Physical principles involved transistor (8 Ergebnisse)
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute thi…s work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface.We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Weitere BilderVerlag: American Physical Society (American Institute of Physics), Lancaster, PA and New York, N.Y., 1949
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In den WarenkorbWraps. Zustand: Very Good. First Edition. First Edition. [1115]-1338 pages. 10 1/2 x 7 7/8 inches. Original green printed wraps. Bump to the base of the spine panel, some creasing to the covers, minor overall wear, small tear to the bottom wrapper, tiny chip to wrapper corner bottom wrapper, browning and minor tearing to the spi…ne panel. Clean internally. Wraps. We offer the first comprehensive report on the transistor in the Physical Review. This important article was published in both the Bell System Technical Journal and [as here] the Physical Review in April 1949 (no known precedence). In our experience the Physical Review version is more difficult to find than the BSTJ. Both are getting increasing difficult to find in original wrappers. "The first comprehensive report on the transistor [as here], which had been announced in three brief papers published in the Physical Review in the previous year. The transistor gradually replaced the bulkier vacuum tube, allowing heat reduction and miniaturization of electronic deviecs. Transistors began to be employed on a large scale in computer manufacturing in the late 1950s; they were eventually miniaturized and incorporated into microprocessors. Bardeen and Brattain shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics with William Shockley.for their investigations of semiconductors (the materials of which transistors are made) and for their discovery of the transistor. " (Origins of Cyberspace) LITERATURE: Hook and Norman, Origins of Cyberspace, #450 (referencing the Bell System Technical Journal publication) COLLECTORS NOTES: This paper was first presented (in part) at the Chicago meeting of the American Physical Society, Nov. 26 and 27, 1948. Shockley and the authors presented a paper on 'The Electronic Theory of the Transistor" at the Berkeley meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Nov 15-17, 1948. While received by the publishing arm of the Bell Telephone Laboratories Dec. 27, 1948, this paper was first published in April in BOTH the Bell System Technical Journal 28, No. 2 (April 1949) AND [as here] The Physical Review Vol 75, pp. 1208-1225 (April 15, 1949). There is no known precedence between the Bell System Technical Journal appearance and the Physical Review appearance.
Weitere BilderVerlag: Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, 1949
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In den WarenkorbWraps. Zustand: Very Good. First Separate Edition. First Separate Edition. 18, [2 (blank)] pages. 10 7/8 x 8 3/8 inches. Original blue and gray printed wrappers with 5 hole punches at the spine (as issued). A touch of wear to the extremities, and offsetting to rear panel (apparently from an adjacent Bell Monograph). Front cover…clean, rear soiled. Clean internally. Wraps. This paper was first presented (in part) at the Chicago meeting of the American Physical Society, Nov. 26 and 27, 1948. While received by the publishing arm of the Bell Telephone Laboratories Dec. 27, 1948, this paper was first published in April in BOTH the Bell System Technical Journal 28, No. 2 (April 1949) AND The Physical Review Vol 75, pp. 1208-1225 (April 15, 1949). Since no one had yet found an offprint of either the Physical Review or BSTJ papers, we previously documented this Monograph as the first separate edition ("the closest one could get to an offprint of this paper"). But a kind customer just showed us his copy of the Physical Review offprint which is fantastic. Failing the discovery of a similar offprint from the BSTJ, the Physical Review offprint must precede the Bell System Monograph B-1659 offered here, since nearly all papers we know of were published in the Bell System Monograph series later than the BSTJ. We have lowered the price accordingly given the new publishing history. "The first comprehensive report on the transistor, which had been announced in three brief papers published in the Physical Review in the previous year. The transistor gradually replaced the bulkier vacuum tube, allowing heat reduction and miniaturization of electronic deviecs. Transistors began to be employed on a large scale in computer manufacturing in the late 1950s; they were eventually miniaturized and incorporated into microprocessors. Bardeen and Brattain shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics with William Shockley.for their investigations of semiconductors (the materials of which transistors are made) and for their discovery of the transistor. " (Origins of Cyberspace) LITERATURE: Hook and Norman, Origins of Cyberspace, #450 (referencing the Bell System Technical Journal publication) COLLECTORS NOTES: The Bell Telephone System Monograph series offered a way to obtain individual articles by Bell scientists regardless of where their work was first published. Many Monographs significantly postdate the original article publication. Because of this, they rarely constitute the coveted (and traditional) article offprint. If the journal of record issued no offprint, the Monograph might be the first separate publication - the closest the collector can come to a traditional offprint. We have done our best to place each Monograph properly in the article's publishing history and welcome any corrections or additional information, especially regarding issues unknown to us.
Weitere BilderVerlag: American Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York, 1949
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In den WarenkorbZustand des Schutzumschlags: Hardcover. First edition. THE INVENTION OF THE TRANSISTOR. First edition, journal issue in original printed wrappers, of the first comprehensive report on the transistor, one of the most important inventions of the 20th Century. "In the 1930s, Bell Labs scientists were trying to use ultrahigh frequen…cy waves for telephone communications, and needed a more reliable detection method than the vacuum tube, which proved incapable of picking up rapid vibrations . John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley spearheaded the Bell Labs effort to develop a new means of amplification," developing, by 1948, a novel device that would effectively amplify and control electric signals. "At roughly half an inch high, the first transistor was huge by today's standards, when 7 million transistors can fit onto a single silicon chip. But it was the very first solid state device capable of doing the amplification work of a vacuum tube, earning Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. More significantly, it spawned an entire industry and ushered in the Information Age, revolutionizing global society" (The American Physical Society). The invention of the transistor was first announced in three short letters by Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley, and Pearson, in The Physical Review (July 1948). The following year Bardeen and Brattain published the more comprehensive report 'Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action'. This paper was simultaneously published, the same month, in The Physical Review and The Bell System Technical Journal. Offered here is the Bell printing [no priority established]. In 1956 Bardeen and Brattain shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with William Shockley "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". In 1972 Bardeen again received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the development of the theory of superconductivity (BCS-theory), and thus became the only person, until this day, to receive the Nobel Prize more than once in the same field. Provenance: Regnar Holfrid Svensson (1910-90), Swedish engineer and inventor (signature to front wrapper). "The first patent for the field-effect transistor principle was filed in Canada by Austrian-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld on October 22, 1925, but Lilienfeld published no research articles about his devices, and his work was ignored by industry. In 1934 German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented another field-effect transistor. There is no direct evidence that these devices were built, but later work in the 1990s show that one of Lilienfeld's designs worked as described and gave substantial gain. Legal papers from the Bell Labs patent show that William Shockley and a co-worker at Bell Labs, Gerald Pearson, had built operational versions from Lilienfeld's patents, yet they never referenced this work in any of their later research papers or historical articles. "The Bell Labs work on the transistor emerged from war-time efforts to produce extremely pure germanium 'crystal' mixer diodes, used in radar units as a frequency mixer element in microwave radar receivers. UK researchers had produced models using a tungsten filament on a germanium disk, but these were difficult to manufacture and not particularly robust. Bell's version was a single-crystal design that was both smaller and completely solid. A parallel project on germanium diodes at Purdue University succeeded in producing the good-quality germanium semiconducting crystals that were used at Bell Labs. Early tube-based circuits did not switch fast enough for this role, leading the Bell team to use solid-state diodes instead. After the war, Shockley decided to attempt the building of a triode-like semiconductor device. He secured funding and lab space, and went to work on the problem with Bardeen and Brattain. John Bardeen eventually developed a new branch of quantum mechanics known as surface physics to account for the 'odd' behavior they saw, and Bardeen and Walter Bratta.
Weitere BilderPhysical Principles Involved in Transistor Action WITH Hole Injection in Germanium - Quantitative Studies and Filamentary Transistors WITH The Theory of P-n Junctions in Semiconductors and P-n Junction Transistors
Bardeen, J.; Brattain, W. H. ; Shockley, W. ; Pearson, G.L ; Haynes, J. R. ; Shannon, Claude
Verlag: American Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York, 1949
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In den WarenkorbCloth. Zustand: Near Fine. First Edition. First Edition. viii, 753 pages. 8vo. Dark blue/black cloth with replaced endpapers. Page edges speckled. Spine lettering "Bell System Technical Journal" | "Vol 28, 1949". Ex-libris "P. Caporale" with owner's name lettered on front panel and signature on front pastedown endpaper. This vol…ume includes all 4 quarterly issues of the Bell System Technical Journal for 1949. Original wrappers are not bound in as is often the case. A sound copy. Cloth. Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect." The first paper referenced here, 'Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action' is the classic paper on the subject, here in it's original publication format. The same paper was published simultaneously in the April 15, 1949 issue of the Physical Review. This volume also contains a paper by Claude Shannon 'Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems' which was originally published in a classified memorandum 'A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography' in Sept 1, 1945. It was declassified, and published here for the first time publically. There are also other papers on the transistor, and papers by other Bell System researchers. The Bell System Research Labs functioned as a rich incubator during this period, turning out key developments across many technologies. The Bell System Technical Journal is an important journal of record for research in electronics, physics, communications theory, and mathematics. Shannon, Collected Papers #24 (original memorandum publication) and #25 (this publication, which is noted as superceding the original memorandum). Origins of Cyberspace 450.
1. Physical principles involved in transistor action. 2. The theory of p-n junctions in semiconductors and p-n junction transistors. 3. Communication theory of secrecy systems
Bardeen, John; Brattain, Walter; Shockley, William; Shannon, Claude
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In den WarenkorbFirst edition. First Comprehensive Report on the Transistor, with Shannon's Foundation of Modern Cryptography (1) Bardeen, John (1908-91) and Brattain, Walter (1902-87). Physical principles involved in transistor action. In Bell System Technical Journal 28, no. 2 (April 1949): 239-77. (2) Shockley, William (1910-89). The theory…of p-n junctions in semiconductors and p-n junction transistors. In ibid.: 435-89. (3) Shannon, Claude (1916-2001). Communication theory of secrecy systems. In ibid.: 656-715. Whole volume. iv, 753, [1], v-viii pp. Illustrated. 221 x 148 mm. Library buckram. Very good. Library stamps and label on endpapers. (1) First Editions. No. (1), Bardeen and Brattain's paper, is the first comprehensive report on the point-contact transistor, created in December 1947 and announced in three brief papers published in the Physical Review in 1948. The transistor gradually replaced the bulkier vacuum tube, allowing heat reduction and miniaturization of electronic devices. Transistors began to be employed on a large scale in computer manufacturing in the late 1950s; they were eventually miniaturized and incorporated into microprocessors. Bardeen and Brattain shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics with William Shockley (see below) for their investigations of semiconductors (the materials of which transistors are made) and for their discovery of the transistor. Origins of Cyberspace 450. No. (2) is a detailed account of the junction transistor invented by Shockley shortly after Bardeen and Brattain's invention of the point-contact transistor. Shockley's design marked a substantial improvement over the point-contact transistor, whose "delicate mechanical configuration would be difficult to manufacture in high volume with sufficient reliability" (Computer History Museum, "The silicon engine: A timeline of semiconductors in computers" [internet reference]). Shockley disagreed with Bardeen and Brattain's explanation of how the transistor worked, claiming that "positively charged holes could also penetrate through the bulk germanium material-not only trickle along a surface layer. Called 'minority carrier injection,' this phenomenon was crucial to operation of his junction transistor, a three-layer sandwich of n-type and p-type semiconductors separated by p-n junctions. This is how all 'bipolar' junction transistors work today" (ibid.). Bell Laboratories began manufacturing junction transistors in quantity in 1951; they dominated the market for many years. Magill, Nobel Prize Winners: Physics, pp. 675-704. No. (3), Shannon's discussion of cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory, "is one of the foundational treatments (arguably the foundational treatment) of modern cryptography. It is also a proof that all theoretically unbreakable ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad [a secret random key used only once]" (Wikipedia). Shannon published an earlier version of his cryptography research in the classified report A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography (Memorandum MM 45-110-02, Bell Laboratories, Sept. 1, 1945). Shannon, Collected Papers, no. 25. .
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In den WarenkorbNew York: Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1949. 8vo. The entire April issue in original printed wrappers offered. Spine strips with some wear. Small rubberstamp on front wrapper. Otherwise fine. First edition. The first comprehensive report to describe the transistor - one of the most important inventions of the 20th Century. The i…nvention of the transistor was first announced in three short letters by Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley, and Pearson, in The Physical Review (Number 2 Volume 74, 1948). The following year Bardeen and Brattain published the more comprehensive report "Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action" [as offered here]. This paper was simultaneously published, the same month, in The Physical Review (Number 8 volume 75). In 1956 Bardeen and Brattain shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with William Shockley "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". In 1972 Bardeen again received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the development of the theory of superconductivity (BCS-theory), and thus became the only person, until this day, to receive the Nobel Prize more than once in the same field. Hook & Norman: Origins of Cyberspace, No. 450.
