Springer us dez 1996 (13 Ergebnisse)

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - ical) and to self-fulfilling currency crisis, respectively. Research stressing the former approach was pioneered by Krugman (1979) and Flood and Garber (1984). According to this line of research, the failure of governments to adopt domestic monetary and fiscal policies consistent with their stated exchange rate targets leads to a gradual diminution of reserves and eventually a stock adjustment that depletes reserves suddenly in one attack (Sachs, Tornell, and Velasco, 1996, page 47). The result is either a devaluation of the exchange rate or a switch to floating. Subsequent work of this genre has specified a number of other channels, in addition to that involving inconsistent and unsustainable monetary and fiscal policies, that can precipitate an attack: 1. Inconsistency between external and internal objectives. The stances of monetary and fiscal policies may be consistent with the authorities' exchange rate target, but domestic economic indicators (such as the unemployment rate) may be inconsistent with internal balance, resulting in pressures on the authorities to relax macroeconomic policies. Private agents, aware of this inconsistency, perceive an opportunity for profits from a currency devaluation and precipitate an attack. 2. Contagion effects. Prior to an attack on another currency (say that of country B), the market may view a country's (say, country A's) exchange rate as consistent with economic fundamentals and, thus, sustainable.…

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Solid Freeform Fabrication is a set of manufacturing processes that are capable of producing complex freeform solid objects directly from a computer model of an object without part-specific tooling or knowledge. In essence, these methods are miniature manufacturing plants which come complete with material handling, information processing and materials processing. As such, these methods require technical knowledge from many disciplines; therefore, researchers, engineers, and students in Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, and Manufacturing Engineering and Materials and Computer Science will all find some interest in this subject. Particular subareas of concern include manufacturing methods, polymer chemistry, computational geometry, control, heat transfer, metallurgy, ceramics, optics, and fluid mechanics. History of technology specialists may also find Chapter 1 of interest. Although this book covers the spectrum of different processes, the emphasis is clearly on the area in which the authors have the most experience, thermal laser processing. In particular, the authors have all been developers and inventors of techniques for the Selective Laser Sintering process and laser gas phase techniques (Selective Area Laser Deposition). This is a research book on the subject of Solid Freeform Fabrication.…

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - 2 Concept ( Tools - Specification ( Tools + Design Stages ( Tools - Implementation ( Tools Figure 1-1. A nominal, multi-stage development process From that beginning, we have progressed to the point where the EDA community at large, including both users and developers of the tools, are interested in more unified environments. Here, the notion is that the tools used at the various stages in the development process need to be able to complement each other, and to communicate with one another efficiently using effective file exchange capabilities. Furthermore, the idea of capturing all the tool support needed for an EDA development into a unified support environment is now becoming a reality. This reality is evidenced by some of the EDA suites we now see emerging, wherein several tool functions are integrated under a common graphical user interface (GUI), with supporting file exchange and libraries to enable all tool functions to operate effectively and synergistically. This concept, which we illustrate in Figure 1- 2, is the true future ofEDA.…

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - 3. 1 Techniques of Comminution 35 3. 2 Solid-Solid Reactions 42 3. 2. 1 Mixing and Calcination 42 3. 2. 2 Modem Techniques 45 3. 3 Solution Techniques 46 3. 3. 1 Precipitation and Co-precipitation 46 Forced Hydrolysis 3. 3. 2 49 3. 3. 3 Hydrotbennal Synthesis 51 The Sol-Gel Process 3. 3. 4 53 3. 3. 5 Hydrolysis of Metal-Organics 56 The Emulsion Process 3. 3. 6 56 Solvent Vaporization 3. 4 59 3. 4. 1 Simple Evaporation 59 3. 4. 2 Spray Drying 60 3. 4. 3 Spray Pyrolysis 64 3. 4. 4 Freeze Drying 66 3. 5 Vapour-Phase Techniques 68 3. 5. 1 Vaporization-Condensation 68 3. 5. 2 Vapour-Vapour Reaction 68 3. 5. 3 Vapour-Liquid Reaction 70 3. 5. 4 Vapour-Solid Reaction 71 3. 6 Precursor Decomposition 72 3. 6. 1 Salt Decomposition 72 3. 6. 2 Polymer Pyrolysis 73 4. Synthetic Powders : Options in Preparation 75 4. 0 Introduction 75 4. 1 Single and Multiple Oxide Powders 75 4. 1. 1 Aluminium Oxide 75 4. 1. 2 Zirconium Oxide 85 4. 1. 3 Titanium Oxide 96 4. 1. 4 Magnesium Oxide 99 4. 1. 5 Silicon Dioxide 101 4. 1. 6 Rare Earth Oxides 105 Yttrium Oxide 105 Cerium Oxide 106 4. 1. 7 Zinc Oxide 107 [vi] 4. 1. 8 Mullite 110 4. 1. 9 Magnesium Aluminate Spinel 114 4. 1.…

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Intelligent Unmanned Ground Vehicles describes the technology developed and the results obtained by the Carnegie Mellon Robotics Institute in the course of the DARPA Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) project. The goal of this work was to equip off-road vehicles with computer-controlled, unmanned driving capabilities. The book describes contributions in the area of mobility for UGVs including: tools for assembling complex autonomous mobility systems; on-road and off-road navigation; sensing techniques; and route planning algorithms. In addition to basic mobility technology, the book covers a number of integrated systems demonstrated in the field in realistic scenarios. The approaches presented in this book can be applied to a wide range of mobile robotics applications, from automated passenger cars to planetary exploration, and construction and agricultural machines. Intelligent Unmanned Ground Vehicles shows the progress that was achieved during this program, from brittle specially-built robots operating under highly constrained conditions, to groups of modified commercial vehicles operating in tough environments. One measure of progress is how much of this technology is being used in other applications. For example, much of the work in road-following, architectures and obstacle detection has been the basis for the Automated Highway Systems (AHS) prototypes currently under development. AHS will lead to commercial prototypes within a few years. The cross-country technology is also being used in the development of planetary rovers with a projected launch date within a few years. The architectural tools built under this program have been used in numerous applications, from an automated harvester to an autonomous excavator. The results reported in this work provide tools for further research development leading to practical, reliable and economical mobile robots.…

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Synthesis and Properties of Advanced Materials provides an overview of some of the most exciting developments in advanced materials. The book contains review papers based on tutorial lectures given at The First Pan American Advanced Study Institute held in Merida, Mexico, 1995. Each paper serves as a comprehensive introduction and review to the topic covered. Topics included: diamond and related materials, nanocrystalline metals and ceramics, Co-based alloys for biomedical applications, high-temperature superconductivity materials, composite materials, cement-based materials, ion-implanted ceramics and structural ceramics. Each chapter emphasizes the relationships among processing parameters, micro-structure and properties. Synthesis and Properties of Advanced Materials provides an excellent review of the state of the art in advanced materials for the working engineer or researcher. Students will also find this text an accessible introduction to the field. …

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Electro-optic devices based on doped wide-band materials are present in industrial uses, in military applications and in everyday life. Whether one engages in laser surgery with a neodymium-Y AG laser or one communicates overseas using optical fibers, the development of these materials is both scientifically and commercially of great interest. Much of the most innovative work has been done in the last 15 years in this area. A minor revolution in optical fiber communications has occurred with the development of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. Solid-state laser development shifted into high-gear with the theoretical and experimental study of doubly-doped garnet lasers. Recent developments on semiconductor laser arrays are making diode pumped solid-state lasers commercially feasible. The purpose of this book is to detail these developments and to point out that many of the same underlying physical processes control advances in several diverse applications. For example, the basic science of energy transfer will be discussed by Zharikov et al. and Rotman for energy transfer and dopant-defect interactions, respectively; it will also be crucial in understanding cerium-doped scintilla tors, neodymium-chromium lasers, and up-conversion fiber lasers. As another example, phonon-induced non-radiative relaxation will appear in every chapter in this book.…

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - There is a growing demand for electronic signal processing at elevated temperatures. A number of approaches have been used to develop this capability. Silicon circuits could be developed and fabricated with an appropriate technology to cover increased temperature ranges. In a search for semiconductors with a wider energy gap to avoid leakage currents at high operating temperatures, one developed compound semiconductors such as GaAIAs on GaAs substrates. Efforts to use GaN are also useful, although difficult due to the lack of a suitable substrate material for lattice-matched epitaxial growth. Other work concerns electronic compo nent and circuit developments with SiC. Preliminary results have proved interesting. This book attempts to present the possibilities of such circuitry. Some of the solutions obtained so far are directly usable for the many applications where high environmental temperatures exist. Other concepts, particularly the more demanding ones, such as operation above 500 °C, still need much more researching. This also concerns estimates of device lifetimes for con tinuous high temperature operation. This book may help the potential user of such circuitry to find a suitable solution. It should also stimulate more research groups to enter this demanding effort. And finally, it should stimulate a broad awareness of the need and the solutions for this type of electronics. That is why Part One is devoted to high temperature applications.…

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - A great deal of research is being done in the areas of artificial vision and neural networks. Although much of this research has been theoretical in nature, many of the techniques developed through these efforts are now mature enough for use in practical applications. Automated Visual Inspection Using Artificial Neural Networks explains the application of recently emerging technology in the areas of artificial vision and neural networks to automated visual inspection. The information is organised in a clear, informative manner, bridging the gap between theoretical research and practical application. Significantly this book includes: \* broad coverage of all aspects of the automated visual inspection problem, \* details of the HAVENET neural network and the CAMERA vision model, and \* detailed descriptions of practical applications of intelligent visual inspection. …

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - As its title suggests, 'Uncertainty Management in Information Systems' is a book about how information systems can be made to manage information permeated with uncertainty. This subject is at the intersection of two areas of knowledge: information systems is an area that concentrates on the design of practical systems that can store and retrieve information; uncertainty modeling is an area in artificial intelligence concerned with accurate representation of uncertain information and with inference and decision-making under conditions infused with uncertainty. New applications of information systems require stronger capabilities in the area of uncertainty management. Our hope is that lasting interaction between these two areas would facilitate a new generation of information systems that will be capable of servicing these applications. Although there are researchers in information systems who have addressed themselves to issues of uncertainty, as well as researchers in uncertainty modeling who have considered the pragmatic demands and constraints of information systems, to a large extent there has been only limited interaction between these two areas. As the subtitle, 'From Needs to Solutions,' indicates, this book presents view points of information systems experts on the needs that challenge the uncer tainty capabilities of present information systems, and it provides a forum to researchers in uncertainty modeling to describe models and systems that can address these needs.…

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book focuses largely on constrained optimization. It begins with a substantial treatment of linear programming and proceeds to convex analysis, network flows, integer programming, quadratic programming, and convex optimization. Along the way, dynamic programming and the linear complementarity problem are touched on as well. This book aims to be the first introduction to the topic. Specific examples and concrete algorithms precede more abstract topics. Nevertheless, topics covered are developed in some depth, a large number of numerical examples worked out in detail, and many recent results are included, most notably interior-point methods. The exercises at the end of each chapter both illustrate the theory, and, in some cases, extend it. Optimization is not merely an intellectual exercise: its purpose is to solve practical problems on a computer. Accordingly, the book comes with software that implements the major algorithms studied. At this point, software for the following four algorithms is available: The two-phase simplex method The primal-dual simplex method The path-following interior-point method The homogeneous self-dual methods.£/LIST£.…

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The field of genito-urinary oncology is rapidly evolving at virtually every level. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular and cellular events which contribute to the generation of GU malignancies. At the same time, similar advances have been made in the clinical arena which have improved the diagnosis and treatment of urologic cancers. This volume attempts to summarize those advances which most impact us as clinicians, and has been divided into three sections. Section One, `Diagnostic advances: the use of molecular medicine in the diagnosis and prognosis of GU malignancies', details how epidemiologic studies and new molecular techniques are impacting our ability to diagnose and treat GU tumors. Section Two, `Surgical and radiation advances', details the recent major advances in the treatment of organ-confined cancers. Section Three, `Medical advances', addresses major issues in the treatment of metastatic disease. This volume will serve as a compendium of the advances, both at the basic science and clinical levels, which are currently impacting practicing oncologists and urologists.…

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Ensuring long-term care (LTC) is one of the most urgent problems in health care today. Demographic trends are expected to lead to a higher proportion of old and very old people in the global population. As a result, an increased proportion of global income will be devoted to LTC services. With this in mind, Long-term Care: Economic Issues and Policy Solutions aims to address the following important objectives: to provide a detailed analysis of the arrangements and institutions designed to protect the disabled and dependent elderly people in various countries, and to try to evaluate their respective merits. to discuss the projections of future costs of protection for dependent elderly, and to assess the impact of improvements in disability-free life expectancy on the future cost of care and choices between informal and formal care. to present empirical research on these decisions, with special consideration of primary caregivers, and on the substitution between in kind and cash benefits as well as between institutional (or formal) care and home (or informal) care. to analyze different theoretical approaches in modeling decisions referring to LTC services to be provided both within and between generations. With its mix of empirical, theoretical and policy-related contributions, Long-term Care: Economic Issues and Policy Solutions will be of interest not only to health economists, but also to social scientists, health insurers, and public policy advocates.…