sandhu shahbeg (7 Ergebnisse)

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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - More than one hundred short-term bioassays are now available for detecting the toxicity, mutagenicity, and potential carcinogenicity of chemicals. These bioassays were developed and validated with individual compounds, and their principal application was perceived to be in evaluating the health hazard of such materials. However, man is rarely exposed to single chemicals; his exposure to hazardous chemicals is more commonly a multifactorial phenomenon. Although chemical analysis can be used to detect known hazardous compounds, it would be a staggering and expensive task to analyze large numbers of samples for all known or suspected hazardous constituents. Furthermore, the biological activity of a complex mixture cannot be reliably predicted from knowledge of its components. On the other hand, bioassays alone cannot tell us which components of complex mixtures are responsible for the biological activity detected. Thus, cost effectiveness and technical feasibility dictate stepwise and perhaps iterative application -of both chemical and biological methods in evaluating the health effects of complex environmental mixtures. Through the coupling of reliable biological detection systems with methods of chemical fractionation and analysis, it is frequently possible to isolate the individual chemical species that show biological activity. Initially, complex mixtures may be separated and bioassayed in carefully defined chemical fractions. The results of such short-term screening bioassays then may be used td guide the course of further fractionation and to determine the need for more stringent and comprehensive biological testing.

Buch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - This volume presents the proceedings of a symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), held in Albany, NY, USA, in April, 1997. A research program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EMAP has been advancing the state of the science in ecological indicator development, statistical sampling design, landscape characterization, and other tools of environmental monitoring since the program's inception in the late 1980s. EMAP's goal is to develop and demonstrate the science necessary to monitor status and trends in the condition of ecological resources at multiple spatial and temporal scales. These proceedings feature the latest research on ecological indicators, plus results from seven years of EMAP monitoring in estuarine, forest, and freshwater ecosystems. Contributors to this volume have worked closely with EMAP or are conducting related research within U.S. federal and state environmental agencies and academic institutions. Chapter topics include causal relationships, landscape ecology, carrying capacity and sustainability, statistical issues in large-scale surveys, and approaches to integrating data from multiple scales and media. Publication of these proceedings is intended to facilitate the development and application of techniques for ecologically based assessments of environmental condition in the US and abroad.