springer nov 1978 (4 Ergebnisse)

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - biological attributes of the three species according to the sequence in which they invade successively as a conse Studies on sample plots in Halimione portulacoides com munities show that environmental disturbances, either quence of environmental disturbance. It can therefore be concluded that for understanding this mechanism in the natural or induced by man, start a sequence of partly salt-marsh ecosystem a thorough study on the functioning overlapping density maxima in Suaeda maritima, Aster of these and other relevant biological attributes in the local tripolium and Puccinellia maritima successively, before the populations is essential. original Halimione community totally recovers. When Returning to the basic questions put in the introduction succession time before recovering is long enough, there are it is concluded that: tendencies in redundancy of this sequence stressing the unilinear character of the succession. Minor environmental a) There exist orderly and predictable succession patterns in the investigated salt-marsh vegetation. impacts induce a longer time-lag period of the Suaeda b) Following occasional disturbances, whatever these may density maximum, suggesting threshold values of these impacts for the species to maintain minimal population be, the vegetation recovers via a sequence of overlapping interim species populations showing a unilinear or obliga densities or to become locally extinct. This sequence of tory (Hom 1976) succession pattern.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book is concerned with control issues in complex industrial organizations. The word control is used here in a rather wide sense, including decision making, coordination and planning as well as activities such as the design and implementation of organizational structures or computerized information systems. There are various ways of defining complexity; here we use this term to indicate that the organizations in question consist of many sub organizations which are operationally interdependent but at the same time have a fair degree of independence of control. The control of the interactions between these suborganizations through coordination will be a key issue in this book. The discussion will be confined to industrial organizations; our results are only applicable to a limited extent to other types of organizations such as universities, hospitals or government offices. The main contribution we intend to make in this book is the development of a system oj concepts on control and coordination in industrial organizations which can be used in the design of organizational control structures such as planning systems, information systems or relations between positions or departments. Rather eclectic use has been made of various scientific disCiplines in the development of this conceptual system with some bias towards the use of system theory and cybernetics. The book is intended for professional workers in the field of 'organizational control technology', such as automation and .organization specialists in complex organizations and workers in the related disCiplines at University.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - In 1936, G. Birkhoff and J. v. Neumann published an article with the title The logic of quantum mechanics'. In this paper, the authors demonstrated that in quantum mechanics the most simple observables which correspond to yes-no propositions about a quantum physical system constitute an algebraic structure, the most important proper ties of which are given by an orthocomplemented and quasimodular lattice Lq. Furthermore, this lattice of quantum mechanical proposi tions has, from a formal point of view, many similarities with a Boolean lattice L8 which is known to be the lattice of classical propositional logic. Therefore, one could conjecture that due to the algebraic structure of quantum mechanical observables a logical calculus Q of quantum mechanical propositions is established, which is slightly different from the calculus L of classical propositional logic but which is applicable to all quantum mechanical propositions (C. F. v. Weizsacker, 1955). This calculus has sometimes been called 'quan tum logic'. However, the statement that propositions about quantum physical systems are governed by the laws of quantum logic, which differ from ordinary classical logic and which are based on the empirically well-established quantum theory, is exposed to two serious objec tions: (a) Logic is a theory which deals with those relationships between various propositions that are valid independent of the content of the respective propositions. Thus, the validity of logical relationships is not restricted to a special type of proposition, e. g. to propositions about classical physical systems.

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