Categories human learning (13 Ergebnisse)

Hardcover. Zustand: Very Good. No Jacket. Missing dust jacket; May have limited writing in cover pages. Pages are unmarked. ~ ThriftBooks: Read More, Spend Less.

Hardcover. Zustand: Used: Very Good. 1st ed. Very good but flyleaf ripped out, 356pp.

gebundene Ausgabe. Zustand: Gut. 356 Seiten; Das hier angebotene Buch stammt aus einer teilaufgelösten Bibliothek und kann die entsprechenden Kennzeichnungen aufweisen (Rückenschild, Instituts-Stempel.); der Buchzustand ist ansonsten ordentlich und dem Alter entsprechend gut. Einband folienkaschiert. In ENGLISCHER Sprache. Sprache: Englisch Gewicht in Gramm: 805.…

Zustand: Good. 1965. 3rd Printing. 356 pages. Beige and green jacket over beige cloth. Pages and binding are presentable with no major defects. Minor issues present such as mild cracking, inscriptions, inserts, light foxing, tanning and thumb marking. Overall a good condition item. Boards have mild shelf wear with light rubbing and corner bumping. Some light marking and tanning. Unclipped jacket has light edge-wear with minor tears and chipping. Mild rubbing and marking. Light tanning to spine and edges.…

Zustand: Good. This is an ex-library book and may have the usual library/used-book markings inside.This book has hardback covers. In good all round condition. No dust jacket. Please note the Image in this listing is a stock photo and may not match the covers of the actual item,850grams, ISBN.

Zustand: Good. Good condition. No Dust Jacket (Psychology, Education, Concepts) A copy that has been read but remains intact. May contain markings such as bookplates, stamps, limited notes and highlighting, or a few light stains.

Hardcover. Zustand: Very Good. First Edition. First Edition, First Printing. Published by Academic Press, 1964. Octavo. Hardcover. Book is very good with previous owner name blacked out on front flyleaf. No dust jacket.100% positive feedback. 30 day money back guarantee. NEXT DAY SHIPPING! Excellent customer service. Please email with any questions. All books packed carefully and ship with free delivery confirmation/tracking. All books come with free bookmarks. Ships from Sag Harbor, New York.…

Zustand: Poor. This is an ex-library book and may have the usual library/used-book markings inside.This book has hardback covers. In poor condition, suitable as a reading copy. No dust jacket. Please note the Image in this listing is a stock photo and may not match the covers of the actual item,850grams, ISBN.…

Hardcover. Zustand: Good. Edited by Arhtur W. Melton. Ex library book. With dust jacket.

Paperback. Zustand: Brand New. 372 pages. 9.25x6.00x0.84 inches. In Stock.

Zustand: Gut. Zustand: Gut | Seiten: 372 | Sprache: Englisch | Produktart: Bücher | Keine Beschreibung verfügbar.

Zustand: gut. 1979. Mackal analyzes, systematizes, and reflects upon the dominant psychological frameworks used to explain human aggression. His reflections offer a critical synthesis of biological, drive-based, situational, and social learning models.Core Classifications of Aggression Theories According to MackalMackal structures the different theoretical movements in psychology into four main categories to make the causes and mechanisms of aggressive behavior understandable:1. Instinct and Drive Theories (Innate/Instinctual Approaches)These approaches view aggression as an inherent, biologically predetermined human trait.Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud): Aggression stems from the death drive (Thanatos). This destructive energy is directed outward to prevent the individual from destroying themselves.Ethology (Konrad Lorenz): Aggression is understood as an evolutionary, survival-oriented instinct. According to his hydraulic model, aggressive energy continuously builds up and discharges spontaneously when triggered by environmental cues.2. Reactive and Frustration Theories (Reactive Approaches)Unlike pure drive models, these theories view aggression as a psychological reaction to unpleasant external events.Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis (Dollard, Miller et al.): Originally, this theory stated that all aggression is caused by frustration (the blocking of a goal-directed activity) and that every frustration inevitably leads to aggression.Cognitive Neoassociation Model (Leonard Berkowitz): Berkowitz expanded the frustration model. He posited that frustration creates a negative affect (anger). Whether this turns into actual aggression depends on cognitive evaluations and environmental cues (e.g., the presence of weapons).3. Learning Theories (Learning Approaches)Here, aggression is not seen as biologically determined, but as an acquired behavioral pattern.Behaviorism (Operant Conditioning): Aggressive behavior is repeated if it is reinforced by positive consequences (success, social status) or negative reinforcement (avoiding pain).Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura): Aggression is primarily learned through observing and imitating role models. This was famously demonstrated in the Bobo Doll Experiment, where children mimicked adult violence toward an inflatable doll.4. Cognitive ApproachesThese modern models focus on internal human information processing.Script Theory: Throughout life, individuals learn "aggressive scripts" (mental blueprints). These scripts dictate how they should react during social conflicts.Mackal's Social Psychological Reflection and CriticismThe defining feature of Mackal's book is the meta-perspective he adopts as a social psychologist. He evaluates these theories based on their empirical validity and societal relevance:Skepticism Toward Biological Determinism: Mackal warns against overemphasizing purely biological and genetic approaches. Because humans are social beings, complex phenomena like war, racism, or institutional violence cannot be explained solely by evolutionary drives.The Role of Social Context: He emphasizes that aggression must always be analyzed as an interaction between the individual and their environment (situation, culture, social norms).Methodological Limitations: Mackal reflects on the ethical and practical challenges of researching aggression in a laboratory. Since researchers cannot cause real harm to participants, studies often rely on artificial proxy measurements, which limits their real-world applicability.Summary of ImpactMackal's work serves as an important historical and theoretical foundation. It highlights how psychology shifted from rigid, pessimistic drive models (Freud/Lorenz) toward dynamic, adaptable frameworks (Bandura/Berkowitz) that view aggression as a malleableand therefore preventablebehavior. EAN (ISBN-13): 9780444853509 ISBN (ISBN-10): 0444853502 Gebundene Ausgabe Erscheinungsjahr: 1979 Herausgeber: Elsevier Science Ltd ISBN/EAN: 0444853502 ISBN: 0-444-85350-2, 978-0-444-85350-9 Psychological Theories of Aggression: A Social Psychologist's Reflections About Aggression. Psychology Aggressions Aggressionen Psychologie Pädagogik In englischer Sprache. 216 pages.…

Zustand: Gut. Zustand: Gut | Sprache: Englisch | Produktart: Bücher | Keine Beschreibung verfügbar.