russell principia mathematica, Erstausgabe (29 Ergebnisse)

Zustand: Sehr gut. 430 (2) Seiten. 18 cm. Umschlaggestaltung: Celestino Piatti. Sehr guter Zustand. Ein Standardwerk der Philosophiegeschichte: Bertrand Russell schildert die Entwicklung der Philosophie anhand der herausragenden Denker und vor dem Hintergrund der politischen und kulturellen Ereignisse. Er führt durch die wichtigsten Stationen des abendländischen Denkens und die Turbulenzen der europäischen Geschichte. - Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3. Earl Russell (* 18. Mai 1872 bei Trellech, Monmouthshire, Wales; 2. Februar 1970 in Penrhyndeudraeth, Gwynedd, Wales), war ein britischer Philosoph, Mathematiker und Logiker. Zusammen mit Alfred N. Whitehead veröffentlichte er mit den Principia Mathematica eines der bedeutendsten Werke des 20. Jahrhunderts über die Grundlagen der Mathematik. Er gilt als einer der Väter der Analytischen Philosophie. Als weltweit bekannter Aktivist für Frieden und Abrüstung war er eine Leitfigur des Pazifismus, auch wenn er selbst kein strikter Pazifist war. Bertrand Russell unterrichtete unter anderem am Trinity College der Universität Cambridge, in Harvard und Peking und war Mitglied der Cambridge Apostles. Der Liberale und Rationalist, der eine Vielzahl von Werken zu philosophischen, mathematischen und gesellschaftlichen Themen verfasste, erhielt 1950 den Nobelpreis für Literatur. . Aus: wikipedia-Bertrand_Russell. Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 280 Taschenbuch. Kartoniert. Laminiert. Glanzfolienkaschierung. Überarbeitete Ausgabe. Taschenbucherstausgabe.

Zustand: Wie neu. Erstausgabe. 199 (1) Seiten. 17 cm. Umschlaggestaltung: Johannes Hartmann. Sehr guter Zustand. Frisches Exemplar. Wie ungelesen. Klappentext: - Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) ist vor allem als Autor der »Principia Mathematica« bekannt, die er zusammen mit seinem Schüler Bertrand Russell verfasste. Whiteheads eigentliche Leistung besteht jedoch in seinen umfangreichen Schriften zur Naturphilosophie. Zwar begann er als Mathematiker und Physiker, doch richteten sich seine Interessen später immer stärker auf Theologie und Kosmologie. Sein Anspruch war es, ein die gesamte Wirklichkeit umfassendes System zu entwickeln, das der naturwissenschaftlichen Erfahrung ebenso Rechnung trägt wie der ästhetischen, religiösen und ethischen. - Alfred North Whitehead OM (* 15. Februar 1861 in Ramsgate; 30. Dezember 1947 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) war ein britischer Philosoph und Mathematiker. Bekannt wurde Alfred Whitehead durch das Standardwerk Principia Mathematica" über Logik, das er zusammen mit seinem langjährigen Schüler und Freund Bertrand Russell zwischen 1911 und 1913 in drei Bänden veröffentlichte. Es stellte den Versuch dar, im Sinne des logizistischen Programmes alle wahren mathematischen Aussagen und Beweise auf eine symbolische Logik zurückzuführen. Obwohl ein geplanter vierter Band nicht mehr veröffentlicht wurde und die Frage, ob der Versuch selbst erfolgreich war, weiterhin kontrovers diskutiert wird, wurde Principia Mathematica" zu einem der einflussreichsten Bücher der Geschichte der Mathematik und Logik. In seiner Londoner Zeit von 1911 bis 1924 machte Whitehead sich einen Namen als Naturphilosoph, als Wissenschaftstheoretiker, als Kritiker der Ausbildung an Großbritanniens Universitäten und als Autor mehrerer Bücher über Erziehung. Nach seiner Berufung an die Harvard University im Jahr 1924 konnte er sich ganz der weiteren Ausarbeitung seiner prozessphilosophischen Metaphysik widmen. Als sein philosophisches Hauptwerk gilt Process and Reality" (1929), in dem er seiner Philosophy of Organism" die Form gab, die später auch zur Grundlage der Prozesstheologie wurde. Darin strukturiert er auf der Grundlage der Rationalität und Kohärenz die Wirklichkeit als einen Organismus, der sich in elementaren Ereignissen vollzieht und sich in einer evolutionären Entwicklung befindet. Obwohl die philosophische Sekundärliteratur zu Whitehead umfangreich ist, ist der Einfluss seiner Metaphysik auf die akademische Philosophie bis heute bescheiden geblieben. . . . Aus: wikipedia-Alfred_North_Whitehead. -- Michael Hauskeller ist Associate Professor an der University of Exeter. Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 240 Taschenbuch. Kartoniert. Laminiert. Glanzfolienkaschierung.

kart. Zustand: Gut. 1. Aufl. 167 S. ; 18 cm Erste Auflage, Papier lichtbedingt nachgedunkelt. ISBN 9783518281932 Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 119.

Zustand: Sehr gut. 1. Aufl. 120 S. Sauber erhalten. - Kindheit im Richmond Park -- Ein "Apostel" in Cambridge -- Erste Ehe -- Barocke Pläne -- Es scheint so? - Nein! Es ist so! -- Zurück zum gesunden Menschenverstand -- Intellektueller honeymoon -- Antinomien -- Principia Mathematica -- "Die Philosophie braucht eine wissenschaftliche Methode" -- Von Kant zu Kant -- Erster Weltkrieg: "Ich wußte, daß es meine Aufgabe sei, zu protestieren" -- Eine Reise mit Theorie -- Beacon Hill School -- "Der Pferdefuß des Wüstlings" -- Das "Einstein-Russell-Manifest" Ein Meilenstein im Kampf für den Frieden -- Das Ziel: Massenbewegung gegen den Atomkrieg -- Briefe, Humor und anderes -- Das Vietnam-Tribunal -- "Wofür ich gelebt habe". Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 550 Originalleinen mit Schutzumschlag.

VIII, 167 S., 1 Bl. Orig.-Kartoniert. Erste deutsche Ausgabe. - Gutes Exemplar.

Zustand: Gut. 1. dt. Auflage. XXXV; 283 S.; 21,5 cm. Gutes Ex.; Einband etwas berieben; innen Bleistift-Anstreichungen / Ex. aus der Bibliothek von Dr. H. J. Koloß / Völkerkunde-Museum Berlin. - Deutsche EA / SELTEN. - Alfred North Whiteheads Philosophie, die sich in ein kühnes metaphysisches Gebäude ausweitet, ist der wissenschaftlichen Problematik entwachsen. Sie sucht nie ihren Mutterboden zu verleugnen. Whitehead selbst gehört in die lange Reihe der Wissenschafterphilosophen, die bis in die Antike zurückreicht und in Descartes und Leibniz ihre letzten bedeutenden Repräsentanten gefunden hatte. Sein Denken ist der großartige Versuch, die verlorene Einheit von Philosophie und Naturwissenschaft wiederherzustellen. Wir sind besonders seit der Heraufkunft des deutschen Idealismus gewohnt, diese beiden Gebiete als völlig disparat zu betrachten. . (V) // Alfred North Whitehead (* 15. Februar 1861 in Ramsgate; 30. Dezember 1947 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) war ein britischer Philosoph und Mathematiker. Bekannt wurde Alfred Whitehead durch das Standardwerk Principia Mathematica" über Logik, das er zusammen mit seinem langjährigen Schüler und Freund Bertrand Russell zwischen 1910 und 1913 in drei Bänden veröffentlichte. Es stellt den Versuch dar, im Sinne des logizistischen Programmes alle wahren mathematischen Aussagen und Beweise auf eine symbolische Logik zurückzuführen. Obwohl ein geplanter vierter Band nicht mehr veröffentlicht wurde und die Frage, ob der Versuch selbst erfolgreich war, weiterhin kontrovers diskutiert wird, wurde Principia Mathematica" zu einem der einflussreichsten Bücher der Geschichte der Mathematik und Logik. . (wiki) // INHALT : Einleitung. -- Vorwort. -- 1. Kapitel. Die Ursprünge der modernen Wissenschaft -- 2. Kapitel. Mathematik als Element in der Geschichte des Denkens. -- 5. Kapitel. Das Jahrhundert der Genialität. -- 4. Kapitel. Das achtzehnte Jahrhundert. -- 5. Kapitel. Die romantische Reaktion.-- 6. Kapitel. Das neunzehnte Jahrhundert. -- 7. Kapitel. Relativität. -- 8. Kapitel. Die Quantentheorie. -- 9. Kapitel. Wissenschaft und Philosophie. -- 10. Kapitel. Abstraktion. -- 11. Kapitel. Gott. -- 12. Kapitel. Religion und Wissenschaft. -- 13. Kapitel. Voraussetzungen des sozialen Fortschritts -- Nachwort des Herausgebers. -- Index. Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 550.

Kt. Zustand: Gut. 1. Aufl. LXII, 237 S. ; 190 mm x 122 mm Gebrauchtes Exemplar in gutem Zustand. Eintragungen mit Bleistift auf wenigen Seiten. Früher mit der ISBN 3787316027 - Dem Versuch, die These zu stützen, daß Logik und Mathematik eins seien, hat Russell mehrere Bücher gewidmet, unter anderem das dreibändige, gemeinsam mit A. N. Whitehead verfaßte Werk "Principia Mathematica" (1910-1913). Die "Einführung in die mathematische Philosophie" faßt die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen zusammen, ohne Kenntnisse der mathematischen Symbolik vorauszusetzen. Sie ist zuweilen und mit Recht "eine bewundernswerte Exposition des Monumentalwerks Principia Mathematica" genannt worden; und sie ist zugleich etwas anderes, insofern sie eine relativ eigenständige Einführung in die Grundlagen der Mathematik und der Erkenntnistheorie darstellt. Das Buch entstand 1918 im Gefängnis von Brixton, wo Russell eine sechsmonatige Haftstrafe für seine pazifistische Tätigkeit während des 1. Weltkrieges absaß. Es ist sehr anregend zu lesen, wie beinahe alles, was Bertrand Russell geschrieben hat, und es ist ein Buch von der Art, wie es nur jemand wie Russell schreiben kann, wenn er im Gefängnis sitzt und keine Hilfsmittel hat und sich daher entschließt, allen technischen Ballast abzustreifen. Anders als die heute üblichen Texte im Bereich der Philosophie der Mathematik läßt Russell seine Leser immer an seinem Denken teilhaben, an seinen Vermutungen und Irrtümern und an der Begeisterung, die er bei der Beschäftigung mit seinem Gegenstand empfindet. Da er einer der herausragenden Protagonisten des modernen wissenschaftlichen Empirismus und einer der Begründer der heute dominierenden Philosophie der Mathematik ist, gewinnt man auf diese Weise aus seinen Schriften einen einzigartigen Einblick in die Wechselfälle und Ideen der erkenntnistheoretischen und logischen Diskussionen dieses Jahrhunderts. Die Ausgabe bietet eine revidierte Fassung der deutschen Übersetzung des in den 20er Jahren prominenten Mathematikers E. J. Gumbel sowie W. Gordon. Michael Otte stellt in seiner Einleitung die Russellsche Genialität in den Kontext der Gesamtproblematik, wie sie Wissenschaftstheorie, Erkenntnistheorie und Philosophie der Mathematik seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts beschäftigt. - Wir versenden aus unserem deutschen Lager heraus in plastikfreien oder wiederverwendeten Polstertaschen. Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 259.

Hardcover. Zustand: Fine. Zustand des Schutzumschlags: Near Fine. First edition. 8vo. [5], vi-xi, [4], 4-249, [3] pp. Bound in brown cloth with labyrinth design stamped in gold on the front board and gold lettering on the spine. Price of $12.50 on the front flap of the dust jacket. Translated and edited, with a biographical sketch and bibliography, by Hubert C. Kennedy. An English translation of some of Peano's best known works. Kline 988-989. Peano is one of the key figures in modern mathematical logic, best known for the Peano postulates, the (still) standard set of axioms he proposed as the basis for arithmetic capturing in a formal way the mathematical definition of the natural numbers. Russell famously cited the infuence of Peano based on a conference he attended with Peano in 1900 during which the precision and formal approach of Peano and his students impressed Russell greatly. This experience was an important influence on his work on both Principle of Mathematics and (with Whitehead) on Principia Mathematica. Peano made a number of important contributions to the foundations of mathematics which are well-represented in this collection. A very sharp copy of this important book in the history of mathematics. A Fine book in a bright Near Fine dust jacket with a few hints of rubbing.

First edition, first impression; 8vo (23 x 15 cm); dated ownership inscription in pen to front free endpaper recto, printed author's compliments slip tipped-in below, small tear to free endpaper gutter-margin repaired in tape, light spotting; publisher's blue cloth ruled in blind, spine lettered in gilt, fore-edge uncut, small split to foot of upper joint, spine ends and corners slightly rubbed, very good; xvi, [2], 311, [1]pp. A rare, family association copy of Bertrand Russell's first major philosophical work. With the dated ownership inscription of Hannah Pearsall Smith (1832-1911), Russell's mother-in-law whom he came to think 'one of the wickedest people I had ever known' (Autobiography) from his marriage to his first wife Alys Pearsall Smith, in pen to the front free endpaper, the printed author's compliment slip tipped-in below. The Philosophy of Leibniz arose out of a series of lectures given by Russell at Cambridge during the Lent term of 1899. It was published the following year with some alteration of text and an appendix of 'leading passages' extracted from Leibniz's works and translated into English by Russell in support of his exposition. The work marks a major turning-point in Russell's intellectual career away from the British idealism fostered in his undergraduate years towards his initial advances in mathematical logic that resulted ten-years later in the Principia Mathematica and the development of the analytic school of philosophy. In the book Russell presents what he describes as 'a reconstruction of the system which Leibniz should have written' (p.2), two fundamental tenets of which are that 'all sound philosophy should begin with an analysis of propositions' (p.8) and that 'every proposition has a subject and a predicate' (p.14). The first of these Russell accepts, the second he rejects, leading him to claim that if Leibniz had admitted the existence of relational propositions, he would have had no case for denying, as he did, the reality of relations (ODNB). 'Accident led me to read Leibniz, because he had to be lectured upon, and McTaggart wanted to go to New Zealand, so that the College asked me to take his place so far as this one course concerned. In the study and criticism of Leibniz I found occasion to exemplify the new views on logic to which, largely under Moore's guidance, I had been led' (Autobiography). Blackwell/Ruja A4.1a.

First edition of volume one and second editions of volumes two and three, in the rare dust jackets of Russell and Whitehead's monumental work. Octavo, three volumes, original cloth. Rare and desirable. Probably named after Isaac Newton's great work, "Principia Mathematica was Whitehead and Russell s detailed account of their logicist thesis that mathematics could be derived solely from logical concepts and by logical methods [it] has had an influence, direct and indirect, of near Newtonian proportions upon the spheres of its chief influence: mathematical logic, set theory, the foundations of mathematics, linguistic analysis and analytical philosophy" (Grattan-Guinness, p. 89). "Whether they know it or not, all modern logicians are the heirs of Whitehead and Russell" (Palgrave, p. 20). In very good to near fine condition with volumes two and three in the rare original dust jackets, endpapers renewed to volume one.

First edition of this work by the Nobel Prize-winning author in which he summarizes his philosophical beliefs and explains how they changed during his life. Octavo, original cloth. Signed by Bertrand Russell on the half-title page. Fine in a near fine dust jacket. Uncommon signed. Russell gives an account of his philosophical development. He describes his Hegelian period and includes hitherto unpublished notes for a Hegelian philosophy of science. He deals next with the two-fold revolution involved with his abandonment of idealism and adoption of a mathematical logic founded upon that of Giuseppe Peano. After two chapters on Principia Mathematica (1910-1913), he passes to the problems of perception as dealt with in Our Knowledge of the External World (1914). In a chapter on âThe Impact of Wittgensteinâ, Russell examines what he now thinks must be accepted and what rejected in that philosopher's work. He notes the changes from earlier theories required by the adoption of William James's view that sensation is not essentially relational and is not per se a form of knowledge. In an explanatory chapter, he endeavours to remove misconceptions of and objections to his theories as to the relation of perception to scientific knowledge.

First edition. 8vo. xiii, [1], 586 pp., frontispiece black and white photographic portrait of Frege. Original quarter grey cloth with purple cloth covered boards, spine and front cover lettered in black, dust jacket (neat ownership inscription to front free endpaper, faint spotting to top edge, jacket price clipped, unobtrusive tape reinforcements to rear turn-in joint, notwithstanding an excellent copy). Urbana, Chicago and London, University of Illinois Press. An imposing collection of 31 essays on Gottlob Frege divided into three sections on 'Frege's Ontology', 'Frege's Semantics', and 'Frege's Logic and Philosophy of Mathematics'. The distinguished list of contributors includes Bertrand Russell, W.V. Quine, John R. Searle, G.E.M. Anscombe, Max Black, Peter T. Geach, Michael Dummett, and Gustav Bergmann, amongst others.  The collection is appended by three important essays by Frege in English translation that were not included in the earlier collections of translations by Geach and Black. Frege's influence on Wittgenstein and Russell in particular cannot be overstated, and in his and Whitehead's preface to the Principia Mathematica (1910) Russell declared that, "in all questions of logical analysis our chief debt is to Frege".

Translated and Edited by Ignacio Angelelli. First edition in English. 8vo. xxi, [1], 101, [1] pp. Original red cloth, spine lettered in gilt, dust jacket. A fine copy. Dordrecht-Holland, D. Reidel Publishing Company. These two papers by B.V. Birjukov on Frege expound the history of logic within the sphere of Soviet Studies. This translation is intended to  'make accessible, for those who do not read Russian, a certainly original contribution to the rapidly increasing Fregean Bibliography.' (Ignacio Angelilli) Frege's influence on Wittgenstein and Russell in particular cannot be overstated, and in his and Whitehead's preface to the Principia Mathematica (1910) Russell declared that, 'in all questions of logical analysis our chief debt is to Frege'.

Wien, Julius Springer, 1929. 8vo. Bound in a contemporary full cloth with black leather titel label with gilt lettering to front board. Ex-libris pasted on to pasted down front free end paper. A fine and clean copy. VI, 114 pp. First edition of Carnap's Abriss der Logistik which constitutes one of very first textbooks in modern logic, the influence of which was immense. The basic purpose of Carnap's publication is to make the logical system, from Russell and Whitehead's seminal work within mathematical logic, Principia Mathematica, available to a broader audience. "While published a year after Hilbert and Ackermann's more prominent Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik [1928], Carnap's Abriss - essentially finished in 1927, largely independant of Grundzüge, and circulated widely - also had significant influence, especially in Vienna, where Carnap taught at the time." (Creath, The Cambridge companion to Carnap. P. 181).Carnap himself wrote about Abriss: "In 1924 I wrote the first version of the later book, Abriss der Logistik . It was based on Principia. Its main purpose was to give not only a system of symbolic logic, but also to show its application for the analysis of concepts and the construction of deductive systems".Rudolf Carnap was an influential German philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a famous advocate of logical positivism.

Wien, Julius Springer, 1929. 8vo. Bound in a contemporary full cloth with red title label with gilt lettering to spine. Previous owner's name [Bent Schultzer, Danish professor in philosophy] to title page. A fine and clean copy. VI, 114 pp. First edition of Carnap's Abriss der Logistik which constitutes one of very first textbooks in modern logic, the influence of which was immense. The basic purpose of Carnap's publication is to make the logical system, from Russell and Whitehead's seminal work within mathematical logic, Principia Mathematica, available to a broader audience. "While published a year after Hilbert and Ackermann's more prominent Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik [1928], Carnap's Abriss - essentially finished in 1927, largely independant of Grundzüge, and circulated widely - also had significant influence, especially in Vienna, where Carnap taught at the time." (Creath, The Cambridge companion to Carnap. P. 181).Carnap himself wrote about Abriss: "In 1924 I wrote the first version of the later book, Abriss der Logistik . It was based on Principia. Its main purpose was to give not only a system of symbolic logic, but also to show its application for the analysis of concepts and the construction of deductive systems".Rudolf Carnap was an influential German philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a famous advocate of logical positivism.

Paris, Georges Carré et C. Naud, 1901. Royal8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt and with gilt lettering. Small stamp at foot of titlepage and last leaf. VIII,230,(2) pp. With the ownership-signature of the noted Danish logician Jørgen Jørgensen to front free endpaper. Clean and fine. First edition of Peano's third version - the third volume - of his Formulario-project aiming at presenting all mathematical axioms and results in a clear form always using his five axioms and thereby rewrites all known mathematics in a symbolic form and thus provide a key to a satisfactory solution to the questions of the foundations of mathematics. The logical notations used by Peano were used and developed by Whitehead and Russell in their "Principia Mathematica" of 1910."In 1892 he announced in the Rivista the Formulario project, which was to take much of his mathematical and editorial energies for the next sixteen years. He hoped that the result of this project would be the publication of a collection of all known theorems in the various branches of mathematics. The notations of his mathematical logic were to be used, and proofs of the theorems were to be given. There were five editions of the Formulario (the offered item being the third). The first appeared in 1895" the last was completed in 1908, and contained some 4,200 theorems (the item offered). But Peano was less interested in logic as a science per se than in logic as used in mathematics. (For this reason he called his system "mathematical logic.") Thus the last two editions of the Formulario introduce sections on logic only as it is needed in the proofs of mathematical theorems." (DSB).The famous Italian mathematician, logical philosopher, pioneer of symbolic logic, and a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, Giuseppe Peano (1858 -1932) studied mathematics at the University of Turin, where he was employed just after graduating (1880), and where he stayed almost all of his life, devoting this to mathematics. After having graduated with honours, he was employed to assist first Enrico D'Ovidio, and then the renowned Angelo Genocchi, who possessed the chair of Infinitesimal calculus. In 1890 Peano became extraordinary professor, and in 1895 ordinary professor, of infinitesimal calculus at the Unversity of Turin.

Original offprint of a paper read by Ramsey to the London Mathematical Society on December 13 1928, "primarily concerned with a special case of one of the problems of mathematical logic, the problem of finding a regular procedure to determine the truth or falsity of any given logical formula" p. 264.) This problem is commonly known as the Entscheidungsproblem, or "decision problem", and had been a source of keen debate among logicians before it was proven by Kurt Gödel in 1931 and Alonzo Church in 1936 that David Hilbert, and the other members of the formalist school of anti-logistic mathematics, were mistaken: all arithmetic systems must contain propositions which are not provable in that system. "Ramsey's main interest in mathematics was in its foundations. His 'The foundations of mathematics', read to the London Mathematical Society on 12 November 1925, was the culmination of the reduction of mathematics to logic undertaken in Russell's and Whitehead's Principia mathematica (1913). On mathematics itself he published only eight pages, 'On a problem of formal logic' (read to the London Mathematical Society on 13 December 1928), but this has since become the basis of a branch of mathematics known as Ramsey theory" (OBNB.) Risse III, 132. Octavo, pages [263]-286 + final blank leaf. Wire-stitched as issued in printed grey paper wrappers. Staples slightly corroded, else a very good copy.

First edition, first printing, presentation copy, inscribed by the author to the philosopher Alfred North Whitehead on the front free endpaper: "To Professor A. N. Whitehead with the esteem of Ernest Nagel". The American philosopher Ernest Nagel (1901-1985), a major contributor to the field of logical positivism, contributed reviews of Whitehead's works in philosophical journals, and wrote his obituary in The Nation (14 February 1948). Nagel's Principles on the Theory of Probability was printed in the series International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, as the sixth number of vol. I. The Encyclopedia was an ambitious project by the Vienna Circle, of which Nagel was a part, to provide a journal unifying the various branches of philosophy and science. The English philosopher Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) was a seminal figure in process philosophy, and together with Bertrand Russell, wrote Principia Mathematica (1910-13), widely credited as among the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. Octavo. Original blue wrappers, front cover lettered in black. Light toning to extremities, wear at spine ends, short tear at head of spine. A very good copy.

Zustand: Very Good+. First Edition. First edition, first printing. A fantastic association copy, signed by Alfred North Whitehead on the title page. Additionally inscribed on the front free endpaper, "Compliments to Mr. [Fletcher Thompson] Rahke [signed] Charles Hartshorne." Finally, beneath Hartshorne's inscription is an ownership inscription from Rahke, "F. T. Rahke - Chi. U. '36", followed by "This book contains the personal autograph of Whitehead, and is very valuable to me. F.T.R." Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) was instrumental in pioneering the approach to metaphysics now known as process philosophy. Hartshorne was a doctoral student of Whitehead, who served as his assistant during the most metaphysically creative period of the Englishman's career. He was an early follower of Whitehead at University of Chicago Divinity School, where professors such as Hartshorne made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the divinity school. Additionally, Hartshorne is noted for developing Alfred North Whitehead's process philosophy into process theology. Bound in publisher's dark blue cloth lettered in gilt; lacking the dust jacket. Very Good+ with light fading to spine and edges, slight rubbing to gilt lettering, and minor soiling to boards. Contents lightly tanned and with a scattered marks in pencil and a light cigar smoke odor. Whitehead is best-known for co-authoring landmark mathematical treatise Principia Mathematica with Bertrand Russell. Books signed by Whitehead are scarce.

The rare first edition of Tarski's seminal monograph 'The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages'. 'Tarski discovered interconnections between such diverse areas of mathematics as logic, algebra, set theory, and measure theory. He brought clarity and precision to the semantics of mathematical logic, and in so doing he legitimised semantic concepts, such as truth and definability, that had been stigmatised by the logical paradoxes. Tarski's famous work on definitions of truth in formalised languages (1933-1935) gave the notion of satisfaction of a sentence in a structure for first-order logic, second-order logic, and so on. This work had a profound influence on philosophers concerned with mathematics, science, and linguistics' (DSB). 'Tarski's main contribution of the decade was his definition of truth. He claimed to have found the essential components by 1929, and they were stated without proof in the short paper [Der Wahrheitsbegriff in den Sprachen der deduktiven Disziplinen, 1932] communicated to the Vienna Academy in January 1932 which Carnap had seen. The first long version appeared in Polish as a book in 1933. Acknowledging the work of Lesniewski on semantic categories, Tarski began by pondering the definability of truth for natural languages, and decided against it, especially because of unavoidable paradoxes; he stated a version of the liar paradox due to Lukasiewicz based upon giving the sentence 'c it not true' the name 'c'. But he saw a chance for a definition in a formal language by distinguishing it from a 'second language, called the metalanguage (which may contain the first as a part)' and belonging to a 'second theory which we shall call the metatheory'. This is seemingly the origin of those names: Carnap, to whom 'object language' is due, mistakenly credited himself with 'metalanguage' much later. The distinction was essential to Tarski's theory, since the truth was a property in the metalanguage of a sentence correctly expressing some state of affairs in the object language: 'it is snowing' is a true sentence if and only if it is 'snowing'. 'Making use of recursive definitions, Tarski constructed a predicate calculus for the metalanguage, imitating the structure of the one in the object language. In order to ease the use of recursion, he worked with sentential functions rather than sentences: 'for all [objects] a, we have a satisfies the sentential function 'x is white' if and only if a is white.' The crucial property was 'satisfaction of a sentential function by a sequence of objects' in some domain, for from it he defined truth for any formal language with a finite number of orders of semantic category in terms of satisfaction by any sub-sequence in that domain. The background influence of Principia Mathematica was explicit in his analogy between categories and simple types, and maybe in his decision to work with sentential functions. 'Comparing Tarski with Godel, some of his techniques, and the impossibility result, correlate with incompletability and numbering; hence he was anxious to emphasise the independence of his own work, pointedly so in his Vienna note. However, his proof allowed for denumerably infinite sequences, while Godel's was finitary. Another contrast lies in Russell's understanding: Godel's theorem always escaped him, but Tarski's definition was described in his Inquiry' (Grattan-Guinness, The Search for Mathematical Roots, pp. 551-553).

Newell, Allen (1927-92); Herbert Simon (1916-2001). The logic theory machine: A complex information processing system. Reproduced typescript. Offprint from IRE Transactions on Information Theory IT-2 (September 1956). 61-79pp. 278 x 218 mm. Without wrappers as issued. Punched for a 3-ring binder. Boxed. Light toning, slight edgewear and creasing, but very good. First Edition, Offprint Issue. Extremely rare. During 1955 and 1956 computer scientist and cognitive psychologist Allen Newell, political scientist, economist and sociologist Herbert A. Simon and systems programmer John Clifford Shaw, all working at the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, California, developed the Logic Theorist, the first program deliberately engineered to mimic the problem-solving skills of a human being. They decided to write a program that could prove theorems in the propositional calculus like those in Principia Mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. As Simon later wrote, "LT was based on the system of Principia mathematica, largely because a copy of that work happened to sit in my bookshelf. There was no intention of making a contribution to symbolic logic, and the system of Principia was sufficiently outmoded by that time as to be inappropriate for that purpose. For us, the important consideration was not the precise task, but its suitability for demonstrating that a computer could discover problem solutions in a complex nonnumerical domain by heuristic search that used humanoid heuristics" (Simon, "Allen Newell: 1927-1992," Annals of the History of Computing 20 [1998]: 68). The collaborators wrote the first version of the program by hand on 3 x 5-inch cards. As Simon recalled: "In January 1956, we assembled my wife and three children together with some graduate students. To each member of the group, we gave one of the cards, so that each one became, in effect, a component of the computer program . . . Here was nature imitating art imitating nature" (quoted in the Wikipedia article on Logic Theorist). The team showed that the program could prove theorems as well as a talented mathematician. Eventually Shaw was able to run the program on the computer at RAND's Santa Monica facility. It proved 38 of the first 52 theorems in Principia Mathematica. For Theorem 2.85 the Logic Theorist surpassed its inventors' expectations by finding a new and better proof. This was the "the first foray by artificial intelligence research into high-order intellectual processes" (Feigenbaum and Feldman, Computers and Thought [1963]). Newell and Simon first described the Logic Theorist in Rand Corporation report P-868 issued on June 15, 1956, entitled The Logic Theory Machine. A Complex Information Processing System. As far as we know, no copy of that report has ever appeared in commerce. The report was first officially published in September, 1956 under the same title in IRE Transactions on Information Theory IT-2, 61-79. Newell and Simon demonstrated the program at the Dartmouth Summer Session on Artificial Intelligence (August-September 1956) in which AI was formally named Artificial Intelligence. Origins of Cyberspace 815 (journal issue). .

First edition of Peano's most important work, containing the "first statement of his famous postulates for the natural numbers, perhaps the best known of all of his creations. Arithmetices principia made important innovations in logical notation, such as 'E' for set membership and a new notation for universal quantification. Indeed, much of Peano's notation found its way, either directly or in a somewhat modified form, into mid-twentieth century logic" (DSB). "Peano's most important contribution to the development of the theory and practice of the axiomatic method was his system of axioms for the arithmetic of the natural numbers. On the basis of his axiomatization, Peano constructed the entire theory of natural numbers. In particular, he showed how the elementary theorems of arithmetic can be obtained from his axioms" (Styazhkin). Peano's approach to the foundations of mathematics profoundly influenced Bertrand Russell. After hearing Peano's lectures at the International Congress of Philosophy held in Paris in the summer of 1900, Russell rewrote his Principles of Mathematics using Peano's notation and methods. This later evolved into the epoch-making Principia mathematica, co-written with Alfred North Whitehead. See Styazhkin, History of Mathematical Logic from Leibniz to Peano, 1969, pp. 278-9. Octavo (238 x 158 mm), xvi, 20 pages. Original printed wrappers. Spine skilfully repaired with archival tissue, wrappers a little chipped with some expert restoration, first and last leaves guarded in the gutter. Publisher's repricing stamp in red to front panel, contemporary ownership inscription in ink to title, Iowa State University Library withdrawn stamp to title and final leaf; a very good copy.

First editions, an exceptionally rare presentation copy, inscribed by Whitehead on the front free endpapers of volumes I and II to his only sister, Shirley Maria Whitehead (1858-1943), "S.M.W. from A.N.W.", and dated "March 13 / 12" in the second volume (preceding publication in April). In 1891 Shirley Maria married Alfred's former Sherborne School mathematics master, the Rev. John Blanch (1842-1907), whom Alfred held in high esteem - in 1898 he presented him with an inscribed copy of his first book, Treatise on Universal Algebra with Applications. The marriage however is recorded as unhappy by Victor Lowe in his biography of Whitehead, and Blanch died by suicide in 1907, before the publication of the Principia Mathematica. Shirley continued to reside in Cambridge, where both Russell and Whitehead studied, and where they collaborated in writing the Principia. To our knowledge the only other presentation copy to have appeared on the market was that in the collection of Haskell F. Norman, which was presented to the mathematical philosopher Philip Jourdain. That copy, however, had only presentation slips from the publisher, rather than being inscribed directly by an author as here - it garnered $129,000 in the Norman sale in 1998. The authors are known to have sent complimentary copies to the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, of which they both were or had been Fellows, to R. G. Hawtrey, who checked over some of the text while it was in preparation, to G. G. Berry, a clerk at the Bodleian Library with remarkable abilities in mathematical logic, and to Jourdain. The University Press sent copies to G. Peano, G. Frege, L. Couturat, J. Royce, W. E. Johnson (who had examined the manuscript for the Press), E. W. Hobson, and A. R. Forsyth. We cannot trace the location of any of these copies, other than Jourdain's and the copy remaining in Trinity College, Cambridge. In the Principia, Whitehead and Russell attempted to construct "the whole body of mathematical doctrine by logical deduction from the basis of a small number of primitive ideas and a small number of primitive principles of logical inference" (DSB, XII, p. 14). This 'logicist' position holds that mathematics is as a branch of logic, and thus "that a separate philosophy of mathematics does not exist, a view contradicting the Kantian doctrine that mathematical proofs depend on a priori forms of intuition. the three colossal volumes of Principia Mathematica. formed the greatest single contribution to symbolic logic for the time" (ODNB). Russell wrote to Helen Flexner that he doubted anyone would read it all the way through, and it is renowned for its extraordinary complexity and impenetrability, yet nonetheless, it has been correctly called "one of the most impressive intellectual monuments of the twentieth century" (ibid.). A fourth volume, dealing with the applications to geometry, was planned but never finished, as both men turned their attention away from mathematics and towards philosophy. Aside from the desirable presentation, this is one of only 500 possible complete sets - the first volume was printed in 750 copies, but the publishers reduced the printings of volumes II and III to 500 copies each. John Slater, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto and editor of The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, suggests that there are probably fewer than 50 sets surviving in private hands. Blackwell & Ruja A9.1a; Church, Bibliography of Symbolic Logic, 194.1-3 (one of a handful of works marked by Church as being "of especial interest or importance"); Martin 101.01-03. Victor Lowe, Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and His Work, vol. I, 2020. 3 vols, large octavo. Original dark blue cloth, spines lettered in gilt and ruled in blind, rules continuing to covers in blind; joints and extremities neatly restored. Housed in custom morocco-entry blue cloth slipcase. Bookplate of South-west Essex Technical College and School of Art Library to front pastedowns of vol. I and II (active 1938-1970, absorbed into the North East London Polytechnic), their stamp to vol. I and II titles, every hundredth page from p. 5 on, and rear free endpapers and fore edges (vol. III without such markings and likely sometime supplied). Vol. I: endpapers toned with slight abrasion to front pastedown, upper outer corner a little bumped, two short closed tears at foot of first text leaf. Vol. II: restoration at upper outer corner of front free endpaper with loss to the "W" in the inscription. Vol. III with front free endpapers replaced, bump to lower outer corner. All three vols a little rubbed and sometime polished, vol. III a little more visibly. Contents clean aside from library markings. A very good set.

Cambridge, at the University Press, 1903. Royal 8vo. Original blue full cloth binding, all edges uncut. Capitals and upper front hinge with a bit of wear and corners a little bumped. But otherwise a very nice copy. Internally fresh and clean. XXIX, (1), 534 pp. The uncommon first edition of Russell's landmark work in mathematical logic, in which theory of logicism is put forth and in which Russell introduces that which is now known as "Russell's Paradox". The work constitutes the forerunner of Russell and Whitehead's monumental "Principia Mathematica", and it seminally influenced logical thought and theories of the foundations of mathematics at this most crucial time for the development of modern mathematical and philosophical logic."The present work has two main objects. One of these, the proof that all pure mathematics deals exclusively with concepts definable in terms of a very small number of fundamental logical concepts, and that its propositions are deducible from a very small number of fundamental logical principles, is undertaken in Parts II. - VI. Of this Volume, and will be established by strict symbolic reasoning in Volume II. . The other object of the work, which occupies Part I., is the explanation of the fundamental concepts which mathematics accepts as indefinable. ." (Russell, Preface, p. (III)).At the age of 27, in 1898, Russell began working on the book that became "The Principles of Mathematics". He originally set out to investigate the contradiction that is inherent in the nature of number, and he originally imagined doing this from a Hegelian standpoint. However, after having read Whitehead's "Universal Algebra", Russell gave up his Hegelian approach and began working on a book that was to be entitled "An Analysis of Mathematical Reasoning". This book never appeared, as he gave it up in 1900, but much of it is what lies at the foundation of "The Principles of Mathematics". After having attended a congress in Paris in 1899, where Peano was present, Russell began rewriting large parts of the work, now with the aim of proving that all of mathematics could be reduced to a few logical concepts, that that which is called mathematics is in reality nothing but later deductions from logical premises. And thus he had developed his landmark thesis that mathematics and logic are identical" a thesis that came to have a profound influence on logic and the foundations of mathematics throughout the 20th century.Since the congress, Russell had worked with the greatest of enthusiasm, and he finished the manuscript on the 31st of December 1900. However, in the spring of 1901, he discovered "The Contradiction", or as it is now called, "Russell's Paradox". Russell had been studying Cantor's proof, and in his own words, the paradox emerged thus: "Before taking leave of fundamental questions, it is necessary to examine more in detail the singular contradiction, already mentioned, with regard to predicates not predictable of themselves. Before attempting to solve this puzzle, it will be well to make some deductions connected with it, and to state it in various different forms. I may mention that I was led to endeavour to reconcile Cantor's proof that there can be no greatest cardinal number with the very plausible supposition that the class of all termes (which we have seen to be essential to all formal propositions) has necessarily the greatest possible number of members." (p. 101). The class of all classes that are not members of themselves, is this class a member of itself or not? The question was unanswerable (if it is, then it isn't, and if it isn't, then it is) and thus a paradox, and not just any paradox, this was a paradox of the greatest importance. Since, when using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by contradiction, this discovery naturally sparked a huge number of works within logic, set theory, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of mathematics, etc. Russell's own solution to the problem was his "theory of types", also developed in 1903.In December 1902 Russell had come to the point where he could write a preface, and the book finally appeared in May 1903. It was printed in merely 1.000 copies, and although it was well received, it was not a bestseller at its appearance. By 1909 the last copies of the first run were at the bookbinders. However, the book did play an enormous role in the development of mathematical and philosophical logic as well as the foundation of mathematics throughout the 20th century. Wittgentein's immense interest in the philosophy of logic stems from his reading of the present work and from Frege's "Foundations of Arithmetic", and no logician could neglect the impact of this seminal work, which still counts as one of the most important philosophical and logical works of the 20th century. The book also played an important part in spreading the works of Cantor and Frege to the English-speaking world. In 1903 the Spectator wrote "we should say that Mr. Russell has an inherited place in literature or statesmanship waiting for him if he will condescend to come down to the common day." Shearman's review in Mind hailed it as the most important work since Boole's "Laws of Thought". "Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 - d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist, and social critic, best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Along with G.E. Moore, Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of analytic philosophy. Along with Kurt Gödel, he is also regularly credited with being one of the two most important logicians of the twentieth century." (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).Russell had actually planned to write a second volume of the work, but as the contents of this further development woul.

First Edition. First edition. Three volumes. ix, [5], 666; xxxiv, 772; x, 491 pp. Bound in publisher's navy cloth, spines lettered in gilt; housed in custom folding cloth box. Good condition overall. Unsophisticated copies, pleasantly not-ex-library (very uncommon in commerce thus), but certainly fragile. Rubbing to lettering, staining and edge wear to cloth, boards exposed at extremities; contents toned, brittle with age, and sometimes faintly foxed. Hinges of Vol. I starting; rear board split at head but holding; a few pages detached; about a fifth of pp.1-2 torn off but retained; circular tear to last several leaves of the volume. Vol. II has occasional marginal chipping including to lower corners of about 160 pages, not affecting text; tiny wormholes to inner margins of prelims; hinges worn with a few pages detached. Vol. III cloth chipped along edges; bump to bottom inner corner of textblock. A truly rare first edition of one of the major intellectual landmarks of the 20th century. It marked a milestone in the evolution of mathematical logic, upon which the development of computers and the information sciences would depend, by attempting to construct "the whole body of mathematical doctrine by logical deduction from the basis of a small number of primitive ideas and a small number of primitive principles of logical inference" (DSB, XII, p. 14). In the discipline of philosophy this work represents a culmination of centuries of empiricist and rationalist discourse, an ambitious masterwork.

Breslau, Wilhelm Koebner, 1884 8vo. Contemporary paper boards. Paper labels over spine. Extremities worn, but tight and fine. A stamp to end-paper and to verso of title-page. Title-page and end-papers with light brownspotting, and some leaves with marginal markings, otherwise very nice and clean. Inscribed to front free end-paper. (10), XI, (1), 119, (1) pp. The rare first edition with a handwritten presentation-inscription from Frege ("Freundschaftlichst/ überreicht vom/ Verfasser.") of this pioneering work of modern logic, which constitutes the starting point of analytic philosophy, of the philosophy of mathematics, and of logicism. This cornerstone of modern logic was pivotal to the development of the two main disciplines: the foundation of mathematics and the foundation of philosophy, and with it, Frege founded the discipline of logicism. The work profoundly influenced Russell and Wittgenstein, who both used Frege's "The Foundations of Arithmetic" as a steppingstone for their own work (e.g. In the preface of the "Principia Mathematica" Russell and Whitehead state that "In all questions of logical analysis our chief debt is to Frege" (p. VIII).).Frege presentation-copies are of the utmost scarcity and hardly ever enter the market. "The Foundations of Arithmetic" arguably constitutes Frege's main work, as it is here that he expounds the central notions of his philosophy while severely and effectively criticizing his predecessors and contemporaries. It is here that he deals with the actual goal of all his thought, namely TO BUILD MATHEMATICS AS AN EXTENSION OF LOGIC. The book represents the first philosophically sound discussion of the concept of number in Western civilization, and it profoundly influenced developments in the philosophy of mathematics and in general ontology.Beginning thus: "When we ask someone what the number one is, or what the symbol "I" means, we get as a rule the answer "Why, a thing". And if we go on to point out that the proposition "the number is a thing" is not a definition, because it has the definite article on one side and the indefinite on the other, or that it only assigns the number one to the class of things, without stating which thing it is, then we shall very likely be invited to select something for ourselves - anything we please - to call one.". ("F.o.A" Introduction), Frege goes on to argue that number is something connected with an assertion concerning a concept - and essential for the notion of number is that of equality of a number. The definition that he settled upon, and which became of fundamental importance to the development of modern logic and the foundations of philosophy and mathematics was "The number which belongs to the concept "F" is the extension of the concept of being equal to the concept "F"."" here, equality of concepts is understood as the existence of a one-to-one correspondence between their extensions. "Foundations of Arithmetic" (1884) provided an impressive definition of number in logical terms, after having criticized several empiricist, formalist and psychologistic approaches to mathematics. The definition was constructed in terms of properties of concepts rather than through classes. Thus, the number of a class was introduced as the number which applies to a given concept, and this last as the extension of the concept "equinumerous with the given concept", which can be defined in terms of bijective correspondence between sets." (Grattan-Guinness I: p. 621). "The name of Frege has become one of the most honoured in the history of mathematics. The central feature of the book is the development of the definition of number. There can be no doubt about the greatness of this work" (W.H. McCrea - review of the English translation)."Its epochal character in the attempt to put mathematical concepts on a rigorously logical basis has been realized in this country from the beginning of this century, thanks to the writings of Russell and Whitehead." (The Times Literary Supplement - review of the English translation). "The modern philosophy of mathematics is characterized by the fact that various schools have been formed to overcome the difficulties occasioned by the antinomies. The oldest of these schools is LOGICISM and goes back to FREGE, one of the most significant logicians of all times." (Stegmüller, p. 326).

Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1934. Original full red cloth with gilt line-borders to boards, original dust-jacket, somewhat worn, with a red label over the price and chips and nicks to extremities. Minor loss to corners of dust-jacket, and a large loss of upper part of spine of dust-jacket (ca. 6 x 2 cm), thus lacking the title to spine of dust-jacket, and leaving the cloth of the same part of the spine sunned and the gilding of the title on spine almost faded off. Some soiling to dust-jacket. Internally nice and clean. X, (2), 204 pp. An excellent presentation copy of this scarce first edition of the great logician's first book, which is the published version of his doctoral thesis, hailed by Whitehead as a landmark in the history of symbolic logic.Inscribed by Quine "To F. Gomes Cassidy, historian of/ languages, from Van Quine, manu-/ facturer of one. Mathematical/ truth is linguistic convention,/ and logic is the [four Chinese characters]".Frederic Gomez Cassidy (1907-2000) was a great capacity within wold language scholarship and a close friend of Quine, whom he had known since school and been to Oberlin College with. He was a talented linguist specialized in Early English, Creoles, Lexicography, and American language, who is now primarily famous for his lately begun monumental project, the "Dictionary of American Regional English" (known as DARE). Cassisy was born in Jamaica to a Canadian father and a Jamaican mother and grew up hearing their varieties of standard British English as well as the Cleole variety of the Black majority. When Cassidy was eleven years old, the whole family moved to Ohio. "Here the young Jamaican was introduced to yet another variety of English and was dismayed to learn that it was he who sounded "funny." But that distinction was to have a significant benefit. It piqued the curiosity of a classmate who sought to know and befriend the boy who looked, acted, and sounded so different. That classmate was Willard Van Orman ("Van") Quine, later to become one of America's most distinguished philosophers. The friendship he and Fred began as boys was to last their lifetimes, nourished by shared experiences at Oberlin College, regular correspondence through the decades, and frequent summer hiking trips." (Memorial Resolution of the Faculty of the University of Wisconsin-Madison on the Death of Professor Emeritus Frederic Gomes Cassidy). The time at Oberlin College was of specific joy to him, and it was here he came to explore his interest in languages, philosophy, and science. He obtained his BA in 1930 and his MA, also at Oberlin, in 1932, and in 1938 he was given his PhD from the University of Michigan. Quine graduated from Oberlin College in 1930. He then won a scholarship to study for his doctorate at Harvard University, where he wrote the important thesis that was to constitute his first book. Quine's supervisor at Harvard was Alfred North Whitehead, who has also written the Foreword to his first book and who introduced him to Bertrand Russell, who visited Harvard during this time. From then on, Quine kept an ongoing correspondence with Russell. Quine finished his doctorate in two years and was awarded his Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard in 1932. After that he received a travelling fellowship, which he used to travel to Vienna, where he got acquainted with the members of the Vienna Circle. During his travels he also met Gödel and Ayer. In Warsaw he spent six weeks with Tarski, and in Prague he studied under Carnap, who greatly inspired him. After his year of travelling, he returned to Harvard, where he published the present version of his doctoral dissertation, his first book."In this book Dr. Quine has effected an extension of the scope of Symbolic Logic. The advance is more than an improvement in symbols. It extends to fundamental notions. He has introduced a generality adequate to the complexity of the subject matter" and the symbolism embodies the generality of its meaning. I have no hesitation in stating by belief that Dr. Quine's book constitutes a landmark in the history of the subject." So Whitehead writes in his Foreword (p. (IX) ). The logic that Quine takes into consideration is that of Russel and Whitehead's "Principia Mathematica", and when Whitehead towards the end of the Foreword states that "Dr. Quine does not touch upon the relationship of Logic to Metahysics. He keeps strictly within the boundaries of his subject. But - if in conclusion I may venture beyond these limits - the reformation of Logic has an essential reference to Metaphysics. For Logic prescribes the shapes of metaphysical thought" (p. X), the metaphysics he is talking about is nominalism. For Russell and Whitehead, Quine's work represented an unusual illustration of their own logic.The work was also under much influence of the Polish logicians, and as Whitehead concludes in his Foreword, "it is interesting to note the influence of of the work of Professor H. M. Scheffer, and of the great school of Polish mathematicians. There is continuity in the progress of ordered knowledge." (P. X).

Warszawa, 1933. Small 4to. Orig. printed wrappers, sunned at the edges, but otherwise near mint condition, also internally. An excellent copy. VII, (1), 116, (1, - errata) pp. The exceedingly scarce first printing of Tarski's most important and influential work, "The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages", which founded modern logical semantics.The work appeared in an extremely small number, in Polish, and many copies of the article have later been destroyed, thus, the work is of the utmost scarcity. In this seminal article the Polish-American logician and mathematician Alfred Tarski devotes himself to "the definition of truth". "Its task is to construct -with reference to a given language- a materially adequate and formally correct definition of the term "true sentence"." (Introduction, English translation, 1956). With this work the face of logic was changed forever. The "Concept of Truth" constitutes a landmark event in 20th century analytic philosophy, and it ranks as one of the most important contributions to symbolic logic, semantics and philosophy of language. In this work Tarski develops the semantic theory of truth for formal languages and determines the fact that no language can contain its own truth predicate. Tarski thus concluded that the semantic theory could not be applied to any natural language. -This was later used by e.g. Davidson to construct his truth-conditional semantics, and the problems solved by Tarski are some of the same that Russell and Whitehead struggled to solve in their "Principia Mathematica".Tarski (1901-1983) has contributed seminally to the fields of mathematics and logic in a number of ways, and together with Frege, Russell and Gödel, he now ranks as one of the most important contributors to the field of modern logic. At the time of Franz Brentano (1838-1917), one of the philosophers of the greatest significance for contemporary philosophy and in many ways a forerunner of present-day empiricism, it was very unusual for a metaphysician to acknowledge that philosophical investigation must go hand in hand with an analysis of language. Linguistic analysis has thus been almost totally limited to the pure empiricists of philosophy, who reject all forms of metaphysics. Meanwhile, ontologists and metaphysicians have been satisfied with the ordinary language and asked no questions about its possible limitations, merely dismissing the logical faults and adding the odd neologisms. Today, however, especially within the English speaking tradition, linguistic analysis has reached a degree unheard of at the time of Brentano, and it is now generally accepted that certain logical and epistemological problems can be solved only by forsaking ordinary language and substituting it for artificially constructed language systems that follow certain principles. Thus, difficulties that appeared within earlier philosophical doctrines are meant to disappear if the theory can be formulated more precisely, and one of the most important examples is the "adequacy theory of truth". Tarski shows that the concept of truth of the adequacy theory can be introduced in a perfectly exact way within the formalized language systems that are equipped with precise rules of interpretation, and thus he rids us of the usual misgivings against the concept of truth. And thus he has developed one of the most important theories of modern logic."Tarski's investigations are of singular philosophical significance for another reason as well. Within the framework of semantics, which he founded and which Carnap later developed further, it becomes possible for the first time to introduce the notion of an analytic judgment (or an analytic statement) in a form that is both sufficiently general and of the utmost precision. This notion also plays an exceptionally important role in Brentano's philosophy, especially in his studies in formal logic." (Stegmüller, Main Currents. p. 56). When constructing a semantical system, a vocabulary of the desired object language must be determined as the first. Then formulation rules must be specified, before the rules of interpretation are laid down, and finally the rules of application are supplied. The most important rules here are the rules of truth, and the concept of truth is one of the most important semantical concepts at all, for without them no understanding of the sentences within the system would be ensured. And, of course, the truth definitions must satisfy a condition of adequacy. ".This form of an adequacy condition that must be satisfied by every semantical truth concept goes back to the Polish logician, Stanislaw Lesniewski. But it was the logician Alfred Tarski who above all made use of this notion, and who first studied in detail the possibilities of introducing a formally exact and materially adequate concept of truth into the precise languages of science. Carnap's accounts of semantical systems rest largely on the prior works of Tarski." (Stegmüller, p. 311). Tarski also pointed out that it is necessary for all semantical concepts, and especially for the concept of truth, to strictly separate object language and metalanguage. Otherwise we would put ourselves in the unlucky position of being able to prove both a statement and its negation at the same time. In the English translation from 1956 of Tarski's works, "Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics", the bibliographical information about this article is erroneous.

Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1950. 8vo. Orig. full green cloth w. gilt lettering to spine, orig. blue dust-jacket w. some soiling. Very minor nick to upper capital at back hinge, otherwise intact w. no loss and not price-clipped. Cloth-bdg. w. minor wear to capitals. Internally very nice and clean. Pp. xii + xiie, pp. XI + XIe, (2), 119 + 119e pp. First U.K. edition, being the first English language, edition of this philosophical classic, Frege's later so influential first book, which is considered the best introduction to his thought. The work was originally published in German in 1894 (the text of which is also printed here), but the English translation has probably been more influential. Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (1848 - 1925) was a German mathematician, but his main contributions lie in his becoming a logician and a philosopher, who influenced the fields of logic and analytic philosophy immensely. Together with Wittgenstein, Russel and Moore, Frege is considered the founder of analytic philosophy, and a main founder of modern mathematical logic. In the preface of the "Principia Mathematica" Russell and Whitehead state that "In all questions of logical analysis our chief debt is to Frege" (p. VIII). His influence on 20th century philosophy has been deeply profound, especially in the English speaking countries from the middle of the 20th century and onwards" in this period most of his works were translated into English for the first time.The philosophical papers of Frege were published in Germany in scholarly journals, which were barely read outside of German speaking countries. The first collections of his writings did not appear until after the Second World War, and Frege was little known as a philosopher during his lifetime. He greatly influenced the likes of Russel, wittgenstein and Carnap, though, and bears a great responsibility for the turn modern philosophical thought has taken. Due to his contributions to the philosophy of language, analytic philosophy could be founded as it were. Instead of answering the question about meaning, Frege here sets out to explore the foundations of arithmetic, beginning with questions such as "What is a number?" In his solutions the answer to the question of meaning could also be found, though, and he permitted himself "the hope that even the philosophers, if they examine what I have written without prejudice, will find in it something of use to them." (p. XIi - Introduction).The book has belonged to James K. Feibleman, the author of "A Myth is a Religion in which no one any longer believes" in "Understanding Philosophy", 1973, and bears a dedication from him "For Florence".German-English parallel-text.