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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - This volume is the twenty-ninth in this series, which includes twenty-eight numbered volumes and one unnumbered supplement. The editors continue to focus on critical reviews, commentaries, original papers, and controversies in of the reviews range from anthropology to evolutionary biology. The topics molecular evolution, population biology to paleobiology. Recent volumes have included a broad spectrum of chapters on such subjects as population biology, comparative morphology, paleobiology, molecular phy logenetics, developmental evolutionary biology, systematics, and the history of evolutionary biology. The editors continue to solicit manuscripts in all areas of evolutionary biology. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Ross 1. MacIntyre, Department of Genetics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; or Michael T. Clegg, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521. vii Contents 1. Homology and Embryonic Development Brian K. Hall Introduction . 1 A Brief History of the Concept of Homology . 1 von Baer's Laws . 4 Germ Layers and Ernst Haeckel . 6 Embryology and Homology . 7 Homology: An Unsolved Problem . 8 Latent Homology . 8 Serial Homology . 9 Common Origins and Common Inductions . 12 Mechanisms of Gastrulation . 13 Origin of the Alimentary Canal. 14 Origin of Germ Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . . . . Induction of Meckel's Cartilage . 15 Induction of the Lens of the Eye . 16 Development of Internal and External Cheek Pouches . 18 Selection for Increased Tail Length in Mice . 19 Regeneration and Homology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . .

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Evolutionary Biology, of which this is the eighteenth volume, con tinues to offer its readers a wide range of original articles, reviews, and commentaries on evolution, in the bro~dest sense of that term. The topics of the reviews range from anthropology and behavior to molecular biology and systematics. In recent volumes, a broad spectrum of articles have appeared on such subjects as natural selection among replicating molecules in vitro, mate recognition and the reproductive behavior of Drosophila, molecular systematics ofCrocodilia, evolution of the monocotyledons, and the com munication network made possible among even distantly related genera of bacteria by plasmids and other transposable elements. Articles such as these, often too long for standard journals , are the stuff of Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to solicit manuscripts on an international scale in an effort to see that everyone of the many facets of biological evolution is covered. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacks burg, Virginia 24061; Ghillian T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Evolutionary Biology, of which this is the twenty-second volume, continues to offer its readers a wide range of original articles, reviews, and commentaries on evolution, in the broadest sense of that term. The topics of the reviews range from anthropology, molecular evolution, and paleobiology to principles of systematics. In recent volumes, a broad spectrum of articles have appeared on such subjects as asymmetric sexual isolation, biochemical systematics in plants, species selection, DNA hybridization and phylogenetics, modes of evolution in Pleistocene rodents, and development and evolution of the vertebrate limb. We have also attempted to provide a forum for con flicting ideas. Articles such as these, often too long for standard journals, are the material for Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to solicit manuscripts on an international scale in an effort to see that everyone ofthe many facets of biological evolution is covered. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacks burg, Virginia 24061; GhilleanT. Prance, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458. The Editors vii Contents 1. Phylogeny of Early Vertebrate Skeletal Induction and Ossification Patterns . 1 John G. Maisey Introduction: The Fossil Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - The first volume of Evolutionary Biology was published thirteen years ago. Since that time thirteen volumes and one supplement have appeared. As stated in earlier prefaces, we are continuing the focus of this series on critical reviews, commentaries, original papers, and controversies in evolu tionary biology. It is our aim to publish papers primarily of greater length than normally published by society journals and quarterlies. We therefore invite colleagues to submit chapters that fall within the focus and standards of Evolutionary Biology. The editors regretfully announce that Dr. William C. Steere has decided to withdraw from the editorial board of Evolutionary Biology. Dr. Ghillean T. Prance will replace Dr. Steere for forthcoming volumes. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850; Ghillean T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458. The Editors vii Contents 1. Some Relationships between Density-Independent Selection and Density-Dependent Population Growth Timothy Prout Introduction . . Part I. The Basic Model: Definitions, Assumptions, and Relationships . 3 Part II. Biological Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . The Biological Interpretation of the Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . Experimental and Observational Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . Part III. Census-Stage Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . Two-Point Census . 23 Three-Point Census: Classical Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 . . . Summary of Two-and Three-Point Censuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . Part IV. Summary and Some Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 . . . . Summary. 52 Some Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 . . . . . . . . . . Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - The first volume of Evolutionary Biology was published twelve years ago. Since that time twelve volumes and one supplement have appeared. As stated in earlier prefaces, we are continuing the focus of this series on critical reviews, commentaries, original papers, and controversies in evolu tionary biology. It is our aim to publish papers primarily of greater length than normally published by society journals and quarterlies. We therefore invite colleagues to submit chapters that fall within the focus and standards of Evolutionary Biology. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; William C. Steere, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458; Bruce Wallace, Department of Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850. The Editors vii Contents 1. Apparent Changes in the Diversity of Fossil Plants: A Preliminary Assessment Karl J. Niklas, Bruce H. Tiffney, and Andrew H. Knoll Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Pros and Cons of Studying Plant Diversity Changes. . . . . . 6 The Concept of Species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . Choice of Taxonomic Rank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . Biasing Factors in the Fossil Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . The 'Human Factor' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . . . . Biological Biases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Geological Biases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . Sources, Methods, and Analyses of ApparentDiversities. . . . . . . . 26 Statistical Computations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . Analysis of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . . Geological Explanation of Residuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . Biological Explanation of Residuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 The Origin and Early Evolution of the Land Plants . . . . . . . . . . 39 The Evolution of Heterospory and the Seed Habit . . . . . . . . . . . 42 _ The Angiosperms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . Large-Scale Biological Interpretations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 . . . . . .

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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Evolutionary Biology,ofwhichthisisthetwenty-thirdvolume,continues toofferitsreadersawiderangeoforiginalarticles,reviews,andcom mentariesonevolution,inthebroadestsenseofthatterm. Thetopicsof thereviewsrangefromanthropology,molecularevolution,andpaleo biologytoprinciplesofsystematics. Inrecentvolumes,abroadspectrumofarticleshaveappearedon suchsubjectsasbiochemicalsystematics,comparativemorphologyand embryology,evolutionaryecology,biogeography,andpaleobiology. We havealsoattemptedtoprovideaforumforconflictingideas. Articlessuch asthese,oftentoolongforstandardjournals,arethematerialfor Evo lutionary Biology. Theeditorscontinuetosolicitmanuscriptsonaninternationalscale inanefforttoseethateveryoneofthemanyfacetsofbiologicalevolution iscovered. Manuscriptsshouldbesenttoeitherofthefollowing:Max K. Hecht,DepartmentofBiology,QueensCollegeoftheCityUniversity ofNewYork,Flushing,NewYork11367,orBruceWallace,Department ofBiology,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacks burg,Virginia24061. TheeditorswishtocongratulateDr. GhilleanT. Pranceonhisnew appointmentatKewBotanicalGardensandthankhimforhiscollabo rativeeffortsineditingthepastninevolumes. TheEditors vII Contents 1. MaintenanceofaHereditaryVirus:TheSigmaVirusin PopulationsofItsHost, Drosophila melanogaster 1 Annie Fleuriet Introduction 1 FrenchPopulationsof Drosophila melanogaster. . . . . . . . . . . 2 PolymorphismofPopulations 2 CharacteristicsofWildStrainsoftheSigmaVirus 3 EffectsoftheInfectionuponCarriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ExperimentalPopulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 MaintenanceoftheVirusinFrenchNaturalPopulations. . . 12 GeographicalVariationofthe Drosophila-SigmaSystem 14 PolymorphismofPopulations 14 ViralCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 TentativeInterpretationoftheGeographicalPatternObserved 18 OtherSystemsofVerticallyTransmittedViruses 22 ExistenceofDifferentSensitivitiestotheVirus 22 CharacteristicsoftheViruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 MaintenanceintheVectorPopulation 24 Appendix:TransmissionofStabilizedandNonstabilized Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Self-MaintenanceofStabilizedConditionthroughMaternal Lineage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 NonstabilizedCondition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 References 28 2. Domestication:EvolutionaryChangeunderStress 31 M. J. Kohane and P. A. Parsons Introduction 31 EnvironmentalChangeandDomestication 33 Ix x Contents EcologicalPhenotypes 33 BehavioralPhenotypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 AdaptationtoLaboratoryConditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 ACaseStudy:DomesticationinFoxes 41 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 References 46 3. RangeExpansionandItsGeneticConsequencesinPopulationsof theGiantToad, Bufo marinus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Simon Easteal Introduction 49 TheSpreadof Bufo marinus 50 TheIntroductions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 TheAustralianRangeExpansion 52 GeneticVariationintheIntroducedPopulations. . . . . . . . . . . 58 TheData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 GeneticVariability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 EffectivePopulationSize 62 Dispersal,GeneFlow,andNeighborhoodSize 63 TheGeneticEffectsofRangeExpansion 64 GeographicalPatternsofVariation 74 Conclusion 81 References 82 4. EvolutionbySocialSelection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Shozo Yokoyama Introduction 85 ConceptofSocialSelection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 EvidenceforSocialSelection ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 MultipleNeurofibromatosis 88 HuntingtonDisease 89 MentalR.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Evolutionary Biology, of which this is the twenty-first volume, continues to offer its readers a wide range of original articles, reviews, and com mentaries on evolution, in the broadest sense of that term. The topics of the reviews range from anthropology and behavior to molecular biology and systematics. In recent volumes, a broad spectrum of articles have appeared on such subjects as evolution of the bacterial genome, biochemical system atics in plants, a discussion of species selection, and development and evolution of the vertebrate limb. Articles such as these, often too long for standard journals, are the material for Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to solicit manuscripts on an international scale in an effort to see that everyone ofthe many facets of biological evolution is covered. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacks burg, Virginia 24061; or Ghillian T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Fifteen volumes and one supplement have now appeared in the series known as Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to seek critical reviews, original papers, and commentaries on controversial topics. It is our aim to publish papers primarily of greater length and depth than those normally published by society journals and quarterlies. The editors make every attempt to solicit manuscripts on an international scale and to see that no facet of evolutionary biology-classical or modern-is slighted. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061; Ghillean T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458. The Editors vII Contents 1. Patterns of Neotropical Plant Species Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Alwyn H. Gentry Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Sites and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Sample Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Identifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Structural Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Community Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Floristic Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Dispersal Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Pollination Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Appendix. Sites and Communities Studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2. Evolution on a Petri Dish: The Evolved fJ-Galactosidase System as a Model for Studying Acquisitive Evolution in the Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Barry G. Hall Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Approaches to Molecular Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 The Descriptive Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 The Experimental Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Mechanisms for the Acquisition of New Genetic Material. . . . . 97 The EBGSystem a s a Model for Acquisitive Evolution . . . . . . . 98 The Unevolved Enzyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - It is with pleasure that the editors dedicate this volume to William Camp bell Steere, one of the founding editors of Evolutionary Biology. As Dr. Steere approaches his eightieth birthday we include in the volume a brief biography and a complete bibliography of his publications in celebration of his contributions to the biological sciences. The Editors Ix Contents 1. William Campbell Steere: An Outline of His Life and Continuing Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 William R. Buck Bibliography of Publications of William Campbell Steere 5 2. Biochemical Systematics: II. A Reprise . . . . . . . . . . . 25 David E. Giannasi and Daniel J. Crawford Introduction . 25 Micromolecules . 28 Flavonoids . 28 Terpenoids . 49 Alkaloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 . . . . . . . . . Other Micromolecules of Chemosystematic Interest . . . . . . . 92 Micromolecules of Specific Plant Groups . 96 Lichens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 . . . . . . . . . . New Approaches in Micromolecular Chemosystematics . 112 C Metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 . . . . . . . . 4 Paleobiochemistry . 120 Micromolecules: Biological and Evolutionary Considerations . 127 Macromolecules . 132 Electrophoresis . 133 Amino Acid Sequences . 155 Serology . 167 Nucleic Acids . 182 Conclusions and Future Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 . . . . Micromolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 . . . . . . . . Macromolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 . . . . . . . . References . 213 xl xii Contents 3. Species Selection As a Causal Process . . . . . . . . . . 249 Norman L. Gilinsky Introduction . 249 Differential Rates of Extinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 . . . . . Differential Rates of Speciation: General Problems . 252 Differential Rates of Speciation: A Case for Reducibility . 254 Differential Rates of Speciation: A Case for Irreducibility Speciation via the Founder Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 . . . Discussion . 262 Possible Examples of Species Selection: Hawaiian Drosophilidae . 262 Possible Examples of Species Selection: Tertiary Neogastropoda . 263 The Snail Example: Another Viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 . Species Selection and Randomness . 268 Species Selection and Punctuated Equilibria . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 . .