springer us sep 2012 (16 Ergebnisse)

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - These volumes contain the invited and contributed talks of the first general Conference of the Condensed Matter Division of the European Physical Society, which took place at the campus of the University of Antwerpen (Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen) from April 9 till 11, 1980. The invited talks give a broad perspective of the current state in Europe of research in condensed matter physics. New developments and advances in experiments as well as theory are reported for 28 topics. Some of these developments, such as the recent stabilization of mono-atomic hydrogen, with the challenging prospect of Bose condensation, can be considered as major break throughs in condensed matter physics. Of the 65 invited lecturers, 54 have submitted a manuscript. The remaining talks are published as abstracts. The contents of this first volume consists of 9 plenary papers. Among the topics treated in these papers are: - electronic structure computations of iron the density functional theory hydrogen in amorphous si topologically disordered materials nuclear antiferromagnetism stabilization of mono-atomic hydrogen gas covalent and metallic glasses nonlinear excitations in ferroelectrics.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Dean Pomerleau's trainable road tracker, ALVINN, is arguably the world's most famous neural net application. It currently holds the world's record for distance traveled by an autonomous robot without interruption: 21.2 miles along a highway, in traffic, at speedsofup to 55 miles per hour. Pomerleau's work has received worldwide attention, including articles in Business Week (March 2, 1992), Discover (July, 1992), and German and Japanese science magazines. It has been featured in two PBS series, 'The Machine That Changed the World' and 'By the Year 2000,' and appeared in news segments on CNN, the Canadian news and entertainment program 'Live It Up', and the Danish science program 'Chaos'. What makes ALVINN especially appealing is that it does not merely drive - it learns to drive, by watching a human driver for roughly five minutes. The training inputstothe neural networkare a video imageoftheroad ahead and thecurrentposition of the steering wheel. ALVINN has learned to drive on single lane, multi-lane, and unpaved roads. It rapidly adapts to other sensors: it learned to drive at night using laser reflectance imaging, and by using a laser rangefinder it learned to swerve to avoid obstacles and maintain a fixed distance from a row of parked cars. It has even learned to drive backwards.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - For many years, the dominant fault model in automatic test pattern gen eration (ATPG) for digital integrated circuits has been the stuck-at fault model. The static nature of stuck-at fault testing when compared to the extremely dynamic nature of integrated circuit (IC) technology has caused many to question whether or not stuck-at fault based testing is still viable. Attempts at answering this question have not been wholly satisfying due to a lack of true quantification, statistical significance, and/or high computational expense. In this monograph we introduce a methodology to address the ques tion in a manner which circumvents the drawbacks of previous approaches. The method is based on symbolic Boolean functional analyses using Or dered Binary Decision Diagrams (OBDDs). OBDDs have been conjectured to be an attractive representation form for Boolean functions, although cases ex ist for which their complexity is guaranteed to grow exponentially with input cardinality. Classes of Boolean functions which exploit the efficiencies inherent in OBDDs to a very great extent are examined in Chapter 7. Exact equa tions giving their OBDD sizes are derived, whereas until very recently only size bounds have been available. These size equations suggest that straight forward applications of OBDDs to design and test related problems may not prove as fruitful as was once thought.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - As MOS devices are scaled to meet increasingly demanding circuit specifications, process variations have a greater effect on the reliability of circuit performance. For this reason, statistical techniques are required to design integrated circuits with maximum yield. Statistical Modeling for Computer-Aided Design of MOS VLSI Circuits describes a statistical circuit simulation and optimization environment for VLSI circuit designers. The first step toward accomplishing statistical circuit design and optimization is the development of an accurate CAD tool capable of performing statistical simulation. This tool must be based on a statistical model which comprehends the effect of device and circuit characteristics, such as device size, bias, and circuit layout, which are under the control of the circuit designer on the variability of circuit performance. The distinctive feature of the CAD tool described in this book is its ability to accurately model and simulate the effect in both intra- and inter-die process variability on analog/digital circuits, accounting for the effects of the aforementioned device and circuit characteristics. Statistical Modeling for Computer-Aided Design of MOS VLSI Circuits serves as an excellent reference for those working in the field, and may be used as the text for an advanced course on the subject.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book is an extension of one author's doctoral thesis on the false path problem. The work was begun with the idea of systematizing the various solutions to the false path problem that had been proposed in the literature, with a view to determining the computational expense of each versus the gain in accuracy. However, it became clear that some of the proposed approaches in the literature were wrong in that they under estimated the critical delay of some circuits under reasonable conditions. Further, some other approaches were vague and so of questionable accu racy. The focus of the research therefore shifted to establishing a theory (the viability theory) and algorithms which could be guaranteed correct, and then using this theory to justify (or not) existing approaches. Our quest was successful enough to justify presenting the full details in a book. After it was discovered that some existing approaches were wrong, it became apparent that the root of the difficulties lay in the attempts to balance computational efficiency and accuracy by separating the tempo ral and logical (or functional) behaviour of combinational circuits. This separation is the fruit of several unstated assumptions; first, that one can ignore the logical relationships of wires in a network when considering timing behaviour, and, second, that one can ignore timing considerations when attempting to discover the values of wires in a circuit.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Rapid advances in neural sciences and VLSI design technologies have provided an excellent means to boost the computational capability and efficiency of data and signal processing tasks by several orders of magnitude. With massively parallel processing capabilities, artificial neural networks can be used to solve many engineering and scientific problems. Due to the optimized data communication structure for artificial intelligence applications, a neurocomputer is considered as the most promising sixth-generation computing machine. Typical applica tions of artificial neural networks include associative memory, pattern classification, early vision processing, speech recognition, image data compression, and intelligent robot control. VLSI neural circuits play an important role in exploring and exploiting the rich properties of artificial neural networks by using pro grammable synapses and gain-adjustable neurons. Basic building blocks of the analog VLSI neural networks consist of operational amplifiers as electronic neurons and synthesized resistors as electronic synapses. The synapse weight information can be stored in the dynamically refreshed capacitors for medium-term storage or in the floating-gate of an EEPROM cell for long-term storage. The feedback path in the amplifier can continuously change the output neuron operation from the unity-gain configuration to a high-gain configuration. The adjustability of the vol tage gain in the output neurons allows the implementation of hardware annealing in analog VLSI neural chips to find optimal solutions very efficiently. Both supervised learning and unsupervised learning can be implemented by using the programmable neural chips.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - With great pleasure I welcome you to the City of Groningen. In more than one way there is cause for celebration. Today marks the third lustrum of the annual international sympo sium on blood transfusion, organized by the Rode Kruis Bloedbank Groningen-Drenthe. In my opinion it has been a remarkable initiative of the Bloedbank, to start organizing a scientific conference, as it did, in 1976. It meant, among others, that in case of success the initiative would grow to be an annual item on the international congress calen der. It also meant that a possible third lustrum would coincide with the celebration of the 950th anniversary of the City of Groningen. I am happy to note that the initiative has been successful: over the past fourteen years the Rode Kruis Bloedbank Groningen-Drenthe has succeeded in organizing an annual symposium on blood transfusion, with a different theme each year, and with an average attendance of 250 participants from some 26 countries world-wide. The platform created with the special formula of the symposium, for science and industry, has been well balanced and beneficial to both. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I like to compliment the organizers with the success that they have attained. Allow me to men tion the name of just one person, in whom I like to thank everyone who has been involved in creating the annual Bloedbank-symposia: my warm congratulations to Dr. Smit Sibinga and his staff.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Dynamic Systems (DEDS) are almost endless: military C31 Ilogistic systems, the emergency ward of a metropolitan hospital, back offices of large insurance and brokerage fums, service and spare part operations of multinational fums . . . . the point is the pervasive nature of such systems in the daily life of human beings. Yet DEDS is a relatively new phenomenon in dynamic systems studies. From the days of Galileo to Newton to quantum mechanics and cosmology of the present, dynamic systems in nature are primarily differential equations based and time driven. A large literature and endless success stories have been built up on such Continuous Variable Dynamic Systems (CVDS). It is, however, equally clear that DEDS are fundamentally different from CVDS. They are event driven, asynchronous, mostly man-made and only became significant during the past generation. Increasingly, however, it can be argued that in the modem world our lives are being impacted by and dependent upon the efficient operations of such DEDS. Yet compared to the successful paradigm of differential equations for CVDS the mathematical modelling of DEDS is in its infancy. Nor are there as many successful and established techniques for their analysis and synthesis. The purpose of this series is to promote the study and understanding of the modelling, analysis, control, and management of DEDS. The idea of the series came from editing a special issue of the Proceedings of IEEE on DEOS during 1988.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - I.- J.- K.- L.- M.- N.- O.- P.- Q.- R.- S.- T.- U.- V.- W.- X.- Y.- Z.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This volume is intended to present an eclectic selection of informative reviews on aspects of the malignant lymphomas, including Hodgkin's disease. The choice of suitable review topics in this field is made hazardous by several facts. First, the growth of insight into basic mechanisms of lymphomagenesis is explosive, as is the expansion of our understanding of the need for precise morphologic classification of these diseases. Second, new therapeutic agents, cytotoxic and biologic, as well as new drug delivery strategies, are appearing with remarkable frequency. Finally, old 'standard' approaches, such as the staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease, are being reconsidered and deserve attention in an up-to-date collection of papers. The 10 reviews presented here fall generally into three categories. First, the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to Hodgkin's disease are considered by Mark Leibenhaut, who reviews the status of the diagnostic staging laparotomy, and by Philip Bierman, who discusses his thoughts on the timing of high-dose treatment with bone marrow transplantation for this disease. There follow four reviews of current management of specific histologic subtypes of malignant lymphoma. First, Velasquez reviews prognostic factors in both intermediate and high grade lymphomas. Miller and Dahlberg review and update the Southwest Oncology Group experience in developing curative cytotoxic combination therapies for diffuse large-cell lymphomas. Lastly, optimal therapy for two kinds of high grade lymphoma are presented. Butler and Hainsworth describe the Vanderbilt experience with diffuse small noncleaved cell lymphoma and Picozzi reviews lymphoblastic lymphoma.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The term speech processing refers to the scientific discipline concerned with the analysis and processing of speech signals for getting the best benefit in various practical scenarios. These different practical scenarios correspond to a large variety of applications of speech processing research. Examples of some applications include enhancement, coding, synthesis, recognition and speaker recognition. A very rapid growth, particularly during the past ten years, has resulted due to the efforts of many leading scientists. The ideal aim is to develop algorithms for a certain task that maximize performance, are computationally feasible and are robust to a wide class of conditions. The purpose of this book is to provide a cohesive collection of articles that describe recent advances in various branches of speech processing. The main focus is in describing specific research directions through a detailed analysis and review of both the theoretical and practical settings. The intended audience includes graduate students who are embarking on speech research as well as the experienced researcher already working in the field. For graduate students taking a course, this book serves as a supplement to the course material. As the student focuses on a particular topic, the corresponding set of articles in this book will serve as an initiation through exposure to research issues and by providing an extensive reference list to commence a literature survey. Expe rienced researchers can utilize this book as a reference guide and can expand their horizons in this rather broad area.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Digital BiCMOS Integrated Circuit Design is the first book devoted entirely to the analysis and design of digital BiCMOS integrated circuits. BiCMOS Integrated Circuit Design also reviews CMOS and CML integrated circuit design. The application of BiCMOS in the design of digital subsystems, e.g. adders, multipliers, RAMs and PLAs is addressed. The book also introduces the reader to IC process technology: CMOS, bipolar and BiCMOS. The modeling of both the bipolar and MOS devices are covered. Many process/device/circuit design issues are discussed. Digital BiCMOS Integrated Circuit Design can be used by engineers, researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students working in the area of digital integrated circuits, digital circuits and system design, BiCMOS process and device modeling.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Integrated Fiber-Optic Receivers covers many aspects of the design of integrated circuits for fiber-optic receivers and other high-speed serial data links. Fundamental concepts are explained at the system level, circuit level, and semiconductor device level. Techniques for extracting timing information from the random data stream are described in considerable detail, as are all other aspects of receiver design. Integrated Fiber-Optic Receivers is organized in two parts. Part I covers the theory of communications systems as it applies to high-speed PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) systems. The primary emphasis is on clock recovery circuits. Because theoretical concepts are generally grasped more easily by example, Part II is devoted to circuit design issues that illustrate example realizations of architectures described in Part I. Part II presents the transistor-level design, and measured results, of fundamental building blocks and test circuits. For practicing engineers, more than just reporting on the results of specific circuits, this book serves as a tutorial on the design of integrated high-speed broadband PAM data systems, such as: repeaters in long-haul, fiber-optic, trunk-lines transceivers for use in LANs and WANs; read channels for high-density data storage devices; and wireless communication handsets. Integrated Fiber-Optic Receivers may be used as a text for advanced courses in both analog circuit design and communication systems.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - During the summer of 1987, a series of discussions I was held at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (nASA) in Laxenburg, Austria, to plan a study of global vegetation change. The work was aimed at promoting the Interna tional Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), sponsored by the International Council of Scientific Unions (lCSU), of which nASA is a member. Our study was designed to provide initial guidance in the choice of approaches, data sets and objectives for constructing global models of the terrestrial biosphere. We hoped to provide substantive and concrete assistance in formulating the working plans of IGBP by involving program planners in the development and application of models which were assembled from available data sets and modeling ap proaches. Recent acceptance of the 'nASA model' as the starting point for endeavors of the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems Core Project of the IGBP suggests we were successful in that aim. The objective was implemented by our initiation of a mathematical model of global vegetation, including agriculture, as defined by the forces which control and change vegetation. The model was to illustrate the geographical consequences to vegetation structure and functioning of changing climate and land use, based on plant responses to environmental variables. The completed model was also expected to be useful for examining international environmental policy responses to global change, as well as for studying the validity of IIASA's experimental approaches to environmental policy development.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - In our environmentally conscious society, reports of an increase in the risk of developing several cancers - including melanoma, lymphoma and lung cancer - have excited great controversy. Of these tumors, melanoma has demonstrated the most spectacular increase, generating a considerable body of research. The justification for this volume is found in the need for an up-to-date review of this research. The book represents a comprehensive review of both current research and clinical management of melanoma, arranged in such a way as to be maximally user-friendly to both the basic scientst and the clinician interested in this fascinating disease.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book encompasses basic and clinical reports on the cerebellum and its primary atrophic disorders, the cerebellar degenerations. Rapid progress has been made in undestanding the organization and function of the cerebellum at the neuronal, synaptic, and molecular level. Of particular importance has been the identification of the chemical transmitters utilized by the cer ebellar cellular systems. More than any other brain region, the cerebellum utilizes amino acids as its main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Excitatory amino acid transmitters, in addition to serving neuronal com munication, may also mediate trophic and toxic effects, and as such, they may playa role in neurodegenerative processes. The cerebellar degenerations were among the first human disorders with primary system atrophy to be studied clinically and pathologically. This field of clinical cerebellar sciences, no longer confined to the previously known descriptive level, is now advancing rapidly, propelled by rapid advances in neuroimaging, immunology, and molecular biology. The advent of CT, MRI, and PET has in recent years permitted the study of central nervous system alterations in living patients, thus contributing substantially to the accuracy of the diagnosis and the classification of these disorders. The nosology of cerebellar degenerations, which has been the subject of much debate for over a century, is presently a dynamic field, with new entities being recognized and old 'classic ataxias' being redefined in the light of new genetic evidence.