declaration independence (33 Ergebnisse)

Hardcover. Zustand: Very Good - Cash. Sam Fink (illustrator). Light reader wear and rubbing to the edges, corners, covers, and pages. The book is in great condition! Stock photos may not look exactly like the book.

Mass Market Paperback. Zustand: Brand New. reprint edition. 80 pages. 7.00x4.25x0.25 inches. In Stock.

Hardcover. Zustand: Brand New. side the document itself. ed. edition. 32 pages. 6.75x4.25x0.25 inches. In Stock.

Mass Market Paperback. Zustand: Brand New. reprint edition. 80 pages. 7.00x4.25x0.25 inches. In Stock.

PAP. Zustand: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Zustand: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Zustand: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Zustand: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

Hard. Zustand: Good. Frontispiece facsimile of the signatures on the Declaration of Independence. (illustrator). Limited edition of 400 copies printed, o. Good. Ex-library. Library binding of quarter-cloth and papered boards. Darkened. Usual stamps and markings. A nice copy. Uncut pages. Top edge gilt.

Hardcover. Zustand: Brand New. Sam Fink (illustrator). 160 pages. 11.25x7.75x0.75 inches. In Stock.

No Binding. Zustand: Very Good. Plate size approx. 8 x 5 ins, 20 x 14cms. Mounted and ready to frame, mount size approx. 12 x 10 inches, 30 x 25 cms, VERY GOOD *Decorative and unusual.

Zustand: New. KlappentextrnrnUnlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketc.

Zustand: New. KlappentextrnrnUnlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketc.

Taschenbuch. Zustand: Neu. The Declaration of Independence | and the Constitution of the United States in German, French and English - Vol. 1 | U. S. Declaration of Independence | Taschenbuch | 92 S. | Englisch | 2018 | hansebooks | EAN 9783337603229 | Verantwortliche Person für die EU: BoD - Books on Demand, In de Tarpen 42, 22848 Norderstedt, info[at]bod[dot]de | Anbieter: preigu.

Consisting of pages [71]-98. 1 vols. 8vo. With the offprint of the half-title for "John Witherspoon" on verso of last leaf. Laid into worn green wrappers. Removed from larger collection of Signer's biographies. Some browing, gatherings separated, creasing, some light waterstaining, else very good Consisting of pages [71]-98. 1 vols. 8vo.

Leather bound. Zustand: Near fine. Limited edition miniature of The Declaration of Independence, published in 1970. (illustrator). Limited Edition. Miniature volume, [2], 52pp, [2]. Dark gray morocco, title in gilt on spine and front cover. All edges gilt. Book measures 2 x 2.75 inches. One of 1,000 copies printed with Bembo type on Magnani paper from Verona, Italy. Solid text block, light shelf wear, a near fine example. (Bradbury 881).

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE; FRANK, Robert|LIMITED EDITIONS CLUB (illustrator). FRANK, Robert. LIMITED EDITIONS CLUB. The Declaration of Independence [LEC]. Photograph by Robert Frank. Afterword by David Armitage. New York: Limited Editions Club, 2010. Full Description: [DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE]. The Declaration of Independence [LEC]. Photograph by Robert Frank. Afterword by David Armitage. New York: Limited Editions Club, [2010]. Limited to 500 copies, signed by the photographer Robert Frank and David Armitage on limitation page. This being number 40. Quarto (14 1/8 x 10 1/2 inches; 358 x 267 mm). With a frontispiece photogravure by Robert Frank. Printed letterpress on thick handmade paper. Bound in publisher's dark blue fabric. Blue morocco label on front board, lettered in gilt. Bottom edge uncut. Housed in a dark blue fabric velvet-lined clamshell. Clamshell with blue morocco spine label, lettered in gilt. A fine copy. ".The Declaration of Independence, one of the bravest documents in human history. No plea for reform, it demanded a divorce for the "Free and Independent States." Creating a brand new nation, the delegates, all white and all men, put everything at risk. Men of property, well educated and powerful, they knew full well that by signing it, they stood to lose everything, their property, their families, their very lives if the Declaration and their mission failed. Hauntingly, Dr. Armitage includes a section that the delegates deleted. Here Jefferson speaks of the horrors of slavery, charging that the George III '. . . waged cruel war against human nature itself . . . Determined to keep open a market where MEN should be bought & sold . . . '" (From the publisher) LEC Bibliography. HBS 69353. $2,500.

Leather. Zustand: Very Good. The Fourth Edition. 4th edition. Polished leather boards. Five raised bands. iv-270, 259, [9] pp. 23cm. Joints professionally mended. Spine has newer black panel with gilt title. Light age-tanning throughout. Repair to open tear on top of front free endpaper. Although a later reprint, it is interesting for the weight it gives to various topics. For example, it begins on the first page discussing in worried tones the American war and especially the danger to Canada. Later it becomes confident (arrogant?) in discussing the events in New York. The title page of the first section (The History of Europe), bears the contemporary signature of "Eben Huntington" followed by the date "1789". This book almost certainly belonged to Ebenezer Huntington (1754-1834), a Connecticut native who served during the American Revolution who participated in the Siege of Boston, marched with Washington to New York, fought in the battles of Rhode Island and Springfield (New Jersey), Witnessed the surrender of Cornwallis, and was promoted from Lieutenant Colonel to Brigadier General. He also served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. Contains one of the earliest printings of the Declaration of Independence pp. 261-264 (here entitled: "Reasons assigned by the Continental Congress, for the North American Colonies and Provinces withdrawing their Allegiance to the King of Great-Britain") and the Articles of Confederation (pp. 264-270)) under an assortment of documents called "State Papers", but neither comments on them or even seems to understand, or care about their signficance. Indeed, the section begins with an editorial commentary stating: "The two following Papers seem to exhibit the Extremes of Zeal and Indifference, with which the Powers of Europe regard the present Quarrel between Great Britain,and her North-American Colonies; and, therefore, cannot but be entertaining to the Reader". This book is probably as close as one can get to the mind-set of the British as they fumble their misunderstanding way to eventual disaster. Book divided into sections, the first of which, entitled "The History of Europe". While this section addresses British Empire's concerns throughout Europe and elsewhere, it devotes a goodly portion of its192 pp. to blow-by-blow descriptions of hostilities between Britain and the American colonies. The following section entitled "Characters" (64 pages in length) covers the deeds and accomplishments of various historical personages, or peoples such as the Romans, the Mexicans, the Acadians (Cajuns), a German Princess, etc. Then a 45-pp section on "Natural History", including a section involving subjecting animals (carp, a dormouse, a toad, a snail) to extremes of hot and cold, and then similar treatment to vegetables; next section entitled "Projects" including "Rifling Gun-barrels, and feathering arrows by a Mr. Emerson. Subsequent sections are entitled "Antiquities" comprising several historical miscellanies; "Miscellaneous Essays"; "Poetry", an "Account of Books" including discussion of recently published titles including Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. The most fascinating section, however, is the 135-page section immediately following "The History of Europe" entitled "Chronicles", and contains anecdotal reportage of day-to-day events and occurrences in eighteenth-century Britain, from fires and murders, to deaths and robberies (including the holdup of a woman in a stage by a robber "dressed in white cloathes and a gold-laced hat" who demanded the lady's money and as he pocketed her money, reached into another pocket and "gave her a small diamond hoop ring, which he presented to the lady, desiring her to wear it for the sake of an extraordinary robber, who made it a point nof honour to take. no more from a beautiful lady, than he could make a return for in value. He then, with great agility, vaulted over the wall, and disappeared." All in all, this section provides a precise view into life as it was lived three quarters thr.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (illustrator). First edition, first issue of Volume II of the Journals of Congress with the rare Aitken imprint and the first Congressional printing of the Declaration of Independence (found on pages 241-246). Aiken took over the printing of the Journals from Bradford before the 1776 Bradford edition had reached the printing of the Declaration of Independence, thus making this the first. Octavo (8 3/4 x 5 1/2 inches; 222 x 140 mm). [2], 513, [22, index], [1, blank] pp. Rebacked in old quarter parchment over contemporary drab boards. Pages uncut. Boards with some minor wear. Pages with some occasional and expected toning. Overall a very good copy. "Robert Aitken was licensed by Congress to publish the Journals on 26 September 1776. Volume I of the series comprised reprints of his "Cartridge Paper" edition, the monthly issues which covered the first four months of 1776; the present volume II included the first publication of the June-December Journals, and came off the press the following year. According to Aitken, 532 copies were printed, but when Congress had to flee from Philadelphia in the autumn of 1777 Aitken's press was lost and many copies were seemingly left behind and destroyed by the British.The volume records some of the most tumultuous events of the Revolution, and the text of the Declaration appears in full, with the names of the signers, on pages 241-246." (From Bonhams). In March of 1776, after the printers the Bradfords of Philadelphia's work of printing the previous transcripts of Congress were deemed unsatisfactory, "Robert Aitken now makes his first appearance upon the scene as a printer of Congressional proceedings. Beginning the work where the Bradfords left off, and without express order of Congress other than such sanction as he may have received from their printing committee, he published the Journals in monthly subdivisions from January to May, 1776, inclusive. Aitken had now found favor in the eyes of Congress, and on September 26, 1776 the committee appointed to superintend the publication of the Journals were instructed to employ him to reprint the Journals from the beginning, with all possible expedition, and to continue to print the same. The Congress agreed to purchase of him five hundred copies when printed, and Aitken was further directed to purchase from the Bradfords, on reasonable terms and at the expense of Congress, such parts of the Journal as they had printed but had not yet published. In pursuance of this order and under the supervision of the printing committee, Aitken, in the spring of 1777, issued what he termed a "New Edition" of the Journal of Congress in two volumes; the first containing the proceedings for 1774 and 1775 and the second those of 1776. This became the authoritative edition for those years and has always been followed whenever reprinted." (The Journals and Papers of the Continental Congress By Herbert Friedenwald, pg 15-17). Pp.1-424 were later reissued as part of: 'Journals of Congress. . Volume II'. York-Town [Pennsylvania], printed by John Dunlap, 1778. The Aitken imprint of this present copy is far more rare. Evans 15684. ESTC W20602 HBS 68168. $32,500.

Varying in size from a few lines to a column nineteen inches in length, and on aged high-acidity paper. In good condition, though frail, and with a few closed tears. Texts clear and complete. In the remains of a stamped envelope (postmarked Philadelphia, 21 February 1912), addressed to E. H. Lauer of the Cadmus Book Company. Fewer than half the items are dated. The dated items include a long and interesting article on a forgotten English-born Philadelphian forger, headed 'A FORGER OF AUTOGRAPHS. | ROBERT SPRING'S SUCCESS IN BOLD LITERARY FRAUDS. | His Speciality Was the Signatures of Early American Patriots, and His Forgeries Are Treasured by Many a Collector - An Autograph of Pontius Pilate Made by Him.' (New York Sun, 28 March 1897); another (1893) on the collection of Dr John S. H. Fogg of South Boston; 'THE AUCTION SALE AT NO. 498 BROADWAY - CURIOUS SIGNATURES' (1867); three on the 1891 sale of the Leffingwell collection; another long piece (1894) headed 'A FADED DOCUMENT | The Declaration of Independence Now Illegible. | THE CHARTER OF AMERICAN LIBERTY | The Result of Carelessness in Exhibiting It to the Public. | NOW LOCKED UP IN A SAFE.' One on the Washington Letters auctioned with the library of Joseph J. Cooke of Providence; another on the sale of the autographs of J. K. Tefft of Savannah, Georgia; a long piece (Washington Evening Star, 28 October 1893, repaired with archival tape) headed 'NOTED AUTOGRAPHS | Furnished by the President and Others to the Public. | GIVEN TO THOSE WHO SELL THEM. | Senatorial Signatures and the Prices That They Fetch. | ALBUMS OF THE HOUSE.' A couple of items relate to coin collecting and one to book collecting.

1. original promissory note on printed form sheet, 9 x 17 cm, filled-in with brown ink, signed by Oliver Wolcott, punch hole cancellation near to his signature, some minor foxing, slightly creased, otherwise in good condition 2100 gr.

1 page, 4to; inlaid, backed, loss to two words at right edge likely from seal tear, holograph address panel inlaid on verso. Autograph Letter Signed, "Fran's Lewis & Son," to William Pollard, acknowledging receipt of money sent by Mr. Rotch, expressing gladness that Pollard received Kenneer's order, remarking that Mr. Johnston sailed for Jamaica, noting that Johnston's letters have not yet arrived, stating that the news which arrived by express [mail carrier on horseback] "has put this City in a violent ferment," and referring him to southbound expresses for details. ". . . Your last letter informs us that you had receiv'd the amount of Kenneer's order which we are glad to he[ar]. "Mr. Johnston with part of his family sailed f[or] Jamaica a few days before your last was received; you there say you forwarded his and our Letters, (suppose f'm Jamaica) by a Mr. Mitchell of this city, those letters are not yet come to hand. "The advices p[er] express from the Eastward has put this City in a violent ferment[;] expresses are forwarded to to [sic] the So[uth]ward with the particulars to which shall reffer [sic] you." On April 23, 1775, a broadside was printed and distributed in New York City with the headline, "The following interesting Advices were this Day received here by two Vessels from Newport and by an Express by Land," containing transcriptions of communications from Rhode Island Supreme Court Chief Justice Stephen Hopkins and other leaders of Providence conveying the first reports of the battles of Lexington and Concord: ". . . about 1200 of the regular troops have proceeded from Boston toward Concord; and having fired on the inhabitants, and killed a number of them at Lexington, are now actually engaged in butchering and destroying our brethren in the most inhuman manner. . . .".

First printing on paper of the first official facsimile of the founding document of the United States, preceded only by the printing on vellum for private distribution. The facsimile was commissioned by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams in 1820. Two entrepreneurs, John Binns and Benjamin Owen Tyler, had recently independently produced their own cruder facsimiles. Quincy Adams desired an official and accurate facsimile made directly from the original. He hired the Washington printer William J. Stone, who spent three years creating the plate. Stone used the wet ink transfer method - the original document was moistened and pressed to transfer the ink onto the plate, which was then engraved directly. This procedure removed much of the ink from the original document and caused considerable degradation of the paper, leading to its near-illegibility by the middle of the 19th century. The plate was completed in June 1823 and sold to the State Department, who that year printed 200 copies on vellum and distributed them to official repositories, prominent individuals, and the few surviving signers of the Declaration. In 1833, the State Department authorized a second printing from the historian and printer Peter Force. These copies were to be inserted into the publication known as the American Archives, a 20-volume compilation of legislative records and documents. Force erased the original imprint from the plate and printed it on fine rice paper as close in colour and texture to the original parchment as possible. Because the original document is now so deteriorated (in part due to the method by which the engraving was made), it is Stone's engraving which is commonly used, often silently, where the Declaration is illustrated in books and media. Broadside (753 x 640 mm) on rice paper, mounted and framed with conservation-standard acrylic glazing. Folds and slight offsetting where formerly inserted into book as issued, a few splits along folds and extremities, light creasing, very discreet restoration to closed tears at foot. A very good copy.

1½ pages, folio, written on recto and verso of a single sheet; minor loss to few scattered letters from ink burn, folds. SIGNER'S CONGRESSIONAL RESOLUTION ON THE MAINTENANCE OF PRISONERS OF WAR (AMERICAN REVOLUTION.) MIDDLETON, ARTHUR. Autograph Document, unsigned, draft of resolution for the Continental Congress, resolving to investigate passports which authorize the importing of British goods for use by prisoners of war, resolving to create an inventory of goods at Lancaster [PA] that can be used to supply the prisoners, and resolving to control goods imported for prisoners by enforcing a contraband list. A mono-alphabetic cipher key is written vertically on verso, likely in holograph. "Resolved--That investigation be made by the Sec'y at War & that he report to Congress the Causes why Passports have been granted for the Introduction of British goods under Colour of supplying the British Prisoners with necessaries & the Names of Persons by whom such Passports were granted. "That the Sec'y at War cause an inventory to be taken of the British goods now at Lancaster, & that He take measures for returning such Articles to N[ew]York as he may judge to be improper for the supply of Soldiers, & some calculated for the purposes of Trafficking with the Citizens of these States. "That the Persons authorized to grant Passports or permissions for the Necessaries intended for the British Prisoners be charged to scrutinize strictly into the Packages & parcells forwarded for that purpose, & to let none pass but such as contain necessary Articles bona fide intended for the Use of the Prisoners and agreeable to a Schedule pick'd by the Sec'y at War limiting the Articles in quantity & Quality proportion'd to the Number of Prisoners & agreeable to the usual mode of supplying Soldiery by the Powers to where they belong. "That the Sec'y at War draw up a Schedule of such Articles as will be allow'd the Prisoners in future, & that the British Commissaries be inform'd that, if any extra Articles different in quantity & quality from the said Schedule should be attempted to be forwarded, the said Extra Articles shall be held to be contraband, & the whole of the parcells or packages in which they are contained shall be forfeited to the use of the United States. "That the American Officers commanding the posts where such Prisoners are Kept, be directed to Search the Bales & Packages & see that the Articles agree with the Invoices mentioned in the Passports, previous to their being issued to the Soldiery, & that he make proper returns to the Board of War." The present resolution may have been abandoned by Middleton and replaced by his related motion of June 11, 1782: "Resolved, That the Commander in Chief be instructed to make a demand upon Sir Guy Carleton [commander-in-chief of all British forces in North America], to discharge the arrears due to the United States, for the maintenance of the British prisoners . . . ." Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, 17741789 (Washington, 190437), XXII: 324. Cipher keys were used frequently during the Revolutionary War by spies and others to prevent important communications from being understood by the enemy. Most keys were simple, like that used in the present document, in which one could create an encrypted message by finding, for each alphabetic letter in the original message, the matching letter in the top row of the key, and writing down the letter found just below it. The recipient could decode the message by employing the identical key in reverse. Most of the extant examples of Middleton's autograph--among the most uncommon of all the signers of the Declaration of Independence--are enumerated in "A Census of Important Middleton Documents" in Joseph E. Fields's article, "The Autographs of Arthur Middleton," where the present resolution is listed as No. 42. Taylor, ed., Manuscripts: The First Twenty Years (Westport, 1984), 86-104.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (illustrator). Philadelphia]: Illman & Sons, [n.d.c.a. 1859]. Large broadside (20 1/2 inches; x 16 inches; 510 x 410 mm). Engraved. The text in a small script within an elaborate vine and floral border. The engraving includes portraits of the Presidents from Washington to Buchanan. As well as flags, the American eagle in a cartouche, a vignette of the Washington family burial vault, and a reproduction of Trumbull's Declaration. Along the top are facsimile signatures after Binns. (Bidwell 30). Broadside is mounted to a large mat. Some minor toning. A bit of light creasing. Three minor marginal closed tears, two of which are just barely touching the engraving. Overall a very nice copy. Bidwell 30. Hart 597. HBS 69018. $2,000.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (illustrator). Manchester N.H.: Wm. H. Fisk, 1856]. First edition (?). Broadside. Measures 28 1/2 x 22 inches. Paper is a bit toned. Some moderate edgewear. A few small marginal holes and marginal closed tears. One closed tear approximately 3.5 inches, but none of the tears or wear are affecting the image. Overall very good. "The original of this was designed and executed entirely with a pen by Gilman Russell, Teacher of Practical , Plain & Ornamental, Writing and Drawing." (Copyright statement of of Gilman Russell, dated 1856), J.H. Bufford's Lith. "Lithograph title with some pen flourishes copied from N. 4 [ie Philadelphia, William Woodruff] text in a uniform round hand. Russell has written the text around a standing portrait of Washington and enclosed in a grapevine border. No signatures. Later editions and adaptations: ca. 1876 Retitled Great Centennial Memorial, Bufford's and Fisk's imprints omitted, Russell's imprint rephrased, and with a new copyright statement, dated 1866." (Bidwell 28). Bidwell 28. Nash, p. 266; NHi HBS 68496. $1,750.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (illustrator). Boston: George Girdler Smith, [n.d.c.a. 1841]. First Edition of George Smith's engraved broadside of the Declaration of Independence. Broadside (11 15/16 x 9 3/8 inches; 303 x 239 mm). With engravings of the first ten presidents and the seals of the thirteen original colonies. Printed on thick, coated paper. Some light rubbing along edges on Madison's engraving. Otherwise about fine. According to Bidwell, "Engraved, text in a border closely imitating the Binns edition, facsimile signatures after Binns." (Bidwell 20). The next edition after the present copy contain a portrait of eleven presidents including Polk and a view of the Capitol. The next edition replaces the Capitol with a portrait of Zachary Taylor. Bidwell 20; Hart 590 (both for the later editions). HBS 68495. $2,500.

Broadside, 66 x 51 cm., a multi-colored lithograph, printed in red, white and blue, containing the text of the Declaration of Independence. Described in detail upon its publication, in the "Sacramento Daily Union," [vol. 31. no. 4746], on 13 June 1866: "We have before us a beautiful illustration of this peculiarity of the State, in the production of John A. Fuller, a miner of Nevada, entitled 'Freedom's Footsteps.' During his leisure hours this gentleman designed and executed with the pen a large chart, emblematic of the progress of our country, the events by which independence of the nation was secured, the nature of the Union and the Industrial springs of its prosperity. In the center is a neatly written copy of the Declaration of Independence, with the signatures of the immortal fifty-six. The border is composed of Corinthian columns, twined with the memorials of the Revolution -- the Union being typified by the masonry of States at the base of each column. The names of the Presidents, from Washington to Lincoln, surround the oval center-piece containing the Declaration. Over all flies the national eagle, grasping the flag. The design evinces refined taste and intelligence, and the penmanship could not be easily surpassed by professors in that line. This chart has been elegantly lithographed by W. Vallance Gray, of San Francisco." OCLC locates one copy (Virginia, in the Albert Small "Declaration of Independence" collection). The broadside has several hairline cracks which slightly affect the image on the original, brittle paper and shallow chipping along the edges and at the corners, not affecting any text. It has been professionally backed with Japanese paper. A visually dramatic broadside from post-Civil War California. In the center of the text of the Declaration of Independence is a colorful example of the Seal of the United States. Down the columns on either side of the Declaration, and in bordered boxes below are some of the names of famous Revolutionary War battles, with their dates. Details regarding the Presidents have also been entered. Lincoln's assassination is noted, "at Ford's Theater Washington DC / succeeded by vice President / A. Johnson." Fuller makes a few very minor mistakes in his details. Death dates are not given for either John Tyler or Martin Van Buren, though both had died in 1862. The masonry bricks along the bottom edge of the broadside represent the states admitted to the Union, and their dates of admission are given, including California (1850). Fuller lists Minnesota's date as 1860, though it was actually admitted in 1858. West Virginia is present, but has no date. OCLC lists one previous work by the lithographer, W. Vallance Gray, a map of the gold and silver mining districts of the state of Nevada, published in 1865 [see: Graff: #1882.] Gray (1839-?), a native of Scotland, studied lithography there with the firm of McClure & McDonald. In 1860 he took a position with the Presbyterian Malay Missionary Society in Singapore and spent two years teaching lithography to the Malays. He then determined to travel around the world, but only got as far as San Francisco before settling down. He worked for Britton & Rey lithographers for one year, then joined the large publishing firm of A.L. Bancroft where he worked for a number of years. [See: "Sketches of Leading and Representative Men of San Francisco," by O.T. Shuck, published in 1875.] Gray also worked with C.B. Gifford in the late 1860's and 1870's, creating a number of views of California cities, including San Francisco and San Jose. Gifford's technique of "showing the city as seen looking west from an imaginary point in the air," was later adapted by many different artists to create other "bird's eye" city views. [see: Reps, "Views and Viewmakers of Urban America," p.178.].

Oblong folio. One-page, approximately 125 words. Old fold lines, but very good.

Good. Repaired tear extending from right margin near 'Surrender of Lee' about 5 inches into the page. Size 17 x 26.75 Inches. An impressive 1876 first edition broadside published by Daniel Titus Ames to celebrate the centennial. Likely made for the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, the view promotes Manifest Destiny - the idea of American social and pollical power spreading westward across the continent. A Closer Look The broadside consists of two oval windows: the left features the Declaration of Independence and a portrait of Washington, and the right the Emancipation Proclamation and a portrait of Abraham Lincoln. The full text of both documents is contained within, written in the 19th-century calligraphic style known as 'engrossing', one of Ames' specialties. These windows are surrounded by elaborate floral-motive decoration and 22 vignettes illustrating important moments in American history. Views of Pittsburgh Two central bird's-eye views illustrate Pittsburgh, where the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers form the Ohio. The upper view is dated 1776, exhibiting forest. The lower view, depicting 1876, presents a bustling city and gateway to the west. Some collection catalogers have suggested these views represent Philadelphia, but this is definitively not the case. Not only do they not resemble Philadelphia, but it was already a large and prosperous city in 1776. The use of Pittsburgh underscores the 'manifest destiny' title banner just above 'Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way.' Publication History and Census This view was published in 1876 by Daniel T. Ames. It was issued in several formats, including a double-sized edition with chromolithograph shading published sometime later by W. Welke and James Miller. The present example, bearing only the Ames imprint, is the first edition. This view was most likely produced for sale at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, and the elaborate buildings behind the title are likely the exposition halls. The view is scarce. Institutional collection records indicate one example at Yale, and another at the Newberry, both the Welke/Miller second edition. We note just one example on the market in the last 20 years. References: The Lincoln Collection, 71.2009.081.1427.n. Huntington Library, J. T. Last Collection, priJLC_FAIR_001720. OCLC 525013488.