The detection of harmful chemicals and microbial pathogens in food and water destined for consumers is of paramount importance the world over and it is vital that new techniques and discoveries are widely disseminated. Bringing together international experts in the field, Rapid Detection Assays for Food and Water presents original, state-of-the-art research and a review of the established methods in this key subject area. Covering the four main areas of water microbiology, water chemistry, food microbiology and food chemistry, the book discusses highly sensitive chemical and biological detection systems. There are applications ranging from sample preparation methods to end detection. Subject areas include biosensors, the detection of pesticide residues, GM components, various chemicals and toxins as well as protozoan parasites and viral/bacterial pathogens in a wide range of materials. This book will be welcomed by researchers and professionals in industry, academia and government agencies.

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Rapid Detection Assays for Food and Water

By S. Clark, K.C. Thompson, C.W. Keevil, M. Smith

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Rapid Methods in Water Microbiology,
Suitability of Microbial Assays for Potable Water and Wastewater Applied to Land C.W. Keevil, 3,
Solid Phase Cytometry for Rapid Detection of Total Coliform and E. coli, Including O157:H7, in Water and Food B.H. Pyle, G.A. McFeters, S.O. Van Poucke and H.J. Nelis, 27,
Rapid Same-Day Microcolony Enumeration Technique for E. coli in Drinking Water D.P. Sartory, A. Parton and C. Rackstraw, 31,
Immunomagnetisable Separation for the Recovery of Cryptosporidium sp. Oocysts C.A. Paton, D.E. Kelsey, E.A. Reeve, K. Punter, J.H. Crabb and H. V. Smith, 38,
Use of a Combined IMS/Laser Scanning Procedure for the Separation and Subsequent Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts from Water Concentrates D. T. Reynolds, R.B. Slade and C.R. Fricker, 44,
Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Parasites and Viruses C.P. Gerba, K.A. Reynolds, S.E. Dowd and I.L. Pepper, 49,
A Rapid Detection Method and Infectivity Assay for Water-borne Cryptosporidium Using PCR and In vitro Cell Culture R. De Leon, P.A. Rochelle, H. Baribeau, M.H. Stewart and R.L. Wolfe, 55,
Molecular Techniques for the Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Drinking Water N. Lightfoot, M. Pearce, B. Place, and C. Salgado, 59,
Application of PCR for the Detection of Viable Pathogenic Bacteria from Water Samples K. Delabre, M.-R. de Roubin, V. Lahoussine, P. Cervantes and J.-C. Joret, 66,
Rapid Methods in Water Chemistry,
Rapid Chemical Assays Based on Test Kits M.D. Buck, 73,
A Contribution to Convenience for Enzyme-based Assays of Pesticides in Water A.L. Hart and W.A. Collier, 80,
Water Quality Control in the Netherlands: Selection and Evaluation of Indicative Methods E.P. Meulenberg, 84,
Analytical Microsystems – An Overview D.H. Craston and S. Cowen, 93,
Rapid Detection of Changes in Fluid Composition Using On-line Impedance Spectroscopy M.E.H. Amrani, R.M. Dowdeswell and P.A. Payne, 10,
The Electrochemical Detection of Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Using the Inhibition of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) as a Model System S.J.Young, A.A. Dowman, J. Hart and D.C. Cowell, 105,
Microbiotests for Rapid and Cost-effective Hazard Assessment of Industrial Products, Effluents, Wastes, Waste Leachates and Groundwaters G. Persoone, 109,
Use of Lux Bacterial Biosensors for Rapid Toxicity Detection and Protection of Sewage Treatment Processes K. Killham, A.M. Horsburgh, D.P. Mardlin, I. Caffoor, L.A. Glover and M.S. Cresser 116,
Rapid Detection of Residual Cleaning Agents and Disinfectants in Food Factories J. Lappalainen, S. Loikkanen, M. Havana, M. Karp, A.-M. Sj�berg and G. Wirtanen, 121,
Rapid Methods in Food Microbiology,
Food Sample Preparation and Enrichment for Rapid Detection A.N. Sharpe, 129,
The Separation of Food Pathogens Using Chromatographic Techniques T.N. Whitmore and P.D. Gray, 138,
The Accreditation of Microbiological Test Methods R. Betts, 142,
The Use of a Minimal Number of Vapour Sensors for the Assessment of Food Quality B.P.J. de Lacy Costello, R.J. Ewen, H.E. Gunson, N.M. Ratcliffe and P.T.N. Spencer-Phillips, 148,
Rapid Detection of Enterobacteriaceae in Dehydrated Foods Using Impedance Microbiology: Critical Role of the Pre-enrichment Phase A. Pridmore and P. Silley, 152,
Immunoassays for Rapid Detection of Foodborne Pathogens and Toxins: A Review P. C. Vasavada, 157,
Use of Bacteriophage for Rapid Detection of Microorganisms R.J. Mole, 166,
Rapid Methods for Enumerating the Heterotrophic Bacteria in Bottled Natural Mineral Water M. Fitzgerald, M. Kerr and J.J. Sheridan, 170,
Development of Methods to Detect Foodborne Viruses A.S. Kurdziel, N. Wilkinson, S.H. Gordon and N. Cook, 175,
CEN Validation of Rapid Alternative Microbiological Methods (MICROVAL) R. Holbrook, 178,
Rapid Methods in Food Chemistry,
Biosensors for Pesticide Residues in the Environment and in Food P.M. Kr�mer, 183,
Development of Disposable Immunosensors for the Rapid Assay of Seafood Toxins L. Micheli, D. Moscone, S. Marini, S. Di Stefano and G. Palleschi, 190,
Selective Electrochemical Biosensors for Application in Food Quality Control G. Palleschi, D. Compagnone and D. Moscone, 194,
Flow-through Enzyme Immunoassay Kits for the Rapid Detection of the Mycotoxins Ochratoxin A, T-2 Toxin and Aftatoxin M1 in Food and Feed S. De Saeger, L. Sibanda and C. Van Peteghem, 202,
Evaluation of Novel In vitro Assays for the Detection of Botulinum Toxins in Foods M. Wictome, K. Newton, K. Jameson, P. Dunnigan, S. Clarke, S. Wright, J. Gaze, A. Tauk, K.A. Foster and C.C. Shone, 206,
DNA Based Methods for Meat Authentication R.G. Bardsley and A.K. Lockley, 210,
The Application of DNA Based Techniques for the Determination of Food Authenticity J. Sawyer, D. Hunt, N. Harris, S. Gout, C. Wood, H. Gregory, D. McDowell, R. Barallon and H. Parkes, 220,
Testing for Genetically Modified Components in Foods – Present and Future Challenges A.B. Hanley, H. Hird and M.L. Johnson, 225,
Toxicological End-points – The Zero Rabbit Option E.J. Hughson, S.L. Oehlschlager and A.B. Hanley, 230,
FAPAS: An Independent Assessment of Laboratory Proficiency A.L. Patey, 234,
Subject Index, 239,

CHAPTER 1

SUITABILITY OF MICROBIAL ASSAYS FOR POTABLE WATER AND WASTEWATER APPLIED TO LAND

C. W. Keevil

School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK

1 INTRODUCTION

Emerging methods of sample preparation and pathogen detection have been developed in the food, clinical and veterinary industries, involving direct specific detection or post-enrichment culture screening with molecular, immunological and enzyme assay technologies. Some of these have also been used, with some success, by water companies involved in the supply of potable water and have been validated as ISO and CEN standards. Specific immunomagnetic separation technologies, avoiding selective enrichment, appear particularly promising and are already incorporated into several national standards for Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in raw and treated waters. The human population continues to expand at an ever increasing rate, requiring greater intensification of animal rearing for food production, and there are inevitably greater demands on the environment to deal with the human and animal faecal wastes which are generated. Many instances of foodborne and waterborne disease outbreaks point to the transmission of new and reemerging pathogens in faecal wastes which are recycled to land for economic and environmental reasons. The challenge for analysts, therefore, is to adapt some of the methods described above, or develop new methods, to provide an evaluation of safe storage and treatment practices for pathogen removal before the wastes can be safely recycled to land. This problem has been exacerbated by the realisation that some pathogens may be sub-lethally damaged, but possibly still capable of causing disease, due to the storage and treatment processes and might be missed using conventional culture recovery techniques. The molecular techniques are presently more suited to pathogen detection, not viability, and research is now focusing on appropriate...

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