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Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 107. - London, Harrison and Sons, 1831, 8°, pp.511-605, 21 Figs., 8 plates, orig. wrappers. Offprint! Studies on the Flexor Reflex: I. Latent Period. * II. The Reflex Response by Two Centripetal Volleys. By J. C. Eccles and Sir Charles Sherrington. III. The Central Effects by an Antidromic Volley. By Sir J.C. Eccles. IV. After-Discharge. V. General Conclusions. ** By J.C. Eccles and Sir Charles Sherrington. *) "The latent period of the flexor reflex was first measured as the interval between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of the mechanical response of the muscle (Sherrington, 1906). Jolly (1911) introduced the electrical response of the muscle recorded by the string galvanometer as a basis of measurement of latent period, and he calculated that the time occupied in the passage through the spinal cord (central reflex-time) was about 4s. Forbes and Gregg (1915) used the electrical response of the motor nerve in their measurements of latent period and calculated that the central reflextime was 3 to 5s, thus confirming Jolly. In both calculations, however, certain assumptions had to be made as to the velocity of propagation of impluses in the afferent nerve fibres. Since 1915 there has been no systematic investigation of the latent period of the flexor reflex. In the following investigation an attempt has been made to throw fresh light on the nature and duration of its latent period." Eccles & Sherrington **) "The experiments described in the preceding four papers bear on various problems presented by reflex activity. Their results confirm some of the inferences already drawn elsewhere from other experimental work, and they allow certain further inferences. A brief prefatory statement of all these inferences and of the experimental evidence which allows them will advantageously introduce the description of the processes set up in the ipselateral flexor centres of the spinal cord by a single centripetal volley and by a single antidromic volley. Then, finally, discussion of the theories of reflex excitation can be undertaken in the light of the present experimental observations. the statement treats of the subject in its present phase only; the references to relevant papers are therefore restricted in the main to the more recent ones. II. Inferences from Experimental Observations. 1. The convergence of Different Afferent Paths on the same Motoneurones The following evidence shows that this occurs:- (a) Histological.-Each motoneurone receives its "boutons terminaux" from many individual afferent terminals (Cajal, 1903). (b) Physiological.-Centripetal volleys set up in different afferent nerves excite the same motoneurones (Camis, 1909; Cooper, Denny-Brown, and Sherrington, 1926; 1927; Sherrington, 1929; Cooper and Denny-Brown, 1929 ; Eccles and Sherrington, 1930 ; 1931, a; 1931, b)." Eccles & Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) was a British neurophysiologist. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (along with Edgar Adrian). In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in histology, bacteriology, and pathology. Sir John Carew Eccles (1903-1997), docterate student of Sir Charles Sherrington, was an Australian neurophysiologist and philosopher who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse. He shared the prize with Andrew Huxley and Alan Lloyd Hodgkin.