World bank publications jun 2021 (2 Ergebnisse)

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - How can countries make sustainable gains in student learning at scale This is a pressing question for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and the developing world more broadly as countries seek to build human capital to drive sustainable growth. Significant progress in access has expanded coverage such that nearly all children in the region attend primary school, but many do not gain basic skills and drop out before completing secondary school, in part due to low-quality service delivery. The preponderance of evidence shows that it is learning and not schooling in and of itself that contributes to individual earnings, economic growth, and reduced inequality. For LAC in particular, low levels of human capital are a critical factor in explaining the region's relatively weak growth performance over the last half century. The easily measurable inputs are well-known, and the end goal is relatively clear, but raising student achievement at scale remains a challenge. Why We propose that part of the answer lies in management the processes and practices that guide how inputs into the education system are translated into outputs, and ultimately outcomes. While management (and related concepts, such as institutions, governance, or leadership) is often mentioned as an important factor in education policy discussions, relatively little quantitative research has been done to define and measure it. And even less has been done to unpack how and how much management matters for education quality. In this study, we begin filling these gaps, with new conceptual and empirical contributions that can be synthesized in four key messages:(1) Student learning is unlikely to improve at scale without better management.(2) Management affects how well every level of an education system functions, from individual schools to central technical units, and how well they work together.(3) Management quality can be measured and should be measured as a catalyst for improvement. (4) Several pathways to strengthening management are open to LAC countries now, with the potential for significant results. The study elaborates on each of these messages, synthesizing recent data and research and presenting the results of six new papers written to inform this report. The target audience for the Executive Summary is policymakers across LAC (and beyond) who are seeking approaches to strengthening their systems at scale. The target audience for the study overall includes the researchers and technical advisors who work on topics related to education management in development organizations, governments, think tanks, and other institutions across LAC.…

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Most policy makers readily acknowledge the economic, environmental, and social benefits of moving freight and passengers by waterways. However, why do many countries struggle to develop and revive their inland waterways transportation (IWT) One reason is because of the dearth of successful examples of IWT revival. Besides the United States and Europe, which have been relatively successful, the experience of many emerging countries has been a tale of intensive use followed by total collapse of the IWT sector. However, the combination of societal, economic, and environmental imperatives is motivating a rethink as countries look to develop sustainable transportation systems and curb greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector. China's experience has similarities to the experience of many countries and offers valuable lessons. This report is the result of an in-depth retrospective study of IWT in China and fills a gap in global knowledge.China went from an IWT system that carried fewer than 150 million tons in 1978, to carrying 3.74 billion tons of cargo in 2018--six times more than either the European Union or the United States. China now has the busiest IWT system in the world. China's leadership in IWT development started with years of investment in infrastructure that transformed low-grade waterways, allowing larger vessels to use the waterways and resulting in higher transport efficiency and lower cost. China invested in the development of skills and technical know-how. To date there are 127,000km of inland waterways in China, which have high-quality navigability and a good safety record. During the period of rapid economic development China also adopted or developed internationally recognized technical innovations for river classification, vessel replacement, navigation technology, and environmental protection. What China achieved can be informative to other countries. Further, how and why China improved its inland waterways for transportation is especially relevant and provides valuable lessons.…