apianus peter (3 Ergebnisse)

4°. 14 Bll. mit Titelbild u. Buchschmuck. Original-Broschur. Rechte untere Ecke leicht bestossen u. teils etwas gebräunt. Deckblatt stark lichtrandig u. mit kleinen Beschädigungen. - SW: Epigraphik; Inschriftenkunde. Text auf Latein. Nachwort auf Deutsch.

An exceptional and entirely unsophisticated working copy of one of the most influential scientific books of the sixteenth century?the compact manual that taught Europe how to measure and describe the world. In its original limp-vellum binding, strengthened inside with a strip of medieval manuscript on parchment, it preserves not only the four intricate volvelle plates but also the rare separate pointer (manubrium) for the instrumentum siderale, together with an old plumb line and the stub of a thread-indicator showing genuine early use. The large heart-shaped world map, here in the Latin?Dutch ?K? state used on Antwerp printings of the 1550s, unfolds clean and complete, and the book carries on its endpapers an extraordinary series of contemporary Dutch working notes explaining how to take the sun?s noon altitude with an astrolabe or quadrant and convert degrees into miles. Binding, map, and annotations all point unmistakably to active Low Countries use, making this copy a rare survival in which the Cosmographia can still be read as its author and editor intended: a tool for doing mathematics and for mapping the newly enlarged world. Provenance: In contemporary limp vellum, characteristically Netherlandish, with wide yapped fore-edges and traces of the original ties; the spine is lined internally with a long strip of medieval vellum manuscript from the Vulgate Isaiah, used by the binder as structural reinforcement. The volume shows clear evidence of sixteenth-century Low Countries ownership and use. On the rear endpaper a long Dutch manuscript note explains how to determine the sun?s meridian altitude ?opten rechten middag? with an astrolabe or quadrant, how to correct for declination north or south of the equinoctial, and how to translate degrees of latitude into miles; a shorter related note appears on the front blank. Within the text the mechanical diagrams have been handled and occasionally repaired in period: at D1v a small plumb line with a lead bob remains attached to the volvelle, and at C3v the stub of a thread pointer is still visible. Most remarkably, the separate paper pointer (manubrium) for the instrumentum siderale on O4v survives intact, pasted at the margin?almost never found in other copies. The overall aspect is that of a practitioner?s working book, owned by someone familiar with the language of the workshop rather than the lecture hall?perhaps a surveyor, navigator, or instrument-maker active in the southern Netherlands around the middle of the sixteenth century. The Dutch vernacular notes on method and conversion rules bring the book vividly back to life as a tool of daily measurement, linking it directly to the technical culture that Gemma Frisius and his circle at Louvain had helped to create. Apianus first published his Cosmographicus liber in 1524, giving the lay mathematician a portable grammar of the world: how to lay out the terrestrial grid; what it means to reckon latitude and longitude; climates and winds; simple surveying; and a brief tour of the continents. In the 1530s and 1540s, Gemma Frisius?physician, instrument-maker and mathematician at Louvain?re-engineered the book. He corrected Apianus?s text, added whole chapters of his own, and overlaid the treatise with mechanised diagrams (the volvelles) and instrumental instruction (notably on the astronomical ring). In the Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione, included here after Apian?s two parts and appendix, Gemma proposes and illustrates the principle of triangulation: measure a baseline, then determine unknown distances and positions by angles?a deceptively simple procedure that became the structural method of modern topographic survey. Antwerp redactions of the 1540s?this 1545 Bonte among them?are how that method was disseminated on a continental scale: practical, affordable, and bristling with apparatus one could use at the bench or in the field. The 1545 Antwerp printing belongs to the same vigorous intellectual and commercial milieu that produced Mercator?s globes and, a generation later, Ortelius?s Theatrum orbis terrarum. Gregor Bonte?s shop ?sub scuto Basiliensi? and the press of Gillis Coppens van Diest stood at the centre of that culture, linking mathematicians, engravers, instrument-makers, and booksellers. The Cosmographia was conceived for this world of artisans and navigators, and its success rested on how it translated learned geometry into a set of tangible operations. Its woodcuts show terrestrial and celestial globes, quadrants, rings, and sundials; its volvelles allow the user to calculate time, latitude, and declination; its folding map translates these exercises into a vision of the newly charted earth. What Apianus had achieved in the sumptuous Astronomicum Caesareum of 1540 as a courtly demonstration piece, he and Gemma here reduced to portable form?a quarto handbook that placed the same principles within reach of every mathematically minded craftsman or traveller. It is this practical, democratic quality that explains the book?s immense and enduring influence throughout Europe. The evolution of the Cosmographia also reminds us that decisive scientific advances often emerge through gradual refinement rather than a single moment of invention. Gemma?s chapter on triangulation had first appeared in the early 1530s, but it was through the successive Antwerp editions?culminating in Bonte?s of 1545?that his method was perfected, illustrated, and widely disseminated. The combination of Apianus?s lucid geometry, Gemma?s new surveying techniques, and the printer?s ingenious mechanical diagrams gave the work its final, authoritative form. By uniting text, instrument, and map within a single portable volume, the Antwerp Cosmographia transformed what had been a scholarly exercise into a practical discipline, and in doing so provided the foundation for the accurate mapping of Europe over the following centuries. The large folding world map inserted after folio 31 is the celebrated cordif. Signed.

"Climata Australia" First woodblock, later issue. Double-page woodcut. This map, prepared by Gemma Frisius, to accompany Petrus Apinanus's 'Cosmographicus liber' (1544). Frisius was an early proponent of the theory that a sea passage to the north of America existed that would allow quicker access to the Indies than the long southern route through the Strait of Magellan. He illustrates his theory in this map, which is also one of the earliest to show the entire east coast of North America. It displays the eastern side of North America as a narrow landmass, named "Baccalearum," after the cod fisheries off the coasts of New England and Canada. The map uses Apianus's original cordiform projection, and maintains the tantalising possibility of a northwest passage to Asia over the top of north America. The map is also notable for being the first printed map to depict the Yucatán as a peninsula rather than as an island, anticipating Ruscelli's 1561 map of New Spain. Cuba and Hispaniola are shown as huge islands. Also prominent are the Mountains of the Moon, considered the source of the River Nile. The map is decorated with vignettes of animals, sailing ships and a mermaid. Signs of the zodiac and the Ptolemaic climatic zones border the map. Zeus and Mars, wearing the coats-of-arms of Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, are shown above the map, while wind-heads at the south represent the traditionally believed plague-bearing nature of those winds. To the left of the map, "Climata Australia" appears just south of the equator. While this is technically the first appearance of "Australia" on a map, it refers to a climatic zone, rather than a landmass. Three woodcut blocks, from which the map was printed, have been identified. The current map is an impression of the first woodblock, with "Europa" at an angle and the outline of Britain without a caption. The first woodblock was known to have been sent to Paris in 1551, and new one cut for publication in Antwerp. The current example was published in Gregor Reisch's 'Margarita philosophica', Basel, 1583. The mapmakers Petrus Apianus (1495-1552). Born in Saxony as Peter Bienewitz, he studied at the University of Leipzig from 1516 to 1519, where he adopted the Latinised version of his German name, Petrus Apianus. In 1519, he moved to Vienna, where he was part of the second Vienna school of cartography, which included Georgius Tannstetter and Johannes Cuspinianus. In 1520, assisted by Laurent Fries, Apianus created a reduced version of Waldseemuller's 1507, 12-sheet wall-map of the world, 'Tipus Orbis Universalis', on a cordiform projection. As Waldseemuller's map is known in only one example, Apianus's is the earliest obtainable map to name "America". He then moved again to Landshut, near Ingolstadt, where he produced the 'Cosmographicus liber' in 1524, an extremely popular work on astronomy and navigation which was reprinted thirty times. Based on the work of Ptolemy, it contains paper instruments called volvelles, which Apianus would use so effectively in his work that they are sometimes known as Apian wheels. In 1527, the University of Ingolstadt appointed him as a mathematics tutor and official printer. While at Ingolstadt, Apianus came to the attention of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who praised his work at the 1530 Imperial Diet and granted him printing monopolies in 1532 and 1534. He continued to publish on mathematical and astronomical themes, including the only known European depiction of Bedouin constellations in his 1533 book, 'Horoscopion Apiani Generale'. In return, Apianus dedicated his most famous work to Charles in 1540: the 'Astronomicum Caesareum', a comprehensive review of contemporary astronomical knowledge, including theories from the use of solar eclipses to determine longitude to Apianus's own observation that the tails of comets always point away from the sun. He had noted this trend after an appearance of Halley's comet in 1531. It was beautifully illustrated and crammed with intricate volvelles, which could be used to calculate everything from eclipses to the hour of a baby's conception. Apianus was supposedly promised the princely sum of 3000 guilders by the Emperor in return for his work, although there is no record of whether this was ever actually paid. He was, however, made a Reichsritter or Imperial Knight, and eventually made an Imperial Count Palatine. Apianus continued to work in Ingolstadt until his death, teaching relatively little but producing work on sines, a variation on Pascal's triangle and manuals for horological instruments. Reinerus Gemma Frisius (15081555). Reinerus Gemma, from Frisia (better known as Gemma Frisius) was a cartographer, astronomer, mathematician, physician, and maker of scientific instruments. He studied at the University of Louvain, and was appointed professor of medicine there, in 1541. His first work, 'De principiis astronomiae et cosmographiae' (1530), attempted to establish longitude by proposing the use of portable clocks, a then impractical theory, which would only be vindicated two centuries later. Gemma published his first edition of Apianus's 'Cosmographia' with his own 'Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione' in 1533. His 'Charta sive mappa mundi' (1540) was also included from 1544. Other works include 'De astrolabio' (1556), and his blockbuster: 'Arithmeticae practicae methodus facilis' (1540), which was reprinted more than fifty times during the sixteenth century. Interestingly, according to Suarez, Frisius "taught a student called named John Dee, who soon became a prominent English geographer and a strong proponent of the northern route to the Indies. Dee regarded the Orient with a mystical awe, believing it to be a repository of the occult arts and the resting place of Biblical treasure. He considered the East to be the true source of all mystical knowledge, as well as wealth, wisdom, and true faith. While fastidiously keeping himself abreast of the latest geographic news and.