springer sep 1986 (3 Ergebnisse)

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - From the nineteen sixties onwards a branch of philosophy of science has come to development, called history-oriented philosophy of science. This development constitutes a reaction on the then prevailing logical empiricist conception of scientific knowledge. The latter was increasingly seen as suffering from insurmountable internal problems, like e. g. the problems with the particular 'observational-theoretical distinction' on which it drew. In addition the logical empiricists' general approach was increasingly criticized for two external shortcomings. Firstly, the examples of scientific knowledge that the logical empiricists were focusing on were con sidered as too simplistic to be informative on the nature of real life science. Secondly, it was felt that the attention of these philosophers of science was restricted to the static aspects of scientific knowledge, while neglecting its developmental aspects. History-oriented philosophy of science has taken up the challenge implicit in the latter two criticisms, i. e. to develop accounts of science that would be more adequate for understanding the development 1 of real life science. One of the more successful products of this branch of philosophy of science is Lakatos's theory of scientific development, sometimes called the 'methodology of scientific research programmes'. This theory conceives science as consisting of so called research program mes developing in time, and competing with each other over the issue which one generates the best explan~tions of the phenomena that they address.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Le present volume est la reecriture d'un seminaire international organise au Portugal du 18 au 30 septembre 1983; la reunion se voulait avant tout radiographie des tendances actuelles et des nouvelles perspectives en semiologie (filiations historiques, champs d'application, statut des unites conceptuelles, ecarts entre theories et leur objet); les contributions rassemblees dans ce recueil depassent sans nul doute la pure description du 'state of art'; elles s'offrent au contraire comme une interrogation retrospective sur les paradigmes; en un mot, elles se font moins 1 'echo de 1 'acquis que du questionnement. Leur premier souci concerne la definition de la discipline : consideree longtemps comme un savoir ventriloque manipule par les linguistes ou les logiciens, la semiotique s'affirme aujourd'hui de plus en plus comme une propedeutigue en dialogue permanent avec toutes les formes du discours scientifique. A ce titre, elle s'incarne en premier lieu dans l'effort d'intelligibilite transformant l'objet re el en objet de connaissance : demarche reductrice, simulatrice (le modele figure le fonctionnement de l'objet a decrire), a la recherche de categories toujours plus puissantes, mais confrontee a la resistance du sens, a cette part non interpretable qui lui echappe sans cesse, et vouee donc a operer sur le mode du pari.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The first two 'Brain Heart Conferences' in Jerusalem in 1978 and 1983 were based upon the common interests of clinically orientated neurologists and cardiologists in the problems of centr'al autonomic control and autonomic disturbances of the cardiovascular system. The relatively slow scientific progress, at least clinically, in this area may be due to the fact that neither cardiologists nor neurologists felt competent in both topics. Furthermore, it has become increasingly difficult to have an overall view of the basic research and its clinical applications in this field. New research methods, based on a comtination of morphological, biochemical, and physiological techniques, have enabled the functional differentiation of various areas of the brain and subsequently also of the autonomic nervous system. The simple dualistic concept of an antagonistic sympathetic-parasympathetic regulation of the circulatory system is no longer valid. It is clear that numerous neurotransmitters, in particular the neuropeptides, are involved in a highly differentiated subdivision of the autonomic system. One of the aims of the IIIrd International Brain Heart Conference was therefore to supply a synopsis of the latest developments in basic research undertaken in this field by exceptionally competent scientists, to clinically orientated neurologists and cardiologists, and thus to provide new impulses for clinical research.