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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The revolution in maternity care: the diverse strands of a complicated tapestry.- Birth attendants and their places of practice.- The practices of attendants before birth.- The practices of attendants around the time of birth.- Maternity care; a public concern.- Evaluating the results of maternity care: statistical instruments.- Mortality of the mother.- Mortality of the child.- Epilogue: drawing fair conclusions from factual evidence.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Expert systems constitute a research area which is currently expanding. This book is based largely on work undertaken for my doctoral thesis and attempts to set out in readily understood language the different methods of knowledge representation used in different systems. How ever, since the field for applications is enormous and touches on many disciplines (engineering science, computing, geology, medicine etc.) only those systems with medical applications are presented. The second part of this book is devoted to detailed discussion of one expert system developed in this department: SPHINX. I wish to thank all those who have given me their support, their criticisms and suggestions: Dominique Fieschi, Michel Joubert, Genevieve Botti, Michel Roux, Jean-Louis Lauriere, as well as the CNRS which supported the ATP Expert Systems Group with an individual grant. Marius Fieschi Foreword This work deals with 'Expert Systems' in the realm of medicine. The phrase 'Expert System' describes an information system not only in terms of its content but also in terms of its application. As with all generic terms, it is condensed to the point where the meaning cannot be guessed from simply reading it. It concerns systems processing knowledge and behaviour in ways close to those of a human expert. In the field of medicine this expert would be the consultant or specialist to whom a family practitioner refers a 'case' which he is unable to diagnose. The study of expert systems is a branch of computer science called artificial intelligence.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - What follows is a sampler of work in knowledge acquisition. It comprises three technical papers and six guest editorials. The technical papers give an in-depth look at some of the important issues and current approaches in knowledge acquisition. The editorials were pro duced by authors who were basically invited to sound off. I've tried to group and order the contributions somewhat coherently. The following annotations emphasize the connections among the separate pieces. Buchanan's editorial starts on the theme of 'Can machine learning offer anything to expert systems ' He emphasizes the practical goals of knowledge acquisition and the challenge of aiming for them. Lenat's editorial briefly describes experience in the development of CYC that straddles both fields. He outlines a two-phase development that relies on an engineering approach early on and aims for a crossover to more automated techniques as the size of the knowledge base increases. Bareiss, Porter, and Murray give the first technical paper. It comes from a laboratory of machine learning researchers who have taken an interest in supporting the development of knowledge bases, with an emphasis on how development changes with the growth of the knowledge base. The paper describes two systems. The first, Protos, adjusts the training it expects and the assistance it provides as its knowledge grows. The second, KI, is a system that helps integrate knowledge into an already very large knowledge base.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - One - Gamed Simulations for Social Scientists.- Gaming in the College Classroom.- Scientific Gaming.- Gamed Simulation.- Social Science Research with Gamed Simulations.- Games Versus Real Life.- The Industrial Revolution.- Starpower.- Research Design.- Stratification in Agrarian and Industrial Society Contrasted.- Findings About Conflict and Change.- What is a Gamed Simulation .- Simulation.- Gamed Simulations.- two - History of Gamed Simulation in Social Science Research.- Inter-Nation Simulation (INS).- Simsoc (Simulated Society).- Starpower.- High School.- Generation Gap.- The Commons Game.- Conclusion.- three - Theory.- Social Structure.- Open and Closed Social Systems.- Implications of Social Structure for Empirical Predictions Concerning Play of Starpower.- Status Characteristics.- The Intergroup Association Block.- The Formation of Interests and Perceptions.- Group Size and the Organization of Interest Groups.- The Second Round.- Rule Change Portion of the Game and Class Conflict.- Mobilization.- Group Interaction.- Rule Changes.- Elite Theory.- Law.- Repression.- Collective Action.- The Results of Repression and Collective Action.- Four - History and Rules of Starpower.- History.- How Starpower is Played.- Transcript of a Play of Starpower.- Five - Operationalization of Concepts of the Theory Model.- The Social Structural Block: Manipulated Variables.- Variables of the Status Characteristics Block.- Round 2.- The Rule Change Portion of the Game.- Round 3.- Six - Hypotheses to be Tested in the Starpower Simulation.- Components of the Theoretical Model.- Round 2.- The End of Round 2.- The Rule Change Portion of the Game.- Round 3.- Summary of the Hypotheses.- Seven - Research Procedures.- The Classroom Groups.- Player Characteristics.- Size ofSocieties.- Size of Social Classes.- Late Arriving Players.- Starpower and the Sociology and Social Anthropology Curriculum.- Game Administration.- Identification Tags.- Player's Logs.- Timing of Rounds.- Standardized Bonus Rounds.- Round 3.- Rule Changes.- Collective Action.- Debriefing.- Summary.- Eight - Qualitative Analysis of Starpower.- The Day We Played Starpower: Observations by a Fictitious Player.- Group Bonus.- Motility.- Rule Changes.- Collective Action.- Comments by Players.- Summary of the Observations.- Nine - Findings from the Quantitative Analysis of Collective Action in Starpower.- Round 1.- Round 2.- Transition Period at the end of Round 2.- Rule Changes.- Verbal Interactions.- Collective Action.- Round 3.- Summary of Data Analysis.- Afterword.- Appendix a - Sample Scoresheet.- References.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Explanations of abnormal behavior that emphasize the importance of physiological determinants of disorder are relatively unpopular among psychologists, especially among those who work as clinicians in an ap~ plied setting. The reasons for this are theoretical and historical, as well as practical. Physiology and its associated biological disciplines of bio~ chemistry, pharmacology, and genetics are traditionally more associated with medicine; their use to underpin explanations and treatments of behavioral abnormality has consequently demanded knowledge to which most psychologists are not exposed and skills that are unavailable to them. The dichotomy thus created between medical and psychologi~ cal approaches has caused many psychologists to disregard physiologi~ cal factors. Even when the latter are recognized as important, many psychologists have been unwilling to admit to the fact, in the belief that by doing so they will commit themselves to an overly medical model of psychological disorder, undermining what they see as preferred views of abnormality. As I have become increasingly aware in following the progress of this book, in the United States the theoretical issues in this debate have been further sharpened by professional rivalries (present but less explicit on the European scene from which I write) between medical and nonmedical health care workers, regarding facilities for and approaches to the treatment of the mentally disturbed. Faced with these divisions of interest, psychologists have available two courses of action.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The function of a filter is to transform a signal into another one more suit able for a given purpose. As such, filters find applications in telecommunica tions, radar, sonar, remote sensing, geophysical signal processing, image pro cessing, and computer vision. Numerous authors have considered deterministic and statistical approaches for the study of passive, active, digital, multidimen sional, and adaptive filters. Most of the filters considered were linear although the theory of nonlinear filters is developing rapidly, as it is evident by the numerous research papers and a few specialized monographs now available. Our research interests in this area created opportunity for cooperation and co authored publications during the past few years in many nonlinear filter families described in this book. As a result of this cooperation and a visit from John Pitas on a research leave at the University of Toronto in September 1988, the idea for this book was first conceived. The difficulty in writing such a mono graph was that the area seemed fragmented and no general theory was available to encompass the many different kinds of filters presented in the literature. However, the similarities of some families of nonlinear filters and the need for such a monograph providing a broad overview of the whole area made the pro ject worthwhile. The result is the book now in your hands, typeset at the Department of Electrical Engineering of the University of Toronto during the summer of 1989.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book brings together research into the process of stream acidification and its impact on Welsh surface waters, carried out over the past decade or so. It is perhaps surprising that not until the 1980's was clear evidence of stream acidification assembled. In Wales, concerns over pollution had focused water quality sampling principally on the areas of traditional heavy industry and large urban popula tions served by inadequate sewerage systems and sewage disposal arrange ments. Mistakenly, it had been assumed that, with its prevailing westerly winds, Wales would receive precipitation substantially unpolluted by the industrial and urban emissions from Britain and mainland Europe. Assurance of the high quality of Welsh upland streams, the traditional nursery ground of salmonids, was eroded particularly by studies in the vicinity of Llyn Brianne reservoir in the catchment of the River Tywi of Central Wales. These demonstrated a clear correspondence between the biological quality and fisheries of streams in the catchment and aspects of stream chemistry, par ticularly pH, aluminium and calcium on the one hand, and catchment land use on the other. It is salutary to record that the first signals were of an inexplicable failure of the runs of migratory salmonids into the upper catchment, occupied by the Llyn Brianne reservoir and its influent streams, and the failure to restore the fishery by re-stocking with eggs and fry. Only then did the significance of the recent decline in some other upland lake and reservoir fisheries in Wales become apparent.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Limnology - the study of inland waters - had its genesis in Europe about the turn of the century. The studies of Fore1 on Lake Geneva were of seminal value at this time. It prospered under the early guidance of Thienemann, Naumann and Wesenberg-Lund in Europe and, soon transplanted, of Birge and Juday in North America (to name just a few early spirits). Now, liminology is a respectable scientific discipline taught at many universities, and limnologists are recognized as important contributors to our understanding of how this fragile spaceship functions. All this acknowledged, it must also be acknowledged that limnology is not yet a globally comprehensive science. To be sure, much is known about globally applicable processes, and the structural elements of aquatic ecosystems worldwide, but limnological emphases, interests and concerns remain essentially European and North American in balance. Much is known about lakes and rivers in less than one fifth of the world's land area (northern temperature regions); rather little is known about inland waters elsewhere.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Inaugural Lecture.- Phenomenology of Life and the New Critique of Reason: From Husserl's Philosophy to the Phenomenology of Life and of the Human Condition.- I Human Life, Existents, Beingness.- The Paradox of Human Life in the Thought of Miguel De Unamuno.- The Current of Living in the Existential-I-Subject According to the Philosophy of J. G. Fichte.- La cause de l'homme: Juste un individu.- Individuality and Universality.- On What Exists.- Ideal Objects and Skepticism: A Polemical Point in Logical Investigations.- II Philosophy of Life in Spanish Philosophical Thought.- Phenomenological 'Life': A New Look at the Philosophical Enterprise in Ortega y Gasset.- Ortega - Phenomenologist.- Ortega's Philosophy and Modern Psychology.- Ortega y Gasset: On Being Liberal in Spain.- Society as Aristocratic: Towards a Clarification of the Meaning of 'Society' in Ortega's The Revolt of the Masses.- III Life and Experience.- The Poetic Instinct of Life.- Creation and the Meaning of Life in the Thinking of Antonio Machado.- Notes on a Phenomenology of the Divine in Maria Zambrano.- IV Creativity, Self-Interpretation-in-Existence and Historical Praxis.- The Auto-Creation of Human Life in the Philosophy of Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka.- Art as Self-Interpretation-in-Existence in Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka.- Self-Interpretation-in-Existence and its Legitimation.- Man's Interpretation of Himself and Historical Praxis.- V Human Communication and Openness in the Life-World.- From the Phenomenological Notion of the World to its Existential Condition.- The Problem of Communication in Merleau-Ponty.- The Human Openness in Xavier Zubiri.- The 'Life-World' and the Crisis of Psychology.- VI From Experience to Interpretation.- The Analytics of the 'Dynamics of Horizons' inHusserl's Analysen zur passiven Synthesis.- The Mirror of Interpretations and Husserlian Discourse.- Maurice Merleau-Ponty's Logic of Ambiguity.- Existence and the Mirror: Reflections on Self-Perception in the Work of Merleau-Ponty.- VII Dialogical Experience and Intersubjectivity in Phenomenological Praxeology: Psychology, Psychiatry, and Medicine.- The Dialogical Experience: Transcendental Intersubjectivity and Communicative Praxis.- Ontologia de la existencia y conciencia moral en E. Tugendhat.- Subjectivity and Transcendence: Husserl's Criticism of Naturalistic Thought.- Aspects of Heidegger's Concept of Thought, Alienation and Enrooting.- Phenomenological Analysis of Autobiographical Texts: A Design Based on Personal Construct Psychology.- Medical Objectivism and Abstract Pathology: Two Critical Texts.- Concluding Part Humanism and the Opening of Reason Toward Life.- Husserl and Sartre: From Phenomenology to Integral Humanism.- Intentionality: Reality, Logos, and Open-endedness.- Phénoménologie explicative et herméneutique dans la philosophie de Maurice Merleau-Ponty.- Index of Names.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Warren J. Samuels Each book in this series explores the present status of its field in terms of where it is, how it got there, the existing tensions within the field, and something of how the field might develop in the future. Each book presumes that work in each field is neither settled nor unequivocal. Each book attempts to comprehend its field as an evolving, developmental process or set or efforts. This particular book, covering neoclassical economics, is the third of three in the field of the History of Economic Thought. The others are Pre-Classical Economic Thought, edited by S. Todd Lowry, and Classical Political Economy, edited by William O. Thweatt. Each one conducts the same kind of analysis as the others in the series, with the understanding that here we are dealing with the history of interpretation, rather than a substantive body of analysis of a certain aspect of the economy: for example, labor or international trade. (That understanding must be com plex and subtle, inasmuch as revision of interpretation of earlier ideas is part of the process-both cause and consequence-of re-analyzing the economy. ) In this group we are interested in how recent and contemporary writers have interpreted the history of economic thought differently, both among themselves and from earlier writers. 1 NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMIC lHEORY 2 Several topics must be discussed to place such work in perspective, in part as it is here applied to the history of the interpretation of neoclassical economics.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The rapid development of optical fiber transmission technology has created the possibility for constructing digital networks that are as ubiquitous as the current voice network but which can carry video, voice, and data in massive qlJantities. How and when such networks will evolve, who will pay for them, and what new applications will use them is anyone's guess. There appears to be no doubt, however, that the trend in telecommunication networks is toward far greater transmission speeds and toward greater heterogeneity in the requirements of different applications. This book treats some of the central problems involved in these networks of the future. First, how does one switch data at speeds orders of magnitude faster than that of existing networks This problem has roots in both classical switching for telephony and in switching for packet networks. There are a number of new twists here, however. The first is that the high speeds necessitate the use of highly parallel processing and place a high premium on computational simplicity. The second is that the required data speeds and allowable delays of different applications differ by many orders of magnitude. The third is that it might be desirable to support both point to point applications and also applications involving broadcast from one source to a large set of destinations.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Presents detailed discussions on the systematic, ecological, and evolutionary implications of the pollination of terrestrial orchids of Southern Australia and the Mediterranean; variation and diversity in deep-sea echinoids; the molecular evolution of the alcohol dehydrogenase genes in Drosophila;

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The traveller to India is urged to visit that country's western shore with the Arabian Sea where, about 300 miles to the south of Bombay, an exceedingly lovely coast reaches the peak of its harmony at the erstwhile Portuguese enclave of Goa. The ambience of this alluring province is an exquisite balance of palm trees and rice fields, aged colonial homes -many still elegant and brightly painted -slowly being swallowed up by the exuberant tropical vegetation, incredible blossoms, colorful and courteous people and, deeper inland, some splendid examples of 17th and 18th century Portuguese ecclesiastical architecture. A feast for the eyes by day, and in the evening enough fresh fish and other good food to satisfy the most demanding gourmet. This was the paradisiacal setting for the first International Conference on the Neural Organization of Sensory Systems (ICONOSS for short), sponsored jointly by the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO), the Tata Institute for Fundamental Research at Bombay, the Department of Atomic Energy of the Government of India, and the Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India. About 100 participants were pleasantly confined at Fort Aguada, a resort cunningly built amongst the ruins of an old Portuguese fort. The conference program achieved an international flavor, recruiting scientists from many nations: India (naturally), Australia, Britain, Canada, Germany, Finland, France, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States of America. The subjects discussed were as diverse as the countries represented.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware.