Containment underground nuclear explosions (11 Ergebnisse)
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Zustand: New. KlappentextrnrnUnlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketc.
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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware.
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Verlag: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 1995
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In den WarenkorbTrade paperback. Zustand: Very good. Presumed First Edition, First printing. x, 726, [41] pages. Illustrations. Appendix. Index. Cover creased and otherwise has slight wear and soiling. This was prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Site Office. Distribution was authorized to… U.S. Government agencies and their contractors; Test and Evaluation. Distribution limited was deemed removed/lapsed as copies were identified as available on the Internet. This book is a history of the design and implementation of the containment of the United States' underground nuclear test program told as a first person narrative by the people who actually did the work. The successes and failures of these tests are still affecting us today. The science of the containment of U.S. underground nuclear tests is documented through a series of interviews of leading containment scientists and engineers. The science of containment of the radioactive by-products of a nuclear detonation exists only because because there was a period of time from 1957 to 1992 when nuclear detonations were carried out underground by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France. Dr. Carothers spent the bulk of his career at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He retired in 1991 but served as the Laboratory Archivist from 1992 to 1999 when he fully retired due to health issues. Dr. Carothers was one of the icons at the Nevada Test Site. Underground nuclear testing is the test detonation of nuclear weapons that is performed underground. When the device being tested is buried at sufficient depth, the explosion may be contained, with no release of radioactive materials to the atmosphere. The extreme heat and pressure of an underground nuclear explosion causes changes in the surrounding rock. The rock closest to the location of the test is vaporized, forming a cavity. Farther away, there are zones of crushed, cracked, and irreversibly strained rock. Following the explosion, the rock above the cavity may collapse, forming a rubble chimney. If this chimney reaches the surface, a bowl-shaped subsidence crater may form. The first underground test took place in 1951; further tests provided information that eventually led to the signing of the Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963, which banned all nuclear tests except for those performed underground. From then until the signing of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996, most nuclear tests were performed underground, in order to prevent nuclear fallout from entering into the atmosphere. Following analysis of underwater detonations that were part of Operation Crossroads in 1946, inquiries were made regarding the possible military value of an underground explosion ] The Joint Chiefs of Staff thus obtained the agreement of the Atomic Energy Commission to perform experiments on both surface and sub-surface detonations. The island of Amchitka was initially selected for these tests in 1950, but the site was later deemed unsuitable and the tests were moved to the Nevada Test Site. The first underground nuclear test was conducted on 29 November 1951. This was the 1.2 kiloton Buster-Jangle Uncle, which detonated 5.2 m (17 ft) beneath ground level. The test was designed as a scaled-down investigation of the effects of a 23 kiloton ground penetrating gun-type device that was then being considered for use as a cratering and bunker-buster weapon. The explosion resulted in a cloud that rose to 3,500 m (11,500 ft), and deposited fallout to the north and north-northeast. The resulting crater was 79 m (260 ft) wide and 16 m (53 ft) deep. The next underground test was Teapot Ess, on 23 March 1955. The 1 kiloton explosion was an operational test of an atomic demolition munition (ADM). It was detonated 20.4 m (67 ft) underground, in a shaft lined with corrugated steel, which was then back-filled with sandbags and dirt. Because the ADM was buried underground, the explosion blew tons of earth upwards, creating a crater 91 m (300 ft) wide and 39 m (128 ft) dee.
Verlag: University of California, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 1968
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In den WarenkorbStaplebound. Zustand: Good. No Dust Jacket issued. Presumed First Edition, First printing. iv, 49, [1] pages. Figures. Tables. Formulae. References. Name in ink on front cover. Pencil number at bottom of the front cover. Larry Germain was born Oct. 26, 1923, in Fresno, California. He earned a doctorate in physics in June 1949 wi…th a thesis related to cosmic ray-mesotrons. He spent his summers working with Nobel Prize winner Earnest Orlando Lawrence's group at UC Berkeley. This research group moved to Livermore in the fall of 1952 to form what is now the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Germain rejoined this group full-time after the 1952-53. At LLNL, Germain designed fission weapons and took an active role in their testing in the Pacific Proving Grounds and later at the Nevada Test Site, when underground testing was required by the Limited Test Ban Treaty. In 1971, he supported the U.S. delegation in Geneva, Switzerland, engaging in the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT). He also led the Lab's efforts to contain all nuclear radiation underground, and in 1975, became the division leader of the Earth Sciences Division. In 1976, Germain transferred to the Los Alamos National Laboratory where his extensive knowledge and experience were leveraged in supporting a broad range of issues ranging from nuclear testing to geothermal energy and special projects for the laboratory director. Upon retiring from the national laboratories in 1985, he continued for several years as a consultant with R & D Associates on contracts with the Defense Nuclear Agency. James (Jack) Steven Kahn was a former Laboratory associate director. He received a bachelor's of science in geology from City College of New York, a master's degree in statistics from Pennsylvania State University and a Ph.D. in geophysics from the University of Chicago. Kahn began his career as a professor of geology at the University of Rhode Island in 1956. He left the university in 1960 to join the chemistry division at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (then the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory). Kahn worked on the Pluto project, an attempt to build a nuclear-powered rocket and the Plowshare program, a project aimed at using nuclear explosives for civil applications. In 1971 he became the deputy leader of K Division. He next worked to establish the first Human Resources department at LLNL, and became the deputy associate director of Human Resources and Laboratory Relations in 1976. He followed that role as associate director for the nuclear test program in 1978, before moving to the position as the Laboratory associate director in 1980. As the Laboratory associate director, Kahn served as director in then-Director Roger Batzel's absence. The laboratory was founded as the University of California Radiation Laboratory in 1931 by Ernest Orlando Lawrence, a University of California Berkeley physicist who won the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the cyclotron, a circular particle accelerator that opened the door to high-energy physics. It is a United States Department of Energy National Laboratory, operated by the University of California. In 1971, the name was changed to Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and the Livermore campus became the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. This document will deal with some aspects of the phenomenology of underground nuclear explosions. It is divided into four general sections. First, we shall examine the rather extensive history of routine underground explosions and note that, from a pragmatic point of view, a nuclear explosion can be contained by putting it underground. Those few cases where some radioactivity was released will be examined to see if they can be categorized or if there were extenuating circumstances. Second, we shall describe the calculation of early time phenomenology the interactions between a nuclear explosion and the media surrounding it during the first few tenths of a second after the explosion. We shall attempt to substantiate these calculations by showing how well they agree with actual.
