Trigeminal Cardiac Reflex

Trigeminocardiac Reflex is a comprehensive tutorial reference to the physiology, diagnosis and possible treatment of trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR), which is initiated when the trigeminal nerve is disturbed in any way, usually during intercranial surgery. The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves and provides sensory supply to intra- and extracranial anatomical structures. TCR is defined as the sudden onset of parasympathetic dysrhythmia, sympathetic hypotension, apnea, and gastric hyper-motility during stimulation of any of the sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve. Since first reported in 1999 by co-Editor, Bernhard J. Schaller, research focused on TCR is expanding and while the instance is still relatively rare, as more is discovered about TCR increased diagnosis and more effective treatment protocols will evolve. This book will be of interest to clinical and research neurologists, neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons, neuroanesthesiologists, neuroophthalmologists as well as all other physicians involved in this brainstem reflex as a general introduction for clinical presentation and as a foundation for (further) research.