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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2011 in the subject History Europe - Other Countries - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, printed single-sided, grade: A, Saint Mary's University, course: Medieval Europe, language: English, abstract: From fourth century onwards, the…Western Roman Empire started to decline and it gave birth to three new dominant cultures within the periphery of lands which were formerly governed by the Romans. Along with the Byzantine Empire and Islamic civilisation, Germanic West was one of the civilisations that emerged following the collapse of the Western Rome. One of the earliest kingdoms emerged out of the Germanic West was the Merovingian dynasty which was founded at the end of the fifth century by King Clovis. The Merovingians ruled Frankish tribes in the region of ancient Gaul and many of them embraced Christianity. Their success was largely linked to their victories over the other Germanic tribes namely Visigoths, Saxons and Alemanni. The continental Europe in the age of Merovingians contained different cultures such as Roman, Christian and Germanic elements. However, the cultural synthesis of these three did not took place until the reign of the Carolingian dynasty which was the successor of the Merovingians.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2011 in the subject History Europe - Other Countries - Modern Times, Absolutism, Industrialization, grade: A, St. Mary's University, course: Politics of the Middle East, language: English, abstract: The modern Republic of Turkey h…as been hesitant to embrace its Ottoman past for nearly three quarters of a century following the years of its foundation. During the Ottoman period, majority of the people were living an Islamic lifestyle under the guidance of traditional Islamic shari'a law. This situation was challenging to the modern, secular ideas of the young republic. In order to overcome this problem, the new secular state controlled religious affairs and abolished the institution of Caliphate. Morever, founders of the modern Turkey created a National Assembly and which served as the early steps to the representative democracy. There were series of reforms on the education, military system, women's rights and general dress code for public places. However, although Ataturk and his friends' contribution to the Turkish modernization is undeniable, it should be made clear that his ideas were inspired both by the realities of his time and more importantly the reforms of the late Ottoman period. Thus, contrary to what primary level education which is taught in state schools in Turkey suggests, it is hard to claim that he singlehandedly invented all the ideas and reforms concerning the Turkish modernization. In fact, the idea of Turkish modernization long predates the foundation of the secular republic. There had been reforms from top to down during the nineteenth century. These were followed by a new group of intellectuals who were influenced by the ideas of Enlightenment and French Revolution who were called 'Young Turks'. The Young Turk movement, which was emerged among the students of higher learning schools of Istanbul attracted many other members of the society. The members of the movement were united in their opposition to the personal rule of the Sultan and created the backbone of the modern democratic reforms happened during early years of the modern Turkish Republic (Hanioglu, 2011).
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Scientific Essay from the year 2011 in the subject Politics - Miscellaneous, Saint Mary's University (Saint Mary's University), course: Politics of the Middle East, language: English, abstract: Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, countries…in the Muslim world had roughly two options on which policy to adopt in order to defend themselves against the Western imperial powers. The first option was to revive the Caliphate which Ottoman Empire abolished as institution and embrace a new way of Islamic Political Universalism. This seemed rather a hard task during early 20th century and it still seems does in contemporary context. Second one was to create nationalist secular states in which language, territory and shared history was the determinant of defining identities.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2011 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: European Union, grade: A, Saint Mary's University, course: Politics of the EU, language: English, abstract: From the beginning of the current century, many European co…untries have witnessed the resurgence of extreme right political ideologies in their social and political arenas. Political entities such as the Freedom Party of Austria, Swiss People's Party, the Dutch Party for Freedom, the Hungarian Jobbik Party, the Swedish Democrats and the German National Democrat Party all share two or more of the following ideologies and characteristics: Euroscepticism, cultural conservatism, anti-globalism, national liberalism, anti-immigration, anti-Islamism, anti-Semitism and right-wing populism. Most of these parties gather under the umbrellas of several right wing formations, particularly as Non-Inscrits, in the European Parliament opposing the process of European integration. Their political success in the period after 2000, underlines the current trend towards right wing politics in Europe.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2012 in the subject Politics - Political Theory and the History of Ideas Journal, Saint Mary's University, course: History of Political Thought, language: English, abstract: The character and role of the legislator in a perfect ty…pe of government are common themes in the thought of two of the great minds in Western philosophy: Machiavelli, who wrote during the Renaissance era and Jean Jacques Rousseau, who wrote during the enlightenment. One can find both differences and similarities on both of the two thinkers' ideas they used for describing the ideal legislator. They both argue that authority should not rest in the hand of just one man, but both give different reasons for this. Machiavelli says that 'many should remain in charge of the state' in order to guarantee stability and make it last long because otherwise there will be whether 'tyranny' or 'anarchy'; Rousseau believes that 'the legislator' should not be the sole authority and should not be granted any legislative right in order protect 'the general will' of the people, because otherwise the legislator would 'be tempted to act according to his 'private will' and destroy the 'common will' (Machiavelli 2012, p.356 & Rousseau 2012, p.572).
