientific conference on the difficulties of reconciling classical physics with quantum theory. The conference "set the style for a new type of scientific meetings, in which a select group of the most well informed experts in a given field would meet to discuss the problems at its frontiers, and would seek to define the steps for their solution" (Mehra, Solvay Conferences, p. xv). The first Solvay Conference-widely considered a turning point in the history of modern physics-was so successful that in the following year Solvay established a foundation, now known as the International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, "to encourage the researches which would extend and deepen the knowledge of natural phenomena" (ibid.) and to sponsor further conferences. The next two Solvay Conferences met in 1913 and 1921; subsequent conferences have been held every three years except during wartime. "From amongst the members of the Scientific Committee [of the 1927 Congress], two had already played a leading role in 1911: the Chairman Hendrik Lorentz and Albert Einstein; the latter had presented then the most revolutionary report [on the light quantum]. In spring 1926, in the early stage of preparing for the new conference, Lorentz again requested Einstein to write a report. The latter answered promptly: 'If you wish that I take over the report on quantum statistics, I shall do so with pleasure; because, without being in great difficulty, I shall never say "no" to you' (Einstein to Lorentz, 1 May 1926) . On 17 June 1927, Einstein wrote to Lorentz: 'I recall having committed myself to you to give a report on quantum statistics at the Solvay [Conference]. After much reflection back and forth, I came to the conclusion that I am not competent for giving such a report in a way which really corresponds to the state of the thing. The reason is that I have not been able to participate as intensively in the modern development of quantum theory as would be necessary for that purpose. This is in part because I have on the whole too little receptive talent for fully following the stormy developments, in part also because I do not approve of the purely statistical way of thinking on which the new theory is founded .' As a substitute speaker for the topic assigned to him, he proposed either Enrico Fermi from Italy or Paul Langevin from France. Ultimately, however, neither of them gave the report on Einstein's subject. Instead, Niels Bohr agreed to contribute a report on a different topic: namely, on his latest considerations on the problem of the interpretation of quantum mechanics. "The rapporteurs at the fifth Solvay Conference fell into three groups: the experimentalists Bragg and Compton; the theoreticians advocating the Gottingen-Cambridge-Copenhagen versions of quantum mechanics ? Bohr, Born, and Heisenberg; and those of the wave-mechanical camp ? de Broglie and Schrodinger. "The selection of Arthur Holly Compton seemed to be most appropriate, because the Compton effect ? discovered in late 1922 ? had been one of the crucial results triggerin.
