sherrington sir charles scott (58 Ergebnisse)

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orig.cloth Rubbed. Binding corner bumps. Spine faded. Good. 6pp photoplates. 22x14cm, x,223,(6) pp, A pencilled mark to one page margin. Name inked on half-title. Includes a "List of editions of the writings of Jean Fernel": p. 187-207. Contents: List of illustrations; Preface; The Struggle and its aims; The Earliest "Physiology"; Success and the Close; Appendix; Notes; etc.; List of Editions of the Writings of Jean Fernel; Chronology of Events. Rubbed. Binding corner bumps. Spine faded. Good.

Reprint. orig.cloth Minor rubbing. Bookplate to fixed flyleaf. VG. 22x14cm, xxiv,433 pp., Name and rubberstamp to front free flyleaf. Danish physiological chemist Tage Astrup's copy, with his name & rubberstamp to flyleaf. Minor rubbing. Bookplate to fixed flyleaf. VG.

Pflüger's Arch., 68/ 5-7. - Bonn, Verlag von Emil Strauss, 1897, 8°, pp.191-348, orig. Broschur.

Am. J. Physiol., 35/4. - November, 1914, 8°, pp.367-376, orig. wrappers; stained. First Editon! From the Laboratories of Physiology in the University of Liverpool and in the Harvard Medical School. Received for publication September 30, 1914 "Tn the course of some experiments undertaken with decerebrate preparations from the cat we noticed that not infrequently such preparations give evidence of reflex response to acoustic stimuli. Since fully similar observations do not appear, so far as we are aware, to have been recorded, we give here a brief account of the reactions as met in our experiments." Forbes & Sherrington Effects of acoustic stimulation on the spinal cord - "As early as 1914 Forbes and Sherrington reported that decerebrate cats gave what appeared to be a reflex response to acoustic stimulation. This so called 'acoustic reflex' involved movements of the pinna, neck, tail and limbs. Due to the kind of motor responses seen, the reflex was felt to be orienting in nature. It was noted that in certain instances the response was characteristic of anger and very aggressive in nature. With the main interest in research on auditory pathways in the past having been that of the projections up to the cortex or other higher central nervous system structures, very little attention seems to have been paid to the physiological phenomena reported by Forbes and Sherrington. Fifty years after the first report was published a second appeared by Gernandt and Ades. " Charles D. Barnes J. Steven Thomas: Effects of acoustic stimulation on the spinal cord. Brain Research, 7 (1968): pp.303-305 Alexander Forbes (1882-1965) was an American electrophysiologist, neurophysiologist, and professor of physiology at Harvard Medical School. He "had an enormous impact on the physiology and neuroscience of the twentieth century." Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

J. Physiol.(Lond.), 75. - Proc. Physiol. Soc., May 14, 1932. - London 1932, 8°, 2 pp., orig. self wrappers. Offprint! "Certain degenerative changes (chromatolysis) in the microscopical structure of nerve cells are well known to ensue after amputation of the nerve fibre which springs from the cell. Motor-horn cells of the spinal cord of the monkey exhibit changes microscopically very similar to the above after transection of the cord headward from them. In this case, however, the manner of production of the change would seem different because neither is the axone fibre or indeed any part of the affected cell itself directly touched by the trauma. Thus, seventeen days after severance of the cord at 8th thoracic level in the monkey a number of the motor-horn cells in the hind limb region, e.g. at 5th lumbar segment, are chromatolyzed. This is not due to any complication by myelitis. Clean rapid postoperative healing without a trace of sepsis has been the unbroken rule in the experiments." Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

GhA, 488. - Beil. Münch. med. Wschr. - München, J.F. Lehmann Verlag, 1933, 16 x 24,5 cm.

J. Physiol.(Lond.), 49. - Phys. Proc., July 1, 1915. - London 1915, 8°, 3 pp., 1 Fig., orig. self wrappers. Offprint! "The apparatus consists of a wooden frame supporting an inclined block on the front face of which slides a yoke-piece fixable at the desired height by a clamp. The head of the deeply anassthe- tised animal is given a suitable inclination by inserting into the mouth the upper edge of a steel plate fixed to the front face of the inclined block under the sliding yoke-piece, and resting the head upon the block. A flange running upward from the steel plate lies above the tongue in the mouth, and the upper edge of the steel plate to either side of the tongue-guard presses against the anterior edge of the ascending ramus of the lower- jaw close ventral (posterior) to the point (Fig. A) at which the line w meets that border of the ramus, and thus opens the jaws to the desired angle." Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 100. - London, Harrison and Sons, 1926, 8°, pp.258-267, 1 Fig., 1 plate, orig. wrappers. Offprint! "The "flexion reflex," flexing the limb (hind) at hip, knee and ankle, is elicitable from any one of a number of the various afferent nerves of the limb. It reveals to inspection little difference whichever be the particular afferent nerve stimulated. That the flexion evoked cannot, however, be strictly the same under excitation of the several different nerves has been already shown (5). To examine further the differences it thus presents as evoked from the several nerves we have taken simultaneous myograms from paired flexor muscles under provocation of the reflex from various different afferent limb-nerves. The muscle pairs selected have been a hip-flexor and a knee-flexor (tensor fasciæ femoris and semitendinosus) together, a hip-flexor and an ankle-flexor (tensor fasciæ femoris and tibialis anticus) together, and a knee-flexor and an ankle-flexor (semitendinosus and tibialis anticus) together. I. -Method. The preparation (cat) has, after spinal transection in the anterior lumbar region and immediately subsequent decerebration under deep anæsthesia, been made ready for the myograph by appropriate isolation of the test muscles. The method of fixation and attachment to the myograph has been as described in previous communications, except that for tibialis anticus the freed tendon has been passed round a small light pulley allowing in its case a horizontal pull on the myograph. The resting tension of the two muscles has been adjusted for near equality. In using tensor f. femoris for the myograph distinction was made between its long anterior portion, tens. f. fem. longus, and its short posterior portion, tens. f. fem. brevis. Most of the observations with it were made on the former, the tens. f. f. brevis being cut away, though not always to equal extent. The myograph employed is of isometric pattern and records optically: its description is given as an Appendix to this paper; it is a further modification of the myograph described in a previous communication. The afferent nerve, bared and cut, has been stimulated by single or double-shock series of various frequency delivered from a coreless coil fed by a 2-volt battery." Creed & Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology. Creed, Richard Stephen, (1898-1964), physiologist.

J. Physiol.(Lond.), 75/1. - London 1932, 8°, pp.17-22, 1 Figs., orig. wrappers; cover dustesd. Offprint! From the Physiological Laboratory, Oxford. "Marked difference of reflex activity obtains between the paraplegic dog or cat on the one hand and the paraplegic monkey on the other. For instance, the flexor reflex of the hindlimb in the spinal dog and cat is facile and vigorous, in the monkey difficult or impossible to evoke. This diversity is important because evidently correlated with the relative distances respectively separating these two mammalian types from that of man. We have sought to find numerical expression for this, and thus to get a numerical grading for the difference of spinal condition which it represents." Fulton & Sherrington "Sherrington was the first to do a systematic study of the consequences of spinal cord transection in monkeys (Sherrington, 1899). In this early report and in subsequent studies with spinal cord lesions of up to 3 weeks evolution (Fulton and Sherrington, 1932), no daily care details were given. Later studies reported the use of foam rubber pads as substratum for monkeys fully transected at about the 8th thoracic segment and during a survival period of seventy-seven days (Liu et al., 1966). More recently, Eidelberg and colleagues performed complete spinal cord lesions in adult macaques, one of which survived for four months (Eidelberg et al., 1981). These animals received post-operative care consisting in soft floor, exercise, penicillin for a week, and bladder expression twice daily. Automatic bladder voiding occurred three-four weeks after lesion (Eidelberg et al., 1981). In the present study we customized animal cages and devised a detailed daily care protocol because we sought to study the monkeys for a long post-lesional period." María José G.M. Piedras, Aurelio Hernández-Laín, Carmen Cavada: Clinical care and evolution of paraplegic monkeys (Macaca mulatta) over fourteen months post-lesion. Neuroscience Research, 69/2 (2011) Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology. John Farquhar Fulton (1899-1960) was an American neurophysiologist and historian of science. He received numerous degrees from Oxford University and Harvard University. He taught at Magdalen College School of Medicine at Oxford and later became the youngest Sterling Professor of Physiology at Yale University. His main contributions were in primate neurophysiology and history of science.

Wien. klin. Rdsch., 1901/41 (Nothnagel Festnummer). - Wien 1903, kl.8°, 3 pp., orig. wrappers. Offprint! "Aus dem Thompson Yates Laboratories in Liverpool." "Im Folgenden seien die Resultate einiger Experimente, die wir an anderer Stelle in extenso veröffentlichen, in kurzem Auszüge mitgetheilt. Unsere Versuche nahmen die von Sherrington 1896 entdeckte und beschriebene, sogenannte "decerebrate rigidity" (Enthirnungsstarre) zum Ausgangspunkte. Weitere Mittheilüngen über diese interessanten Verhältnisse finden sich in einer zweiten Publication Sherrington's." Sherrington & Fröhlich Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology. Alfred Fröhlich (1871-1953) was an Austrian-American pharmacologist and neurologist born in Vienna. He is remembered for his studies on the effects of the pituitary on the autonomic nervous system. With Otto Loewi (1873-1961), he performed pharmacological research on cocaine. He was a good friend of Harvey Cushing, whom he met in 1901 while working with Charles Scott Sherrington in Liverpool.

J. Physiol.(Lond.), 70/1. - London, August 8, 1930, 8°, pp.101-107, 2 Figs., orig. wrappers; wrapper dusted. Offprint! Physiological Laboratory, Oxford. "1. In the frog's sterno-radialis A. Rollett [1876], along with microscopical examination of the tendon nerve-endings, made search for evidence of tendon reflexes and obtained none. Sassa, however [1921], though noting absence of knee-jerk and ankle-jerk, elicited in the winter frog at low room temperature a proprioceptive reflex in the flexor muscle scmitcndinosus/ and Langelaan has noted [1901, see further Alten- burger, 1926] seeing the tendon reflex in "very lively" frogs in late winter. The defaulting of extensor stretch reflexes in the frog, whereas in other laboratory types they are best marked of all the stretch reflexes, has been attributed [Sassa, 1921] to the flexor character of the reflex limb-posture in the frog, the flexor tonus favouring the myotatic reflexes of the flexors but not of the extensors." Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

From Livre à Charles, Richet ; Paris, Mai, 1926, 8°, 3 pp., orig. wrappers. Rare Offprint! From the Festschrift "CHARLES RICHET SES AMIS, SES COLLÈGUES, SES ÉLÈVES / 22 Mai 1926 ". "In tribute to our honoured master, Charles Richet, I would offer some observations on a reflex process allied to, or perhaps essentially identical with, the phenomenon addition latente which received from himself in early years a classical contribution. Reflex contraction of the knee extensor muscle is easily and powerfully evoked by faradic stimulation of an afferent nerve of the contralateral limb. Nevertheless, though this iterative stimulus evokes the reflex powerfully, a single shock stimulus is usually ineffective, or is effective only when much stronger than the individual shocks of which the effective faradic series is composed. Conformable with this is its well-known feature, the long and variable latent period. The length of latency is coeteris paribus greater as the successive shocks composing the break-shock series are individually weak and infrequent. The reflex evidently presents in its latent period the ' addition latente ' noted by Richet in the cray-fish claw, a process of temporal summation of which the general theory and analysis have been supplied recently by Lapicque. Not only does the latent period of the reflex indicate addition latente; the subsequent course of the reflex contraction reveals a similar principle, and indicates that after commencement of the contraction ' addition latente ' continues to be in play for a long and variable time. Dr. E. G. T. Liddell and myself have called attention to this, in observations of the reflex made with an optically recording isometric myograph of high natural vibration frequency and small inertia and momentum. With the appropriately fixed and isolated reflex preparation of the knee-extensor muscle (cat) comparison of the reflex contraction with tetanic contraction provoked by similar stimulation of the muscle's motor nerve revealed great and characteristic differences between the two. " Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

Arch. Sci. Biol. 12/1. - Bottazzi Birthday Volume. - Napoli, Prem. Stab. Tib. N. Jovene E.C., 1928, 8°, 7 pp., orig. wrappers. Offprint! "The theme on which I would offer some remarks in contribution to this volume dedicated to our esteemed colleague, Prof. Filippo Bottazzi, the distinguished founder of this Archivio, is that of some recent study of mammalian reflexes. Improvement in miographic registration allows observations more truly quantitative than hitherto. Pure isometric reactions recorded with minimization of inertia and momentum provide data significant for interpretation; the " all-or-none " principle established by Keith Lucas, Adrian, Pratt, and others for skeletal muscle, and by Forbes, Kato, and others for its nerve-fibres allows numerical data regarding the motor units reflexly involved. This renders possible some further penetration into the little known central region of the reflex mechanism itself. A glimpse is obtained at the functional behaviour of that element of the centre, the motoneurone-aggregate of the particular individual muscle which the myograph indexes; and the glimpse is to some extent a quantitative one." Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

J. Physiol.(Lond.), 29/1-2. - Februar, 23 and March 16, 1903, 8°, pp.58-96, 45 Figs.; pp.188-194, 3 Figs., orig. wrappers; unopened. Offprint! From the Thompson Yates Laboratory of Physiology, Liverpool. CONTENTS. I. Introductory. Previous Observation. II. Methods employed. III. Results, (a) Description of certain Spinal Reflexes; Summaries of Experiments. IV. Remarks. V. Summary of Conclusions. "In experiments upon paths of nervous conduction in the mammalian spinal cord, departures, both numerous and wide, from the " Fourth Law" of Pflüger have been recorded by one of us'. Pflünger's "Fourth Law " runs: " Reflex irradiation in the spinal cord spreads upwards or anteriorly, i.e. towards the medulla oblongata." Contrary to this statement, there certainly exist many spinal paths by which the activity aroused in spinal segments situate nearer the head is communicated to segments lying further backward. The present paper results from search for more detailed evidence regarding aborally-running reflex spinal paths." Sherrington & Laslett Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 64. - London, Harrison and Sons, 1898, 8°, pp.179-181, orig. self wrappers. Offprint! Physiology Laboratory, University Liverpool. Received November 29, - Read December 15, 1898. "In a previous communication upon this subject, I gave the results obtained in an experimental examination of the antagonistic correlation which at least potentially exists in the muscular action of the opening of the palpebral aperture. The orbicularis palpebrarum and the levator palpebro superioris to a certain extent an antagonistic couple. During the course of last year I took opportunity to examine the co-ordination of the same antagonistic muscles in the movement, not of the opening of the palpebral fissure, but of its closure." Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 84. - London, Harrison and Sons, 1911, 8°, VI, pp.201-214, 10 figs., orig. wrappers. Offprint! Fron the Physiological Laboratory, Liverpool. "Study of reflex inhibition has been prosecuted more with extensor centres than with flexor. In the case of these latter, the experimental examination of the inhibition is of necessity somewhat differently circumstanced than in the case of the extensors. For both there is requisite a suitable background of reflex excitement against which inhibition may be evident. With the extensors this reflex background of excitement can be provided by postural tonus, and such tonus is readily obtained by use of the decerebrate preparation. With the flexors there is at present no procedure available for providing such tonic preparations. Recourse has to be taken to theproduction of reflex excitation of the centres by artificial stimuli applied to some appropriate afferent channel." Sherrington & Sowton Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology. Sarah C.M. Sowton - "The only records of Sarah Sowton consist of papers published in the Journal of Physiology and elsewhere in collaboration with prominent physiologists of the time, particularly Sherrington. In 1896, with A. D. Waller, she gave a communication to the Physiological Society on the action of CO2 on voluntary and cardiac muscle; Waller was at that time Lecturer in Physiology at St Mary's Medical School. In 1903 she assisted Sherrington in work for a committee on Chloroform and papers in their joint names appeared in the British Medical Journal (1904 ii 162; 1906 ii 85) using a Langendorff heart perfused with blood. A paper by Sowton and Sherrington in the Journal of Physiology in 1911 dealt with the effect of Chloroform on spinal reflexes in the cat and subsequently (1911-15) there were four joint papers in the Proceedings of the Royal Society or the Journal of Physiology. In 1916, in a paper by Leyton, Leyton and Sowton in the Journal of Physiology, the isolated heart was used to investigate some aspects of anaphylaxis. At that time Leyton (p. 363) was Professor of Pathology at Leeds, from where the paper is dated. It seems therefore that Sarah Sowton had been assistant to Waller in London and Sherrington in Liverpool before the Physiological Society accepted women as guests or members. She was a guest at a meeting in Edinburgh in 1906, which was the first meeting at which women were present as guests, and was also a guest at a meeting in Liverpool in 1910. She was one of six women elected members in 1915 at the first possible meeting after the Society had by vote decided in 1914 that women were eligible for membership. She was apparently not medically qualified; the name of Sarah Sowton does not appear in the Medical Register." O'Connor, W.J.: British Physiologists 1885-1914. 1991.

J. Physiol.(Lond.), 47/3. - London 1913, 8°, (2), pp.196-214, 255-302, 6 Figs., , orig. wrappers. Offprint! Physiology Laboratory, University Liverpool. "In a previous paper an attempt was made to determine factors at work in the reflex act of stepping, that is to say in the stepping performed by a purely reflex preparation, either decerebrate or purely spinal. The present experiments are in contribution toward the same problem. Method. In the present experiments the mode of evoking the rhythmic reflex has been that recently found by T. Graham Brown, A. Forbes, and myself; and the reflex preparation employed has consisted of an isolated pair of symmetrical extensor muscles, i.e. the main extensor muscle of each knee, right and left, in the decerebrate mammal (cat). " Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

J. Physiol.(Lond.), 27/4-5. - London 1901, 8°, pp.360-371, 1 plate, orig. wrappers. Offprint! From the Physiological Laboratory, University College, Liverpool. CONTENTS. Introduction. Method of Observation. Experiments, A. on Trunk, B. on Limbs. Discussion of results. Conclusions. Explanation of Figures. "For information regarding disturbances of sensation the evidence obtainable front animals is gathered under obvious disadvantages. The first attempt at experimental discrimination of disturbance of the qualities of skin sensation in animals seems to have been Schiff's notable description of a dissociative paraesthesia consequent on transection of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, of the whole cross area of the cord except the dorsal columns. The dissociation noted was that of " pain " from " touch." There seems to ensue in limited areas a similar kind of dissociation after severance of dorsal spinal nerve-roots in monkey." Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

Proc. Roy. Soc., 62. - London, Harrison and Sons, 1898, 8°, pp.379-387, orig. wrappers. Offprint! Physiology Laboratory, University Liverpool. Received August 4, - Read November 18, 1897. "The object of the present communication is to report to the Society further on the occurrence in so-called "voluntary" muscles of inhibition as well as of contraction, as result of excitation of the cortex cerebri. We have obtained by excitation of the cerebral cortex some remarkable instances of what one of us has described under the name of "reciprocal inervation," that is, a species of co-ordinate innervation in which the relaxation of one set of a co-ordinated complexes of muscle-groups occurs as accompaniment of the active contraction of another set." Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology. Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering (1834-1918) was a German physiologist who did much research in color vision, binocular perception, eye movements, and hyperacuity.

Brain, 33 (129). - London : MacMillan & Co., Ltd.; New York : The MacMillan Company, 1910, 8°, John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Ltd., 1910, 8°, 25 pp., 5 Figs., orig. wrappers. Offprint! "To an observer who would analyse them, the acts of walking, running, and of progression in its various forms present themselves in every case as actions compounded of a posture and a movement. In such acts we see particularly clearly exemplified a twofold activity of the nervous system. An activity which uses the musculature to maintain static effects - postures, and an activity which uses it to produce kinetic effects-movements. Thus, the static component in walking is maintenance of the erect posture; the kinetic component is a rhythmic alternating movement of the limbs-stepping. This static component is closely related to that which constitute/ standing, so closely, in fact, that such acts as walking and running may for analysis be conveniently regarded as the postural act of standing upon which there are grafted rhythmic flexion-extension mowements of each limb in turn, resulting in locomotion. " Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 101. - London, Harrison and Sons, 1927, 8°, pp.262-303, 17 Figs., 1 plate, orig. wrappers. Offprint! "The structural scheme of the nervous system involves overlap in the terminal distribution of the afferent arcs converging on the final motor units. A physiological consequence attaching to this extensive overlap, so far as concerns one of its two main categories, forms the subject of the present enquiry. The convergent junctions which, subserving the 'principle of convergence', result from the overlap, present for functional examination a twofold set of cases. Composing one main class are those cases in which the afferent arcs converging upon the common unit or path tend to act on it to like effect, i. e., in which there flexes are 'allied'. The other class is that where the convergent arcs meeting at the common unit are such as act there to opposed effect, i. e., are 'antagonistic'. This latter, namely the class of antagonistic reflexes, in which excitation reacts against inhibition and vice versa, has since its formulation been a frequent subject of experimental enquiry and possesses a not inconsiderable literature. On the contrary the case of interaction of 'allied' reflexes has attracted little experimental enquiry and received relatively little attention. In 1909 observations by Camis were devoted to it and revealed features of interest inviting further study. These observations of Camis were dealt with in our recent paper (9), which, while confirming and somewhat extending them, indicated that the problem of the interaction of allied reflexes must be met in the body by some co-ordinative solution playing a great role in the reflex taxis of the limb. The present observations had in view to observe the modus operandi obtaining between a typical pair of allied reflexes embouching upon a final path, for which both are excitatory." Cooper, et al. Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology. Sybil Cooper (1900-1970), was a British physiologist. "She became a research assistant upon graduation to Edgar Adrian, studying nerve and muscle physiology, before receiving her Ph.D in 1927. Cooper then became a research student and then a research fellow at St Hilda's College, Oxford with the physiologist Charles Scott Sherrington while working as a demonstrator in anatomy for the University of Oxford. During this time, she married R. S. Creed in 1933; he was a demonstrator in physiology. She resigned her position in 1934 and had the first of her four children the following year. Able to afford household help, she took an unpaid position as a lecturer in natural science at St. Hilda's in 1940 and received a paid position as a research fellow there in 1946 that she maintained until her retirement in 1968. She collaborated with her husband on muscle reflexes before and after the birth of her children. "Demonstrating great ability in dissecting minute sense organs with intact nerves, she recorded nerve activity. As an excellent histologist, Cooper fixed, stained, and examined the microstructure of the sense organs. Alone and with colleagues, she made advances in understanding how the muscle spindles functioned relative to their structure"." Wiki Denny-Brown, Derek Ernest (1901-1952) neurologist; neurology professor.

Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 80. - London, Harrison and Sons, 1908, 8°, pp.552-578, 10 Figs., orig. wrappers. Offprint! 12. Note - "The following two reactions, observable in the extensor muscle of the knee, appear not without importance for the reflex co-ordination of antagonistic movements at that joint. They are reactions favourably studied in decerebrate rigidity. The cat is the animal in which, under that condition, my results have been chiefly obtained. The reactions can be observed as follows:-In the decerebrate animal a preparation of the extensor of the knee is so made that by detachment of other muscles, or severance of other nerves, the vasto-crureus muscle, with its nerve-branch from the anterior crural trunk, remains the sole nerve-muscle component intact in the whole limb. The vasto-crureus is one of those muscles which, after decerebration, exhibits the marked tonus characteristic of decerebrate rigidity. This tonus of the vasto-crureus then maintains the knee in an attitude of partial or complete extension. The flexor muscles of the knee, together with all the other muscles acting on that joint, have been paralysed by section of their nerves." 12. Note Sherrington 13. Note - "In further prosecution of observations made in Ludwig's laboratory by Schmiedeberg and by Bowditch, N. Baxt in 1875 carried out in that laboratory a prolonged enquiry into the effect produced on the heart's frequence by combined stimulation of the inhibitory (vagus) and accelerator (accelerans) nerves going to that organ. His observations were made on large dogs; the two nerves were faradised simultaneously. In most of his experiments, stimulation of accelerans preceded that of vagus by a few seconds, to allow for the well-known longer latency of the former's reaction; the precurrent stimulation of accelerans alone was immediately followed by stimulation of both nerves simultaneously. Baxt found the rate of heart-beat under the combined stimulation slowed as though the vagus only and no accelerator was in operation; but, immediately following on cessation of the combined stimulation, a full accelerator effect appeared, as though no stimulation of the vagus had taken place. Baxt employed usually minimal stimulation of vagus and maximal of accelerans, for he found minimal excitation of vagus suffice to set aside completely, for the time being, maximal excitation of accelerans. In his hands, the result of the combined stimulation was vagus action, even when weakest, completely obscuring accelerans action even at strongest; but although the accelerans action showed no trace of its existence during the vagus stimulation, it appeared in full force after the vagus action had passed off. The vagus action, therefore, did not destroy it, but merely postponed its appearing. Baxt drew the conclusion that the inhibitory nerve and the excitatory nerve must act on separate points in the heart's mechanism and are not true antagonists. This view has since been endorsed by many, but is not that of v. Cyon, the discoverer of the accelerator. Another field for examination of the same problem was chosen by v. Frey. He investigated the effect on the venous flow from the sub-maxillary gland of simultaneous stimulation of the vaso-constrictor (cervical sympathetic) and the vaso-dilatator (chorda tympani) nerves. The dilatating influence of the chorda proved to be completely overpowered by the constricting effect of the sympathetic during combined stimulation of the two. But on discontinuing the combined stimulation there ensued from the vein a markedly excessive blood-flow, i. e., a marked chorda action ensued as an after-effect. The action of the sympathetic had, therefore, not destroyed the action of the concurrently excited chorda, it had only postponed its appearing, v. Frey, with his customary clearness, wrote: "the antagonism between constrictor and dilatator has not as its basis a simple summing of two forces which act in opposite .

Proc. Roy. Soc., 61. - London, Harrison and Sons, 1897, 8°, pp.247-249, orig. self wrappers. Offprint! Physiology Laboratory, University Liverpool. Received February 26, - Read April 8, 1897. "In a former number of these 'Proceedings' I drew attention to the occurrence of reflex reactions evoked by mechanical and electrical excitation of individual eye-muscles and of their nerve-trunks. I was later somewhat surprised when, after the sensory nature of the structures originally termed muscle-spindles (Kühne) had been proved, I was unable to find in the eye-muscles any examples of these structures. " Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

Proc. Roy. Soc., 77. - London, Harrison and Sons, 1906, 8°, pp.478-497, 9 Figs., orig. wrappers. Offprint! Physiology Laboratory, University Liverpool. "It was previously pointed out that in various reflex reactions inhibition is succeeded by marked exaltation of activity in the arcs inhibited. This after-effect may be figured as a sort of rebound from inhibition. An example is the following. When a dog in which the spinal cord has been transected in the thoracic region is, the period of shock having passed, supported so that its spine is vertical and its hind limbs hang freely, these latter begin to perform a rhythmic stepping movement. This is the reflex, termed by Goltz the mark-time reflex. The tempo of this stepping differs, in my experience, in different dogs and at different times in the same dog. It may be as frequent at 22 steps of each leg per 10 seconds or as slow as seven steps in that period. It will persist in some animals for 20 minutes at a time. After some minutes' duration its amplitude usually becomes less and the movement on the whole less regular. For the first minutes of duration it is however regular and shows little variation." Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology.

Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 100. - London, Harrison and Sons, 1926, 8°, pp.448-462, orig. wrappers. Offprint! "Studying spinal reflexes Camis (1910) from observations on M. semitendinosus (cat) reached the conclusions that " the cells of a spinal motor centre ca be regarded from a functional point of view as divided into several independent groups," but that "such independence is however not absolute." The present experiments pursue a like inquiry. That in a reflex evoked by weak excitation of the afferent nerve the resulting contraction of the muscle may involve a portion only of the muscle has common acceptance. Camis's observations, however, employed maximal stimuli and yet the muscle evidenced fractional responses ; whereas later (3) Dreyer and one of us found, contrary to previous experience, that reflex tetani in some instances activated the sum-total of the muscle. Both of these observations are confirmed by the present experiments. Cooper, et al. Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology. Sybil Cooper (1900-1970), was a British physiologist. "She became a research assistant upon graduation to Edgar Adrian, studying nerve and muscle physiology, before receiving her Ph.D in 1927. Cooper then became a research student and then a research fellow at St Hilda's College, Oxford with the physiologist Charles Scott Sherrington while working as a demonstrator in anatomy for the University of Oxford. During this time, she married R. S. Creed in 1933; he was a demonstrator in physiology. She resigned her position in 1934 and had the first of her four children the following year. Able to afford household help, she took an unpaid position as a lecturer in natural science at St. Hilda's in 1940 and received a paid position as a research fellow there in 1946 that she maintained until her retirement in 1968. She collaborated with her husband on muscle reflexes before and after the birth of her children. "Demonstrating great ability in dissecting minute sense organs with intact nerves, she recorded nerve activity. As an excellent histologist, Cooper fixed, stained, and examined the microstructure of the sense organs. Alone and with colleagues, she made advances in understanding how the muscle spindles functioned relative to their structure"." Wiki Denny-Brown, Derek Ernest (1901-1952) neurologist; neurology professor.