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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Recent developments in various areas of chemistry have been decisively influenced by the principles of structure and mechanism and by the ideas of coordination chemistry, in particular by the donor-acceptor approach, A unified view of almost all kinds of molecular forces is provided by quantum mechanics, and for practical purposes have been classified according to model assumptions, namely, dispersion, polarization, electrostatic, and short-range forces. The latter are divided into two- and three-center covalent chemical bonds, metallic bonds, and exchange-repulsion forces. This approach allows statements of principle and systematic analysis. However, quantitative predictions on concrete large systems are virtually impossible, and there are no general rules that account for structural and chemical changes due to intermolecular interactions. Chemists are therefore left with qualitative descriptions in which the changes in electron densities are considered. Such models as the MO theory or the resonance concept unrealistically assume that the nuclei remain in fixed positions. Further difficulties are encountered in the attempted description on the 'nature' of the chemical bond, e.g., the forces involved. In order to avoid these difficulties an extension of the donor-acceptor concept, characterized by the comparison between equilibrium structures in different molecular environments, will be presented in this book. In this way, changes in the positions of the nuclei can be taken into account and the question of the nature of the molecular forces is no longer important.Springer Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg 296 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This volume contains selected contributions from the XIth Meeting of the European Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery held in September 1994 in Antalyaffurkey. Most of the papers deal with the many therapeutic and technical advancements made in this field of neurosurgery. The emergence of new stereotactic methodologies such as frameless stereotaxy and other forms of neuronavigation have become an indispensable tool for all types of neurosurgical operations. An increasing number of young neurosurgeons takes an interest in the neurosurgical approaches to the treatment of movement disorders, chronic pain and epilepsy. This is a clear sign ofthe growing awareness of the long neglected fact that these neurosurgical treatments can be offered to large patient populations. Neurotransplantation as a novel treatment of Parkinson's disease has paved the way for the application of this technology for other indications. The pioneering work performed by the late Edward Hitchcock is reviewed here. There is a renewed interest in pallidotomy for dealing with certain forms of Parkinson's disease and certain aspects of this operation are discussed in another paper. Progress in the neurosurgical treatment of pain is dealt with by contributions on refined techniques of percutaneous cordotomy, DREZ operations and critical evaluations of spinal cord stimulation. A novel approach is a report on the experiences of treating cancer pain by intraspinal implantation of chromaffin cells. Several contributions cover the important issues of novel techniques for the study of neural dysfunction, peroperative monitoring with PET, microrecording, magneto-encephalography and other techniques.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The author's general aim has been to survey as wide a field of evidence as possible and this had involved excursions into subjects of which he has little first hand knowledge. This width of range also has necessitated a somewhat arbitrary selection of evidence and has prevented full discussion of any indi vidual problem. The author trusts that he has not misrepresented anyone's results or opinions, and if this has occurred, he can only plead in excuse the peculiar difficulty of giving a brief and yet accurate account of evidence of such a wide variety. The diagrams reproduced in the article have all been redrawn and in many cases the original figures or diagrams have been modified as, for instance, by recalculating dosage on the logarithmic scale. The original authors therefore have no direct responsibility for the diagrams in their present form. The author desires to thank Messrs Arnold and Co. for permitting the repro duction of Figs. 9 and 23 from similar figures which appeared in his book 'The Mode of Action of Drugs on Cells'; portions of other figures from this book also have been reproduced in modified form. The author also desires to thank Dr. J. M. ROBSON for help in correction of the proofs. Edinburgh, July, 1937. A. J. CLARK. Contents.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - VII. Multidimensional Data Structures.- 1. A Black Box Approach to Data Structures.- 2. Multi-dimensional Searching Problems.- 3. Exercises.- 4. Bibliographic Notes.- VIII. Computational Geometry.- 1. Convex Polygons.- 2. Convex Hulls.- 3. Voronoi Diagrams and Searching Planar Subdivisions.- 4. The Sweep Paradigm.- 5. The Realm of Orthogonal Objects.- 6. Geometric Transforms.- 7. Exercises.- 8. Bibliographic Notes.- IX. Algorithmic Paradigms.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Recent developments in various areas of chemistry have been decisively influenced by the principles of structure and mechanism and by the ideas of coordination chemistry, in particular by the donor-acceptor approach, A unified view of almost all kinds of molecular forces is provided by quantum mechanics, and for practical purposes have been classified according to model assumptions, namely, dispersion, polarization, electrostatic, and short-range forces. The latter are divided into two- and three-center covalent chemical bonds, metallic bonds, and exchange-repulsion forces. This approach allows statements of principle and systematic analysis. However, quantitative predictions on concrete large systems are virtually impossible, and there are no general rules that account for structural and chemical changes due to intermolecular interactions. Chemists are therefore left with qualitative descriptions in which the changes in electron densities are considered. Such models as the MO theory or the resonance concept unrealistically assume that the nuclei remain in fixed positions. Further difficulties are encountered in the attempted description on the 'nature' of the chemical bond, e.g., the forces involved. In order to avoid these difficulties an extension of the donor-acceptor concept, characterized by the comparison between equilibrium structures in different molecular environments, will be presented in this book. In this way, changes in the positions of the nuclei can be taken into account and the question of the nature of the molecular forces is no longer important.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book is based on a course I have taught at Cornell University since 1965. The primary topic of this course was queueing theory, but related topics such as inventories, insurance risk, and dams were also included. As a text I used my earlier book, Queues and Inventories (John Wiley, New York, 1965). Over the years the emphasis in this course shifted from detailed analysis of probability models to the study of stochastic processes that arise from them, and the subtitle of the text, 'A Study of Their Basic Stochastic Processes,' became a more appropriate description of the course. My own research into the fluctuation theory for U: vy processes provided a new perspective on the topics discussed, and enabled me to reorganize the material. The lecture notes used for the course went through several versions, and the final version became this book. A detailed description of my approach will be found in the Introduction. I have not attempted to give credit to authors of individual results. Readers interested in the historical literature should consult the Selected Bibliography given at the end of the Introduction. The original work in this area is presented here with simpler proofs that make full use of the special features of the underlying stochastic processes. The same approach makes it possible to provide several new results. Thanks are due to Kathy King for her excellent typing of the manuscript.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The main purpose of this book is to provide ready access to key information on parts of the nervous system. The student of neuroanatomy frequently encounters terms from such closely related anatomical fields as the gross anatomy of the peripheral nervous system, the histology and embryology of the nervous system and the anatomy of the eye and ear. Consequently many of the terms from these areas have been included. Although no complete listing of terms from cognate fields has been attempted, some of the more frequently encountered terms from neurophysiology, neuropathology and clinical neurology are also included. References given for some entries are not intended to be exhaustive but to direct the reader's attention in some instances to places where the term has been introduced and in others to places where a more complete discussion of the subject is available. Another purpose is to equate the terms that are synonyms and to differentiate between those that are not. In addition, an attempt has been made to include older terms and eponyms together with their newer counterparts.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Statistics is of ever-increasing importance in Science and Technology and this book presents the essentials of the subject in a form suitable either as the basis of a course of lectures or to be read and/or used on its own. It assumes very little in the way of mathematical knowledge-just the ability to substitute numerically in a few simple formulae. However, some mathematical proofs are outlined or given in full to illustrate the derivation of the subject; these can be omitted without loss of understanding. The book does aim at making clear the scope and nature of those essential tests and methods that a scientist or technologist is likely to need; to this end each chapter has been divided into sections with their own subheadings and some effort has been made to make the text unambiguous (if any reader finds a misleading point anywhere I hope he will write to me about it). Also with this aim in view, the equality of probability to proportion of population is stated early, then the normal distribution and the taking of samples is discussed. This occupies the first five chapters. With the principles of these chapters understood, the student can immediately learn the significance tests of Chapter 6 and, if he needs it, the analysis of variance of Chapter 7. For some scientists this will be most of what they need. However, they will be in a position to read and/or use the remaining chapters without undue difficulty.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - 1 Music, Physics, and Psychophysics: An Interdisciplinary Approach.- 1.1 The intervening physical systems 1 / 1.2 Characteristic attributes of musical sounds 3 / 1.3 The time element in music 5 / 1.4 Physics and psychophysics 7 / 1.5 What is music 11.- 2 Sound Vibrations, Pure Tones, and the Perception of Pitch.- 2.1 Motion and vibration 13 / 2.2 Simple harmonic motion 17 / 2.3 Acoustical vibrations and pure tone sensations 18 / 2.4 Superposition of pure tones: first-order beats and the critical band 25 / 2.5 Other first-order effects: combination tones and aural harmonics 33 / 2.6 Second-order effects: beats of mistuned consonances 37 / 2.7 Fundamental tracking 40 / 2.8 Auditory coding in the peripheral nervous system 44 / 2.9 Periodicity pitch and the role of the central nervous system 50.- 3 Sound Waves, Acoustical Energy, and the Perception of Loudness.- 3.1 Elastic waves, force, energy, and power 61 / 3.2 Propagation speed, wavelength, and acoustical power 65 / 3.3 Superposition of waves; standing waves 74 / 3.4 Intensity, sound intensity level, and loudness 78 / 3.5 The loudness perception mechanism and related processes 89.- 4 Generation of Musical Sounds, Complex Tones, and the Perception of Tone Quality.- 4.1 Standing waves in a string 93 / 4.2 Generation of complex standing vibrations in string instruments 98 / 4.3 Sound vibration spectra and resonance 106 / 4.4 Standing longitudinal waves in an idealized air column 115 / 4.5 Generation of complex standing vibrations in wind instruments 119 / 4.6 Sound spectra of wind instrument tones 126 / 4.7 Trapping and absorption of sound waves in a closed environment 128 / 4.8 Perception of pitch and timbre of musical tones 133 / 4.9 Identification of musical sounds 138.- 5 Superposition and Successions of Complex Tones and the Perception of Music.- 5.1 Superposition of complex tones 143 / 5.2 The sensation of musical consonance and dissonance 146 / 5.3 Building musical scales 153 / 5.4 The standard scale and the standard of pitch 158 / 5.5 Why are there musical scales and why do we experience musical sensations 161 / 5.6 Specialization of speech and music processing in the cerebral hemispheres 165.- Appendix I Some Quantitative Aspects of the Bowing Mechanism.- Appendix II Some Quantitative Aspects of Recent Central Pitch Processor Models.- Appendix III Some Remarks on Teaching Physics and Psychophysics of Music.- References.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book is intended as a first rigorous course in geometry. As the title indicates, we have adopted Birkhoff's metric approach (i.e., through use of real numbers) rather than Hilbert's synthetic approach to the subject. Throughout the text we illustrate the various axioms, definitions, and theorems with models ranging from the familiar Cartesian plane to the Poincare upper half plane, the Taxicab plane, and the Moulton plane. We hope that through an intimate acquaintance with examples (and a model is just an example), the reader will obtain a real feeling and intuition for non- Euclidean (and in particular, hyperbolic) geometry. From a pedagogical viewpoint this approach has the advantage of reducing the reader's tendency to reason from a picture. In addition, our students have found the strange new world of the non-Euclidean geometries both interesting and exciting. Our basic approach is to introduce and develop the various axioms slowly, and then, in a departure from other texts, illustrate major definitions and axioms with two or three models. This has the twin advantages of showing the richness of the concept being discussed and of enabling the reader to picture the idea more clearly. Furthermore, encountering models which do not satisfy the axiom being introduced or the hypothesis of the theorem being proved often sheds more light on the relevant concept than a myriad of cases which do.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Springer Advanced Texts in Chemistry New textbooks at all levels of chemistry appear with great regularity. Some fields like basic biochemistry, organic reaction mechanisms, and chemical ther- modynamics are well represented by many excellent texts, and new or revised editions are published sufficiently often to keep up with progress in research. However, some areas of chemistry, especially many of those taught at the graduate level, suffer from a real lack of up-to-date textbooks. The most serious needs occur in fields that are rapidly changing. Textbooks in these subjects usually have to be written by scientists actually involved in the research which is advancing the field. It is not often easy to persuade such individuals to set time aside to help spread the knowledge they have accumulated. Our goal, in this series, is to pinpoint areas of chemistry where recent progress has outpaced what is covered in any available textbooks, and then seek out and persuade experts in these fields to produce relatively concise but instructive introductions to their fields. These should serve the needs of one semester or one quarter graduate courses in chemistry and biochemistry. In some cases the availability of texts in active research areas should help stimulate the creation of new courses. New York, New York CHARLES R.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This textbook is a unique blend of the theory of differential equations and their exciting application to --real world' problems. First, and foremost, it is a rigorous study of ordinary differential equations and can be fully understood by anyone who has completed one year of calculus. However, in addition to the traditional applications, it also contains many exciting '-real life' problems. These applications are completely self contained. First, the problem to be solved is outlined clearly, and one or more differential equations are derived as a model for this problem. These equations are then solved, and the results are compared with real world data. The following applications are covered in this text. I. In Section 1.3 we prove that the beautiful painting --Disciples at Emmaus' which was bought by the Rembrandt Society of Belgium for $170,000 was a modern forgery. 2. In Section 1.5 we derive differential equations which govern the population growth of various species, and compare the results predicted by our models with the known values of the populations. 3. In Section 1.6 we try to determine whether tightly sealed drums filled with concentrated waste material will crack upon impact with the ocean floor. In this section we also describe several tricks for obtaining informa- tion about solutions of a differential equation that cannot be solved explicitly.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - That residues of pesticide and other 'foreign' chemicals in food stuffs are of concern to everyone everywhere is amply attested by the reception accorded previous volumes of 'Residue Reviews' and by the gratifying enthusiasm, sincerity, and efforts shown by all the in dividuals from whom manuscripts have been solicited. Despite much propaganda to the contrary, there can never be any serious question that pest-control chemicals and food-additive chemicals are essential to adequate food production, manufacture, marketing, and storage, yet without continuing surveillance and intelligent control some of those that persist in our foodstuffs could at times conceivably endanger the public health. Ensuring safety-in-use of these many chemicals is a dynamic challenge, for established ones are continually being dis placed by newly developed ones more acceptable to food tech nologists, pharmacologists, toxicologists, and changing pest-control requirements in progressive food-producing economies. These matters are of genuine concern to increasing numbers of governmental agencies and legislative bodies around the world, for some of these chemicals have resulted in a few mishaps from improper use. Adequate safety-in-use evaluations of any of these chemicals per sisting into our foodstuffs are not simple matters, and they incorporate the considered judgments of many individuals highly trained in a variety of complex biological, chemical, food technological, medical, pharmacological, and tOxicological diSCiplines.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Acceptance or rejection of any edible commodity, whether it is raw or processed, is usually conditioned by sensory stimuli. The impact of these stimuli on the decision-making proce-ss is broadly termed sensory evaluation. Advances in sensory evaluation research have been slow in the past because of the human factor-the necessity to use highly trained sensory panels to conduct this research. High technology in- strumentation and new understandings of sensory evaluations are now combining to make possible quantum jumps forward in sensory eval- uation research. It is widely recognized that the sensory aspects of fruits and vegeta- bles are affected by many factors, among them environment, variety, cultural practices, and handling practices. However, if one attempts to find a general reference or compilation of findings regarding this sub- ject area there seems to be few, if any, available. A survey of the literature does suggest that in the past few years research into specific factors which influence the sensory aspects of fruits and vegetables has increased significantly. This increased interest in sensory research and the renewed national awareness of the value of research into pre- and postharvest quality of fruits and vegetables prompted the Flavor Subdivision, Agricultural and Food Chemistry Division, American Chemical Society to sponsor a symposium entitled Sensory Evalua- tion of Fruits and Vegetables: Effect of Environment, Cultural Prac- tices and Variety during the 1982 meeting in Kansas City, Missouri.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Information systems science is rapidly advancing in many directions. Di versified ideas, methodologies, and techniques as well as applications have been conceived and developed. This series intends to discuss some of the recent advances in this field. In this volume, we cover four timely topics which are of great current interest. In each chapter, an attempt is made to familiarize the reader with some basic background information on the ad vances discussed. The emphasis of this volume is placed upon parallel pro gramming, data structure models in information system design, and the principles of L systems. One of the effective means to enhance computation performance is parallel information processing on multiprocessor systems. In Chapter I, V. E. Kotov discusses the practical aspects of parallel programming. He is concerned with the languages and methods of parallel programming, per formance an~lysis, and automatic synthesis of parallel programs. In Chapter 2, A. S. Narin'yani presents the formal theory of parallel computations. These two chapters attempt to correlate and classify various methods in parallel programming, thus providing the reader with a unified approach to this important subject matter. Data structures play an important role in information system design.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - A. CORBIN Investigations on LHRH and its analogs have just completed their first decade. We have witnessed a veritable explosion of chemical, physiologic and pharmacologic data on this hypothalamic peptide and the approximately 1500 agonist and antagonist analogs that have been synthesized. In order to track this expanding field, I was asked to organize an international symposium on basic and clinical aspects of LHRH analogs as part of the Reproductive Health Care: CDS Symposium held in Maui, Hawaii, in October 1982. This meeting brought together a number of the leading investigators in the field. Much new state-of-the-art information was presented which I and my colleagues felt deserved a wider audience. Drs Vickery, Nestor, and Hafez consented to undertake this task. Upon review of the literature, it was apparent that there was no recent text which fully covered the breadth of developments in the field. Accordingly, the editors decided to use the symposium as a nucleus on which to build a singular, comprehensive state-of-the-art analysis of this rapidly growing discipline, and the application of such knowledge to reproductive medicine. As exemplified by the various areas of expertise provided by the individual contributors, it becomes obvious that the scope of the subject matter, while relating solely to a well-defined chemical class (LHRH analogs) and a circumscribed physiologic and pharmacologic entity (reproduction), has expanded enormously.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - That residues of pesticide and other contaminants in the total environ ment are of concern to everyone everywhere is attested by the reception accorded previous volumes of 'Residue Reviews' and by the gratifying enthusiasm, sincerity, and efforts shown by all the individuals from whom manuscripts have been solicited. Despite much propaganda to the con trary, there can never be any serious question that pest-control chemicals and food-additive chemicals are essential to adequate food production, manufacture, marketing, and storage, yet without continuing surveillance and intelligent control some of those that persist in our foodstuffs could at times conceivably endanger the public health. Ensuring safety-in-use of these many chemicals is a dynamic challenge, for established ones are continually being displaced by newly developed ones more acceptable to food technologists, pharmacologists, toxicologists, and changing pest control requirements in progressive food-producing economies. These matters are of genuine concern to increasing numbers of gov ernmental agencies and legislative bodies around the world, for some of these chemicals have resulted in a few mishaps from improper use. Ade quate safety-in-use evaluations of any of these chemicals persisting into our foodstuffs are not simple matters, and they incorporate the considered judgments of many individuals highly trained in a variety of complex biological, chemical, food technological, medical, pharmacological, and toxicological disciplines.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The original premise of the Editors in initiating this series was that there existed a readership ofneurochemists with considerable biochemical back ground who would make use of a series dedicated to both new develop ments and specialized reviews in neurochemistry. Having selected our authors, we have offered them virtually complete freedom to reflect and speculate in a field in which they have achieved prominence. The response to the first two volumes has been rewarding. The present one continues in this tradition. While we have not attempted to publish specialized volumes, the present volume contains two somewhat related chapters (Chapters 4 and 5, on the role of amino acid neurotransmitters). The first three chapters examine three diverse approaches, each of current interest, in neurochemi cal approaches to the molecular bases of neuronal and glial structure. B. W. Agranoff M. H. Aprison vii CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 2',3'-CYCUC NUCLEOTIDE 3'-PHOSPHODIESTERASE NEIL RAYMOND SIMS AND PATRICK ROBERT CARNEGIE 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Assay of CNPase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. 1. Need for Activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. 2. Comparison of Assays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Association of CNPase with Myelin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. 1. Historical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. 2. Subcellular Fractionation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. 3. Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. 4. Mutant Mice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. 5. Use as a Myelin Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3. 6. Myelin-Related Fractions and Peripheral Nerve Myelin. 11 4. CNPase in Nonmyelin Fractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. Activation and Isolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. 2. Activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5. 3. Solubilization and Fractionation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6. Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6. 1. Substrate Specificity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This volume, the fifth of a continuing series on information systems science, covers four timely topics which are in the mainstream of this field. In each chapter, an attempt is made to familiarize the reader with basic background information on the advances discussed, so that this volume may be used independently or in conjunction with the previous volumes. The emphasis in this volume is focused upon data organization and access methods, software for on-line minicomputer applications, advances in micropro graming, and gramm ars and recognizers for formal and natural languages. In Chapter 1, P. C. Patton presents a tutorial survey of data organiza tion and access methods which play a central role in information system design. Research in information processing has been shifted from numerical data processing to nonnumerical information handling. In the latter case, the information is carried not only by the data but also by the structure and organization of the data base. In this chapter, the author provides the reader with a comprehensive review of various data structures, including linear lists, array structures, tree structures, and multilinked structures. He also discusses the important problem of data-base design and management. This chapter concludes with several examples of information handling systems such as a matrix interpretive system, a generalized information management system, and a criminal justice information system. The rapid reduction in cost and great increase in capability of the mini computer have made it an attractive machine for information systems.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Information systems science embraces a broad spectrum of topics. It is vir tually impossible to provide comprehensive and in-depth discussion, other than simple recitals of recent results, of every important topic in each volume of this annual review series. Since we have chosen the former approach, each volume will only cover certain aspects of recent advances in this bur geoning field. The emphasis in this volume, the third of a continuing series, is focussed upon pattern recognition, pictorial information manipulation, and new approaches to logical design of information networks. In Chapter 1, V. A. Kovalevsky presents a tutorial survey of practical and theoretical developments in pattern recognition. He categorizes the basic developments in three different directions. The first direction is charac terized by an empirical treatment with highly specialized recognition schemes. In the second direction, the major efforts are centered upon the cre ation of learning systems capable of improving recognition performance on the basis of past experience. The majority of the work in the third direction is devoted to the study of the basic structure of complex patterns, the con struction of mathematical models for pattern recognition, and the analysis of complex pictorial representations. The author elucidates the 'heuristics' approach and the 'science' approach to pattern recognition problems. This chapter together with Chapter 2 of this volume supplements the chapter on Engineering Principles of Pattern Recognition in Volume 1 to provide a more complete treatment of this subject.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - One of the major findings in the 1992 IPCC report and the 1994 World Meteorological Organization's Ozone Assessment report was the identification of possible climatic effects over the last few decades resulting from anthropogenic ally-induced changes in atmospheric ozone. The initial quantitative estimates of their direct climatic effects indicate significant impacts, though large uncertainties exist and studies using general circulation models are needed. A point that needs to be addressed in particular is that atmospheric ozone differs from greenhouse gases in that it is formed and destroyed by chemical processes in the atmosphere due to interaction involving a large number of source gases (e. g. H0, NO ' CO, 2 x NMHC, N0, CH and the CFCs). Therefore, the indirect effect of climate-chemistry 2 4 interaction involving atmospheric ozone is an important aspect for consideration in general circulation models. During the last few years, there have been several international workshops related to atmospheric ozone. In 1987, a NATO workshop on atmospheric ozone was held in Lillehammer, Norway. More recently, two workshops were organized to discuss the topic 'General Circulation Model Study of Climate-Chemistry Interaction. ' The first was held August 19-21, 1992, in Oslo, Norway, and the second held May 26-27,1993, in Albany, New York, USA. The two workshops were IAMAP activities under the Trace Constituent Working Group.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - As part of its 'Programme for the prevention of health hazards caused by industrial substances', the Berufsge nossenschaft der chemischen Industrie (BG Chemie, Em ployment Accident Insurance Fund of the Chemical Indus try) began in 1977 to investigate the toxicity of those chemicals which are widely used, have many different ap plications and are suspected of being dangerous to health, in particular of having long-term effects. The in vestigations consist of a literature search and - depending on the results - commissions of experimental studies. It is hoped by means of this testing to close gaps in our know ledge and to increase the scientific validity of the required risk assessments. The results of the toxicological in vestigations carried out by BG Chemie, and the resulting substance assessments have been published in German since 1987 in the form of 132 'Toxikologische Bewer tungen' ('Toxicological Evaluations') up to now. In order to make this useful information internation ally available, BG Chemie began in October 1990 to pub lish them as a book series in English, of which the sixth volume (containing 11 individual evaluations) is presented here. Therefore for 83 existing chemicals 'Toxicological Evaluations' are available in English at the moment, a fur ther 27 are in preparation and will be published soon.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Until recently there was no uniform stability theory. Different approaches to stability problems had been developed in the different branches of mechanics. In the field of elasticity, it was mainly the so called static method and energy method which were used, while in the field of dynamics it was the kinetic method, which found its perfect expression in the theory of Liapunov. During the last few decades there has been a rapid development in the general theory of stability, stimulated, for example, by the investigations of H. ZIEGLER on elastic systems subject to non-conservative loads, and by the problems arising in aeroelasticity which are closely related to those introduced by ZIEGLER. The need was felt for kinetic methods which could also be used in investigating the stability of deformable systems. Efforts were made to adapt such methods, already known and developed in the stability theory of rigid systems, for application in the stability theory of continuous systems. During the last ten years interest was focused mainly on the application of a generalized Liapunov method to stability problems of continuous systems. All this was done in attempts to unify the various approaches to stability theory. It was with the idea of encouraging such a tendency, establishing to what extent a uniform physical and mathematical foundation already existed for stability theory in all branches of mechanics, and stimulating the further deve lopment of a common stability theory, that a IUTAM-Symposium was devoted to this topic.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware -Recent developments in various areas of chemistry have been decisively influenced by the principles of structure and mechanism and by the ideas of coordination chemistry, in particular by the donor-acceptor approach, A unified view of almost all kinds of molecular forces is provided by quantum mechanics, and for practical purposes have been classified according to model assumptions, namely, dispersion, polarization, electrostatic, and short-range forces. The latter are divided into two- and three-center covalent chemical bonds, metallic bonds, and exchange-repulsion forces. This approach allows statements of principle and systematic analysis. However, quantitative predictions on concrete large systems are virtually impossible, and there are no general rules that account for structural and chemical changes due to intermolecular interactions. Chemists are therefore left with qualitative descriptions in which the changes in electron densities are considered. Such models as the MO theory or the resonance concept unrealistically assume that the nuclei remain in fixed positions. Further difficulties are encountered in the attempted description on the 'nature' of the chemical bond, e.g., the forces involved. In order to avoid these difficulties an extension of the donor-acceptor concept, characterized by the comparison between equilibrium structures in different molecular environments, will be presented in this book. In this way, changes in the positions of the nuclei can be taken into account and the question of the nature of the molecular forces is no longer important. 296 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - More and more biologists, chemists, pharmacologists, toxicologists, gov ernmental agencies, and 'food control' (regulatory) officials around the world are finding it increasingly difficult to keep abreast of the technical literature in the pesticide field; indeed, many libraries do not have even a small proportion of the journals and other sources that now regularly contain research, development, and application information about all aspects of modern chemical pest control. As a result, a very large number of requests has come to 'Residue Reviews' to publish detailed digests of information on single pesticide chemicals so that the interested person in any part of the world could easily be brought up to date with all available important in formation without having to search probably several hundred literature sources, many of them obscure or simply not available except in very large libraries. The service and convenience rendered the readership by such a series of volumes on major individual pesticide chemicals would therefore be considerable. Type and scope of coverage in this series of single-pesticide volumes will of course vary with available information. The coverage should be as com plete as possible, however, to be of maximum value to all interested indi viduals, industries, research institutions, and governmental agencies con cerned with the continuing production of an adequately large yet safe food supply for the world. Among the topics bracketed for a single pesticide should ideally be: I. Introduction II.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - In this book, setting aside his consideration of specifically ethical topics, I try to provide a comprehensive interpretation of Moore's thought. Against the background of this general interpretation I examine in detail his work on some of the central problems of metaphysics and, because Moore's being able to sustain a consistent anti-skepticism is essential to the survival of the base from which he works on those problems, of epistemology too. The interpretation of which I speak involves my taking as the centerpiece of Moore's philosophical work his book, Some Main Problems of Philosophy, written in 1910 as the text of a lecture series but left unpublished for over forty years thereafter. That book is aptly titled, for the issues with which Moore deals in it are indeed among the main problems of philosophy. Not least of these are the problems of formulating a general categorial deSCription of the world and then of defending that formulation. However, while I will discuss Moore's work in light of its contribution to this project of taking metaphysical inventory, it is important to note that he, in common with many other major figures in contemporary analytical philosophy, did not approach specific philosophical puzzles with a view to possibly integrating solutions to them into a comprehensive theory about reality as a whole, that is, into what might be called a metaphysical system.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - It is only relatively recently that neurochemists and neurobiologists have shown appreciable interest in the class of macromolecules now generally re ferred to as complex carbohydrates, although gangliosides were, of course, first identified and studied in brain. The glycosaminoglycans fell chiefly within the province of connective-tissue biochemists, and earlier informa tion concerning the structure and metabolism of glycoproteins was largely limited to the more accessible glycoproteins and oligosaccharides (such as those found in plasma, milk, and urine), or ones which are relatively simple to prepare in a soluble and manageable form. Techniques were later devised for the isolation and purification of tightly bound membrane glycoproteins, where initial studies concentrated mainly on the erythrocyte, for which large amounts of a single cell population are available. Because of the structural complexity of nervous tissue and the large numbers, low concentrations, and membrane-bound form of many of its complex carbohydrates, progress has occurred more slowly in this area.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science, having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively few new truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics, biochemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000 pages in a total of about 18 volumes, represents a commitment by a large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in perspective, and to develop an invalua ble reference and sourcebook for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated concepts.