iwa publishing jun 2004 (5 Ergebnisse)

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Sustainable Water Services: A Procedural Guide is the result of the Sustainable Water industry Asset Resource Decisions (SWARD) project, undertaken by a consortium of UK academics in collaboration with water service providers in Scotland, England and Romania. It has been developed to act as a practical tool to assist with the explicit inclusion of 'sustainability' in the decision-making processes of those responsible for providing water services. The book contains a framework that comprises a set of decision support processes that can be used by water service providers to explicitly incorporate sustainability considerations into their decision-making procedures, through the use of sustainability principles, criteria, indicators and processes. These principles and criteria can be applied at an overall corporate strategic level, for example in the service provider's mission statement, or at an application level, where these strategic principles are being applied to a particular decision. Sustainable Water Services is designed to inform and to provide support for strategic activity, both as a resource containing information about sustainability, and by employing feedback from application to inform the strategic processes of the water service provider. Presents an inclusive and generic set of sustainability criteria for use in water industry decision making processes; Discusses the legislative drivers for sustainable decision making for the UK water industry; Presents clear case study examples of the sustainability framework in action; Discusses the use and applicability of a wide range of tools and techniques for undertaking environmental, economic and social analyses, e.g. life cycle assessment, multi-criteria analysis.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The main objective of this project is to demonstrate that the technology of on line monitoring of waterborne metals by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) at part per billion (ppb) and sub-ppb levels, which has been successfully applied in the power industry for several years, can be applied to water and wastewater treatment plants. A specially designed on line XRF monitor was assembled, tested in the laboratory, and used at the City of Alliance, Ohio Wastewater and Water Treatment Plants from July 2002 until March 2004. At various times through this project, the metals monitored included iron, copper, chromium, nickel, zinc, manganese, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead. The results indicate that XRF on line monitoring of waterborne metals at trace levels is feasible for the influent and effluent of water treatment plants, and the effluent of wastewater treatment plants.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Nitrification kinetics were evaluated in bench-scale batch reactors fed with a synthetic wastewater containing approximately 1,000 mg ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N)/L operated at 5, 10, and 20 day solids retention times (SRTs) and with dewatered biosolids supernatant (1,126 to 1,680 mg NH3-N/L) operated at a 20-day SRT. For the 5- and 10-day SRTs, complete nitrification appeared to be inhibited by the presence of un-ionized ammonia and un-ionized nitrous acid. For the 20-day SRT, near complete nitrification was observed for both substrates. Observed ammonium oxidation rates decreased with increasing SRT. Observed yield coefficients were similar for all SRTs and substrates. Fully established steady-state conditions were observed at higher SRTs despite process start-up and operational considerations. Although it may be possible to culture a nitrifier population capable of near-complete nitrification at lower SRTs, the design configuration and operational strategy must mitigate the potential for un-ionized ammonia and un-ionized nitrous acid inhibition (e.g. process start-up at lower concentration with gradual increase to higher concentration, continuous feed operation, etc.). Batch bioaugmentation analyses were conducted in the mixed liquor suspended solids and final clarifier effluent from a non-nitrifying activated sludge with seed nitrifiers developed from the 20-day SRT reactors and with biomass from a nitrifying trickling filter facility. Ammonia removal was observed in all bioaugmentation analyses with no apparent lag or acclimation period. Observed ammonium oxidation rates were not significantly different between the seed and batch bioaugmentation reactors. Acclimation does not appear to be a critical obstacle for nitrifier bioaugmentation when environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, pH, etc.) between the seed and bioaugmentation processes are not significantly different.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Over the past 20 years, the use of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in the United States has been instrumental in reducing both the detrimental impacts to receiving water quality and the exacerbated flooding caused by urbanization and storm water drainage. More recently, Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) have started to be used in the United Kingdom. Both SUDS and BMPs attempt to mimic the drainage patterns of the natural watershed, and can also provide a degree of treatment needed to improve the quality of the water discharged to an acceptable level. The costs of conventional stormwater collection systems are determined primarily in terms of initial capital expenditure. Long-term maintenance costs are absorbed by stormwater authorities that are responsible for maintaining their infrastructure as part of their 'asset base'. Currently, only a few of these responsibilities exist for BMPs and SUDS, which generally incorporate surface components and are often dependent on landscaping rather than on traditional construction techniques, but may require significant regular maintenance. Any potential adopting organization will require guidance on the maintenance regimes of different types of systems and how such regimes translate into long-term adoption costs. The project is being conducted in two phases. Phase 1, which is the subject of this report, includes a literature review and a survey of stormwater authorities and organizations in the U.S. and U.K. to identify the most commonly used BMPs and SUDS and to determine the availability of data on their cost and performance. Phase 1 also involves establishment of protocols for whole-life costs and performance data for BMPs and SUDS. Protocols for whole-life costs will be published separately. An additional outcome of Phase 1 will be the selection of a limited number of BMPs and SUDS authorities or sites for qualitative or quantitative monitoring and further assessment during Phase 2.As part of Phase 2, the operation of selected BMPs and SUDS will be monitored over a one-year period in terms of pollutant removal and hydrologic/hydraulic efficiency, and applicability of their design criteria and maintenance regime. The protocols developed in Phase 1 will be used to assess BMPs/SUDS performance and whole-life costs.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Water auditing is a method of quantifying water flows and quality in simple or complex systems, with a view to reducing water usage and often saving money on otherwise unnecessary water use. There is an increasing awareness around the globe of the centrality of water to our lives. This awareness crosses political and social boundaries. In many places people have difficult access to drinking water. Often it is polluted. Water auditing is a mechanism for conserving water, which will grow in significance in the future as demand for water increases. Water Auditing and Water Conservation is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in environmental engineering and science programs, water auditors and professionals in the water field, especially those motivated by quantitative water conservation needs. There is a strong emphasis on principles, and on the relationship of water auditing with associated activities like environmental auditing, environmental management systems, resource conservation, flow measurement, water quality and legal frameworks. Alongside the theoretical materials we integrate field experience from professionals. Chapters outline the processes and issues at stake in a variety of typical applications (arenas) in which water auditing are conducted. These include buildings (interior and exterior), landscape, external commercial applications requiring irrigation, aquatic centres, material transport by water, cooling systems and non-metal manufacturing (e.g. paper manufacture). This book will lead the prospective water auditor to a sufficiently thorough knowledge of water auditing to be able to apply the principles to many situations and make recommendations for water conservation measures.