Anna scheithauer (15 Ergebnisse)
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2011 in the subject Politics - International Politics - General and Theories, grade: 1, University of Vienna (Politikwissenschaft), language: English, abstract: This paper is set out to give a possible account of why so many peace… processes concerning intra-state ethnic conflicts have produced 'no war, no peace' situations, hence states of negative peace where risks for resumed fightings are high, rather than an actual resolution fostering mutual understanding and recognition involving society at large. The first section of this assignment is designed to point out the necessity to resolve conflicts by peaceful means as well as of conflict transformation and, thereby, deals with the wide-spread assumption first introduced by Zartman that conflicts require a 'ripe moment' as the ideal entry point for eg. mediators to reach a peace agreement among the belligerents which I have argued only leads to a peace settlement and thus, more often to a flawed peace than to the conflict's resolution. John Paul Lederach's approach of cultivating peace and Ramsbotham's ideas of conflict transformation both stressing the cruciality of a long-term approach to peace processes have underlined my argumentation. The second part then explores the fundamentals of the social psychological aspects of ethnic conflicts reflected upon so well by Herbert Kelman who builds upon Burton's research concerning the dimension of deep rooted conflicts - as ethical conflicts usually can be described! - emphasising human needs and fears over interests, since they can be seen as the root cause for the inadequacy of Zartman's theory of the 'ripe moment'. Moreover, the concept of work-shops designed by Kelman as a feature of track II diplomacy in conflict resolution shall serve as a successful example for an alternative in a long-term approach to peace processes. Altogether, it is to notice that the paper is based on the constructivist assumption of the ethnic concept in contrast to the primordialist thought. Furthermore, Zartman's 'ripe moment', should not in anyway be discredited in its contribution to conflict resolution as it can serve as a valuable turning point. However, it should not be seen as the solution but rather as an initial/accompanying step in a long-term process that is essential for a sustainable peace. Finally, when taking these considerations in mind the core element needed in addition for a successful peace process is political and societal will in order to really overcome 'no war, no peace' situations on the long-term.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2014 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Public International Law and Human Rights, grade: 62 (Merit) UK System, University College London (School of Public Policy), language: English, abstract: In this essay…, I have focused on the very content of human rights, thereby, relating to the debate between universalist and cultural relativist theory. While the former promotes the idea of equal rights for all human beings and considers culture irrelevant for the validity of moral rights, the latter views culture as the exclusive source of moral rights (Donelly, 1984, 400) and stresses, that 'right' and 'wrong' differ from culture to culture. (Tilley, 2000, 501) In the light of this debate, I have argued, that human rights are not merely 'Western' constructions, as they withstand, despite their historical and geographical significance, accusations of cultural superiority (Tilley, 2000, 527) and of evaluations of other cultures according to the terms and conditions of 'Western' culture (Oxford Dictionaries, 2013), or in short: of 'Western' ethnocentrism. I have held this premise as response specifically to the allegation of cultural insensitivity brought forward by cultural relativism, which emphasizes human rights' ignorance towards cultural complexities by prioritizing some values over others, thereby, disregarding the collective spirit of some communities. This is said to render the concept of human rights inapplicable in non-'Western' societies. I have counter-argued that the human rights conception is culturally sensitive, as it recognizes diversity of moral views by promoting freedom of choice and the inclusion of voices otherwise left unheard under the umbrella of collectivism. Thereby, I have shown that universal values can indeed be justified, while cultural relativism fails to provide a sufficient explanation for moral validity. In this respect, I shall challenge the term 'culture' and will show that human rights advocate tolerance. They do so through their stress on the preservation of cultural pluralism. Thus, they are not set out to destroy local culture but rather arguments of authority. (Tesón, 1985, 388) From this I have concluded, that the premise set out above holds true. Consequently, human rights by upholding universal moral values and by promoting cultural diversity, despite their geographical and historical distinctiveness, are more than 'Western' constructions.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2015 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Public International Law and Human Rights, grade: 71 (Distinction) UK Sytem, University College London (School of Public Policy), language: English, abstract: In this…essay I have argued that the added-value of the HRCSP lies in the special rapporteurs' (SR) role as facilitators for norm compliance. Doing so, I have focusd on the post-9/11 debate on the use of armed drones for targeted killings in military and counter-terrorism operations. Its main point of contention surrounds the achievement of consistency in legal standards, as well as of coherent policy responses with view to the 'war on terror', which has led some states to prioritize security concerns over human rights (HR) and humanitarian standards. In presenting my argument I have made reference to actor behavior theory to show the nexus between HRCSP and strategic agency. Thereby, I have concentrated on mechanisms of social influence such as coercion, persuasion, incentives, and capacity building as identified by Risse and Popp (R&P). (2013, 12-22) Also, I have addressd the element of acculturation, found as a major force for compliance by Goodmann and Jinks (G&J) (2004), and touch on domestic mechanisms, such as executive power, litigation, and group demands (Simmons, 2009), and the power of domestic constituencies (Dai, 2004). During the analysis, I have been mindful of a possible crowding-out effect as suggested by G&J, where one social mechanism could negatively affect the operation of another. (2013, 105) In this sense I have elaborated on the opportunities and challenges of the HRCSP regarding compliance with the right to life in human rights law (HRL) and humanitarian law (IHL) with view to targeted killings. I have focused on the HRCSP because they embody the permanent tools of the Human Rights Council (HRC) composed of independent experts, compared to the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), which, due to its politicized nature, is rather silent on the subject matter. The analysis has shown how the Special Rapporteur for Extrajudicial, Summary and Arbitrary Executions (SRESAE) and the Special Rapporteur on Terrorism and Human Rights (SRTHR), in concerted action and by application of various elements of socialization, facilitate the compliance process. I have concluded that the SR are not an end but a means for achieving compliance. There is also no one solution regarding the socialization process, which seems to strongly depend on the right sequencing of elements sensitive to certain scope conditions and the level, or 'continuum of commitment' (Dai, 2013, 86-87), states prescribe themselves to depending often on domestic mechanisms of influence.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Peace and Conflict Studies, Security, grade: A (American System), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, language: English, abstract: The research paper s…ets out to explore the motivations behind Security Council Resolution (SCR) 688 on the internal civilian situation in Iraq after the Gulf War in 1991 embodying the jump-start for the implementation of the today well-known concept of multilateral humanitarian interventions with the international community intervening in a states' domestic affairs on humanitarian grounds. Thereby, the puzzle surrounding the document evolves around the question of its content's legitimacy with view to international law and political implications, figuring a rather grey area which, however, had a tremendous impact on future actions, commitments and reasoning applied by the international community. Thus, the central questions the paper addresses in this regard relate to the debate on the impact of norms as a lock-in mechanism in international treaty law reflecting on how and why at exactly this point in time a new principle respectively doctrine was born. For this purpose the examination of the intertwining of systemic changes in the world system with the international community's moral convictions, political inferences and the forms of legalization chosen will shed a light on the origination, the content and impacts of SCR 688 supporting the creation of a new world order. Thereby, special emphasis has been put on the political reasoning in the Security Council of the United Nations as well as on the three dimensions of legalization: precision, obligation and delegation. The findings have drawn attention to how SCR 688 served as a precedence for all multilateral humanitarian interventions leading to a change in the conception of state sovereignty and the raise of a moral conviction of a 'Responsibility to Protect' (R2P) by the international community producing long-term effects in international relations. Altogether, the paper has shed light on the complexity of issues at hand leading to a change in conceptual thinking and with it to the ignition of a revolutionary spark for an exception to the rules to becoming a normative principle. At the same time, it has shown that generalizations within the realm of normative changes cannot be inferred from this unique example drawing rather to the aspect of a 'ripe moment' in world affairs, with the exception of the blend of world politics and international legalization which seems a plausible set of factors underlying any transformative undertakings embodying the basis for the creation and progression of IL.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2015 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Development Politics, grade: 70 (Distinction) UK System, University College London (School of Public Policy), language: English, abstract: In this essay I have argued…that the relationship between debt relief and poverty reduction is contingent on the relationship between conditionality and creditor-debtor responsibility. Doing so, I have focused on third generation conditionality of the Post Washington Consensus, which ties debt relief to the integration of poverty reducing policies. It is based on the idea that conditional debt cancellation will lead to policy improvements, which will boost investment and social expenditures, and consequently lead to economic growth and poverty reduction. (Dijkstra, 2008) Doing so, I have concentrated on the political economy determinant of debt relief, asymmetric information, as it overshadows debt-overhung, crowding-out, and institution theory by far. (Johansson, 2010) I have clarified in the first section of the paper why this is so and have made reference to the broader debate. Asymmetric information - a situation, where one party in a transaction process has more or better information than the other (Bebzcuk, 2003, xi) - is also relevant with view to my claim being based on the premise that conditionality leads to adverse selection and moral hazard (Dijkstra, 2008), two classic examples of information asymmetry. In this sense, I have used the Enhanced Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPCI II), which was launched by the IMF and World Bank (WB) embodying a major instrument of development policy linked to the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to illustrate how conditionality in debt relief triggers problems of adverse selection and moral hazard and, in turn, undermines poverty reduction (Dijkstra, 2008). I have concluded that due to the absence of a legal framework to govern activities of debt relief and commercial lending (Pettifor, 2007, 138) as well as the lack of acknowledgment to make them a matter of shared responsibility by creditors and debtors alike, policy conditionality will inevitably lead to adverse selection and moral hazard rendering deb relief not more than 'a necessary but insufficient condition' (Berensmann, 2004, 321) for poverty reduction.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay aus dem Jahr 2009 im Fachbereich Politik - Internationale Politik - Allgemeines und Theorien, Note: 1, Universität Wien (Politikwissenschaft), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Als Ausgangsbasis für den universalen im Kontrast zum religions- und kult…urrelativistischen Menschrechtsdiskurs in der nachfolgenden Aufarbeitung dient das Globalisierungsphänomen mit seinen zunehmenden Migrationsströmen, die häufig zu einem Aufeinanderprallen vieler unterschiedlicher Kulturen führen. Speziell die Konfrontation der morgenländischen mit der abendländischen Kultur steht oft im Zeichen des Konflikts und ist gesellschaftspolitisch speziell in Westeuropa aufgrund der verstärkten Immigration muslimisch Gläubiger und daher auch des allmählichen Wachstums der Muslimen Gemeinschaft in Europa, relevant. Der Focus darf hierbei aber nicht nur auf innerstaatliches eingeschränkt werden, sondern muss sich besonders auch auf die globale Reichweite interstaatlicher Interdependenz richten. Unter Anbetracht der Relevanz zum globalen Menschrechtsverständnis verkörpert das Forschungsexposé in dieser Hinsicht eine Analyse zur jeweiligen Auffassung der universalistischen und der kulturrelativistischen Perspektive, wobei überprüft wird, ob sich diese beiden Auffassungen tatsächlich einer Exklusivität erfreuen, die ein gemeinsames einheitliches Bestreben ausschließt. Dabei wird das Spektrum der kulturrelativistischen Argumentation im Verlauf der Arbeit auf jene des Islams eingegrenzt, um auch ein spezifisches Beispiel etwas detailreicher dem Universalitätsprinzip gegenüberstellen zu können. Insbesondere dienen die Universal Declaration of Human Rights und die Cairo Declaration of Human Rights, welche Ausdruck der traditionellen oder auch fundamentalistischen Ausübung des Islams ist, als Basisliteratur zur Aufarbeitung des jeweiligen Menschrechtsverständnisses. Die entscheidenste Frage, und daher auch zentrales Element des Forschungsexposés, die durch die Argumentation letztendlich aufgeklärt wirdl, ist jene, ob sich die UDHR selbst die Basis zur Universalität durch Einberaumung des Rechts auf Kultur und der Religionsfreiheit entzieht, oder ob diese als eigentliche Voraussetzung für Universalität zu betrachten sind. Die Beantwortung dieser Frage wird speziell in der Konklusion nachgegangen und ist somit Resultat der Aufarbeitung.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay aus dem Jahr 2010 im Fachbereich Politik - Politische Theorie und Ideengeschichte, Note: 1, Universität Wien (Politikwissenschaft), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Wie bereits der Titel der Arbeit erkennen lässt, ist diese speziell darauf ausgerich…tet sich mit Hegels Metaphysik zur Weltgeschichte genauer zu beschäftigen. Es ist diesbezüglich zur erwähnen, dass Hegel selbst protestantischen Glaubens war und daher sein Werk sehr theologisch konnotiert ist, insbesondere was den Endzweck der Geschichte betrifft. Davon wird in dieser Arbeit abstrahiert, um die universalistischen Elemente in Hegels Metaphysik zu verdeutlichen. Es muss hier kurz angemerkt werden, dass Universalismus im Sinne von vorherrschenden gültigen allgemeinen Normen und Prinzipien philosophischer Natur, und damit also in Abgrenzung zum Partikularismus, zu verstehen ist.Des Weiteren ist anzuführen, dass Hegel mit seiner Philosophie der Geschichte, die für ihn nichts anderes ist als 'die denkende Betrachtung derselben' und die wahrhaftigere im Vergleich zur ursprünglichen und reflektierten Geschichte, den Aspekt der Entwicklung hervorhebt, welche einen Fortschritt in der Geschichte verkörpert. Dabei ist die Vernunft als Voraussetzung für jeglichen Wandel und die Idee der Freiheit als absoluter Endzweck zu erfassen - zwei durchaus universalistische Elemente! Auch spielen das Substanzielle und das Akzidentielle eine bedeutende Rolle in Hegels idealistischer entwicklungstheoretischer Konzeption (Weltgeist), wobei in der Arbeit näher ausgeführt wird, weshalb ersteres Element als universalistisches und letzteres als partikularistisches aufgefasst werden kann und somit im Wechselspiel einen wesentlichen Beitrag zu Hegels Dialektik leisten und dementsprechend zum Fortschritt in der Weltgeschichte. Anschließend wird exemplifizierend auf den Übergang des Germanischen Reiches des Mittelalters hin zur Aufklärung Bezug genommen, wo den Grundzügen des Universalismus erstmals besondere Entfaltung zukam und damit evolutionär ein essentieller Abschnitt der Geschichte mit Einleitung einer neuen Epoche sein Ende fand. Abschließend werden zusammenfassend die Kernelemente der Arbeit wiedergegeben und es wird reflektierend auf Hegels Metaphysik hinsichtlich des Universalismusgedankens und der treibenden Kraft des Ideellen eingegangen.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay aus dem Jahr 2010 im Fachbereich Politik - Politische Systeme - Allgemeines und Vergleiche, Note: 1, Universität Wien (Politikwissenschaft), Veranstaltung: Vergleichende Analyse der Politikwissenschaft, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Wie der Titel… bereits erkennen lässt handelt es sich in der Arbeit um eine vergleichende Analyse, die den institutionellen Wandel zur Krisenzeit in Großbritannien in den 1980er Jahren und in den USA in den 1930er Jahren anhand des Social Learning Prinzips nach Peter A. Hall verdeutlicht. Dabei wird speziell der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern sich Social Learning zur Zeit der Großen Depression überhaupt auf jene Art anweisen lässt, wie es in Halls Artikel 'Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State' anhand der ökonomischen Politikausübung in Großbritannien zur Zeit Margaret Thatchers als Premierministerin verdeutlicht wird. Es handelt sich also dementsprechend weder um einen diachronen, noch um einen reinen synchronen Vergleich, da es sich zum einen um Länder auf zwei verschiedenen Kontinenten, und zum anderen um unterschiedliche Zeitspannen im historischen Verlauf handelt. Dennoch sind die New Deal Jahre unter Präsident Theodore Roosevelt bewusst gewählt, da die ausschlaggebenden Kriterien für den Ausgangspunkt dieser Vergleichbarkeitsstudie eher die Variable der Zeitspanne der Krise und die des globalen Klassifikationsrahmen der Kräfteverhältnisse (Nord-Süd, Ost-West), als jene der Diachronie oder Synchronie, fokussieren. Dies bedeutet also, dass sich die Wirtschaftskrise der 1930er Jahre in den USA deshalb gut als vergleichendes Beispiel eignet, weil sie in etwa der Dauer der Krise in den 1980er Jahren entspricht und sich genauso in der nördlichen und westlichen Hemisphäre des Erdballs zugetragen hat. Bevor allerdings auf die beiden Krisenzeiten eingegangen wird, dient zunächst eine kurze Erläuterung des Social Learning Modells nach Hall, das sich auf drei Ordnungen des Lernens stützt, dazu, den Leser mit den grundlegenden Prinzipien vertraut zu machen, sodass der anschließenden Aufarbeitung der Kernfrage mit vollem Bewusstsein über das Konzept gefolgt werden kann. Abschließend hält ein kurzes Resümee die wesentlichsten Erkenntnisse fest und weist kritisch auf mögliche Unzulänglichkeiten von Social Learning zur Erklärung institutionellen Wandels zur Zeit der Großen Depression in den USA hin.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2009 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Peace and Conflict Studies, Security, grade: 1, , language: English, abstract: This research paper deals with the question of limits in warfare…, particularly during the cold war period and the continuing era of nuclear weapons. The importance on their agreement has been emphasized by applying Schelling's concept of focal points within the field of tacit bargaining to the Korean War. Also, the paper discusses the possibility of limited wars as a generator of risk.Altogether, this paper shall provide a good overview of Schelling's concept of focal points applied to a warfare situation by emphasizing their critical and also controversial role.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2014 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Public International Law and Human Rights, grade: 67 (Merit) - UK System, University College London (School of Public Policy), language: English, abstract: In this ess…ay, I have discussed the cogency of using legal positivism as a method applied in judicial human rights cases. Doing so, I have concentrated on H.L.A Hart's version of 'soft' positivism, which puts emphasis on law as a coercive order based on the observation of social facts, and which stresses the separability of law and morality. The soft element of his approach shows with the former by going beyond lege lata taking into account also rules created by mere convention, and by the latter granting morality indirectly a place in law by vesting it in previously legally validated Rules of Recognition, the ultimate rules in a legal system specifying what the law is and indicating which obligations arise from it. (Hart, 1961) I have critiqued the positivist method from the interpretivist perspective focusing on Dworkin's account thereof, which accentuates law as integrity. His approach defines law by principles rather than rules, and as an attempt by society to generate public moral standards. Thereby, weighty considerations are at the heart of legal reasoning in order to fulfill requirements of justice and fairness. (Dworkin, 1986).
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Seminar paper from the year 2022 in the subject Gender Studies, grade: 1.0, University of Vienna (International Development), language: English, abstract: This paper is set out to explore the nexus of development and gender equality from a critical p…erspective on the postcolonial feminist critique to modernization theories. It, thereby, focuses on the status of women in the Islamic state (IS) shedding light on the points of contention between the postcolonial feminist perspective on development and the liberal feminist perspective, yet adding a further dimension to the debate ¿ namely the issue of non-development. This derives from the thesis that the actions by IS women stand in opposition to modernization theories and development theories in general, and that IS women were not only victims in need of aid but also perpetrators. The paper will, thus, answer the question in how far IS woman can be considered anti-development agents by reflecting on gendered barriers to development as well as on drivers of female agency identified in the Islamic State's manifesto on women and the IS online magazines Rumiyah and Dabiq, and by comparing and contrasting them with the postcolonial feminist critique to modernization theories.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Seminar paper from the year 2019 in the subject Gender Studies, grade: A, University of Vienna (Development Studies), course: Gender Module, language: English, abstract: This paper sets out to provide a nuanced perspective on ISIL women (women in the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) by a…nalyzing their prescribed roles and positions in the Islamic State in light of particular norms that many feminists adhere to in order to transcend the debate between global and Islamic feminism. The author lays a particular focus on the political dimension that is interwoven with the role of ISIL women in the establishment of a global caliphate and identifies some of the intricacies thereof.More specifically, the construction of differences between women and men as well as among different types of women served as a main instrument for ISIL's gender ideology in this larger state-building project. The author, thus, aims to address and answer the following question in this paper: How did the construction of differences inherent to ISIL's gender ideology shape the discursive construction of the role and position of women in the Islamic State and the Levante Women joining and serving terrorist groups is not a new phenomenon. However, the large number of female recruits also from Western parts of the world together with ISIL's gender-targeted propaganda strategy, its specific policy on women and its strict gender apparatus made it rather unique. The global dimension with women having joined from all over the world to support the establishment of a global caliphate adds yet another level to the complexities and historical relevance of this phenomenon.A lot has been written about ISIL's gender-specific recruitment practices, the motivations of women to join ISIL as well as the particular functions of and conditions for women from a security perspective, particularly with view to counter-terrorism aspirations and the broader 'Women, Peace and Security' (WPS) agenda addressing also women's right's concerns including Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV). ISIL women are thus mostly portrayed as either committed jihadists or victims of a brutal regime.Less has been written though on ISIL's gender ideology from a feminist perspective, although various sources list 'liberation from the West' as one of the main motivators for women to join ISIL. The literature also neglects somewhat the political dimension of ISIL's gender apparatus. Considering women's contributions to a larger state-building project it is rather surprising that the literature has not taken these perspectives up in depth.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Seminar paper from the year 2024 in the subject Politics - Topic: International development, grade: A, University of Vienna (International Development), course: The History and Politics of Humanitarianism, language: English, abstract: Today, the Inte…rnational Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) - unlike other humanitarian organizations - follows a principled application of the human rights based approach (HRBA). To gain insights into why the organization follows a HRBA at all and why it does so in a principled manner, I propose that this necessitates going back in history. I, thus, set out to explore the following research question in this paper: How have the concept and agenda of human rights ¿infiltrated¿ the ICRC with regards to its stance on and practices of humanitarian aid in the aftermath of the Second World War I will, thereby, argue that examining the relationship between international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL) by diving into their drafting history in the aftermath of the Second World War will provide us with some valuable answers. Structurally, I will first discuss the HRBA and potential dilemmas raised for humanitarian actors. Secondly, I will provide an overview of the historical roots of humanitarianism and human rights as well as of the theoretical approaches on their legal relationship before diving into the drafting history of IHL and IHR to possibly evidence a mutually reinforcing relationship. I will illustrate this by showing how the experiences made by the ICRC during the Second World War and the Nigerian civil war shaped international legal development and with it also the practices and convictions of the organization.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2020 im Fachbereich Politik - Internationale Politik - Thema: Internationale Entwicklungen, Note: 1, Universität Wien (Development Studies), Veranstaltung: Development Architecture, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Der Aktionsplan der Vereinten Nationen verschreibt sich…mit seinen 17 nachhaltigen Entwicklungs-zielen (SDGs) einer besseren und nachhaltigeren Zukunft für alle. Im Zentrum seiner Verpflichtungen steht dabei das Mantra, dass niemand bei den Entwicklungsbestrebungen zurückgelassen werden soll. Der Gedanke der sozialen Gerechtigkeit, der sich in der Idee des inklusiven Wachstums manifestiert, stellt dabei eine wesentliche Errungenschaft gegenüber den Millennium Entwicklungszielen (MDGs) dar. Trotz diesem sozialen Versprechen lässt sich eine Absenz von LGBTIQA+ Belangen in der Agenda 2030 vernehmen. Weder das Entwicklungsziel 5 zur Geschlechtergleichstellung, noch das Entwicklungsziel 10 zu weniger Ungleichheiten weist eine LBTIQA+ Komponente auf. Generell bleibt diese Thematik in allen SDGs inklusive deren Indikatorenkatalog unadressiert.Ziel dieser Seminararbeit ist es deshalb aufzuzeigen weshalb LGBTIQA+ Belange in die Agenda 2030 inkludiert werden sollten. Dabei soll verdeutlicht werden, weshalb diese Inklusion vorrangig im Entwicklungsziel 5 zur Geschlechtergleichstellung verankert werden sollte. Dafür werden zwei Hypothesen herangezogen: 1) Aus einer Entwicklungsperspektive heraus ist LGBTIQA+ Inklusion notwendig, damit Entwicklungsvorteile sowohl für das Individuum, als auch für die Gesellschaft als Ganzes nicht verloren gehen; 2) Von einer Gleichheitsperspektive aus gesehen ist LGBTIQA+ Inklusion unerlässlich, um niemanden vom Entwicklungsversprechen auszuschließen. Aus dieser Gleichheitsperspektive heraus lässt sich dabei auch schließen, dass LGBTIQA+ Gleichheit der Geschlechtergleichheit zuzuordnen ist.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Master's Thesis from the year 2015 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Peace and Conflict Studies, Security, grade: 69 (Merit) - UK System, University College London (School of Public Policy), course: Human Rights, language: Eng…lish, abstract: In this paper I present a holistic approach to identify how consistent interpretations of jus in bello proportionality regarding precision strikes in the context of counterinsurgency operations are by examining both consistency in substance and process. I hypothesize that there is high inconsistency in proportionality balancing, and will illustrate that it is both a theoretical and practical problem by using a mixed-methods design of empirical and theoretical analysis. Doing so, I will move beyond a positivist reading of the law to present my argument though a normative framework. I will argue that to fully comprehend this inconsistency one needs to understand the normative relationship between IHL and IHRL.Structurally, I begin the thesis with an empirical analysis of case law and of the counterinsurgency policy of the US to demonstrate (in)consistency by rethinking it in four specific categories: scope, content, time, certainty. The purpose of this section is to evidence variance in interpretations of the proportionality variables and of the balancing act in ex-post (jurisprudence) and ex-ante (policy) assessments. Secondly, I will engage in a purposive analysis of the legal framework presenting theoretical approaches on the relationship of IHL with IHRL. This is to dismiss inconsistency in proportionality balancing as a ROL problem by showing that there is a higher (normative) purpose behind it. In the final chapter, I will apply the theoretical findings to the empirical discoveries to demonstrate that inconsistency is due to a 'proportionality continuum'. This section will illustrate that inconsistency is not inherently bad as long as it serves the protective purpose intrinsic to both IHL and IHRL, which suggests changing policy rather than the law.
