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In den WarenkorbArtikelbeschreibung des Verkäufers
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Bestandsnummer des Verkäufers CX-9780854046430
- Titel
- Microtas 2004
- Verlag
- RSC Publishing
- Erscheinungsjahr
- 2004
- Zustand
- New
- Einband
- HRD
- Sprache
- Englisch
- ISBN-10
- 0854046437
- ISBN-13
- 9780854046430
- Artikelgewicht
- 1.352 Gramm
The Eighth International Conference on Miniaturized Systems in Chemistry and Life Science - MicroTas 2004 - is an annual meeting focusing on the research, development and application of miniaturized technologies and methodologies in chemistry and life science. The conference is celebrating its tenth anniversary after the first workshop at the University of Twente, The Netherlands in 1994. This research field is rapidly developing and changing towards a domain where core competence areas such as microfluidics, micro- and nanotechnology, materials science, chemistry, biology, and medicine are melting together to a truly interdisciplinary meeting place. This volume is the first in a two volume set, a valuable reference collection to all working in this field.
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Auszug. © Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.
Micro Total Analysis Systems 2004 Volume 1
Proceedings of µTAS 2004 8th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences
By Thomas Laurell, Johan Nilsson, Klavs Jensen, D. Jed Harrison, Jörg P. KutterThe Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
Contents
Volume 1,
Day 1 - Monday, September 27, 2004,
Plenary I,
Monday Session A - Particle Sorting,
Monday Session B - Motormolecules,
Monday Session A - Cell Positioning,
Monday Session B - MEMS,
Monday Plenary II,
Monday Poster Sessions - Applications I,
Monday Poster Session - Microfluids I,
Monday Poster Session - Nanotechnology,
Monday Poster Session - Others,
Monday Session A - Fluid Pumping,
Monday Session B - Proteomics,
Day 1 - Tuesday, September 28, 2004,
Tuesday Session A-Cell Culture I,
Tuesday Session B - Nanochannels,
Tuesday Session A - Particles,
Tuesday Session B - Optical Detection,
Tuesday Plenary IV,
Tuesday Poster Session - Applications II,
Tuesday Poster Sessions - Microfluids II,
CHAPTER 1
SINGLE MOLECULE NANO-BIOSCIENCE
Toshio Yanagida
Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-3, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
1. Introduction
Biomolecules assemble to form molecular machines such as molecular motors, cell signal processors, DNA transcription processors and protein synthesizers to fulfill their functions. Their collaboration allows the activity of biological systems. The reactions and behaviors of molecular machines vary flexibly while responding to their surroundings. This flexibility is essential for biological organisms. The underlying mechanism of molecular machines is not as simple as that expected from analogy with man-made machines. Since molecular machines are only nanometers in size and has a flexible structure, it is very prone to thermal agitation. Furthermore, the input energy level is not much difference from average thermal energy, kBT. Molecular machines can thus operate under the strong influence of this thermal noise, with a high efficiency of energy conversion. They would not overcome thermal noise but effectively use it for their functions. This is in sharp contrast to man-made machines that operate at energies much higher than the thermal noise. In recent years, the single molecule detection (SMD) and nano-technologies have rapidly been expanding to include a wide range of life science. The dynamic properties of biomolecules and the unique operations of molecular machines, which were previously hidden in averaged ensemble measurements, have now been unveiled. The aim of our research is to approach the engineering principle of adaptive biological system by uncovering the unique operation of biological molecular machines. I survey our SMD experiments designed to investigate molecular motors, enzyme reactions, protein dynamics and cell signaling, and discuss the mechanism of biological molecular machines.
2. Single-molecule detection (SMD) techniques
How advantageous is SMD for investigations? Observing and manipulating biomolecules allows their dynamic behaviors to be directly revealed, as has been demonstrated for motor proteins. Reactions of biological molecules are generally stochastic. Therefore, even if the reactions of molecules are initiated at the same time, they cannot be synchronized, so the dynamic behaviors of individual molecules are averaged and hidden in ensemble-averaged measurements. In vivo, biomolecules work in dynamic and complicated heterogeneous systems, involving different kinds of molecules such as cell-signaling proteins. It is difficult to quantitatively detect dynamic behaviors of target molecules in such systems by ensemble-averaged measurements. The SMD techniques are expected to overcome these difficulties and have already been successfully applied to study the dynamic properties of biological molecules such as motor proteins, enzymes, RNA polymerase and cell-signaling proteins.
The SMD techniques are based on two key technologies for single-molecule imaging and single-molecule nanomanipulation. First, the imaging technique will be explained. The size of biomolecules and even their assemblies are in the order of nanometers, so they are too small to observe by optical microscopy. To overcome this problem, biomolecules can be fluorescently labeled and visualized using fluorescence microscopy. Single fluorophores in aqueous solution were first observed in 1995 by using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) and conventional inverted fluorescence microscopy. The major problem to overcome when visualizing single fluorophores in aqueous solution is the huge background noise, which can be caused by Raman scattering from water molecules, incident light breaking through filters, luminescence arising from the objective lens, immersion oil and dust. In this system, the evanescent field was formed when the laser beam was totally reflected by the interface between the solution and the glass. The evanescent field was not restricted to the diffraction limit of light, thus it could be localized close to the glass surface, which resulted in the penetration depth (~150 nm) being several-fold shorter than the wavelength of light. Therefore, the illumination was restricted to fluorophores either bound to the glass surface or located close by, thereby reducing the background light. Furthermore, by careful selection of optical elements, the background noise could be reduced by 2000-fold compared with that of conventional fluorescence microscopy. This made it possible to clearly observe single fluorophores in aqueous solution. Fluorescence measurements from fluorophores attached to biomolecules and ligands allow the detection of, for example, the movements, conformational changes, enzymatic reactions and cell-signal processes of biomolecules at the single molecule level.
The second key technology is single-molecule nanomanipulation. Biomolecules and even single molecules can be captured by a glass needle or by beads trapped by optical tweezers. The optical tweezers are the tool to trap and manipulate particles of 25 nm to 25 µm in diameter by the force of laser radiation pressure. The particle is trapped near the focus of laser light when focused by a microscope objective with a high numerical aperture. The optical tweezers produce forces in the piconewton range on the particles. Biomolecules are too small to be directly trapped by the optical tweezers, so they are generally attached to an optically -trapped bead. Microneedles or a bead trapped by a laser act as a spring that expands in proportion to the applied force. Thus, the force and the displacement caused by the biomolecules can be measured. The displacement of a microneedle and a bead has been determined with a subnanometer accuracy, much less than the diffraction limit of an optical measurement. This accuracy of displacement corresponds to the sub-piconewton accuracy in the force measurements. Thus, the mechanical property of biomolecules can be determined directly at the single-molecule level. Furthermore, combined with the single-molecule imaging technique, simultaneous measurements of mechanical and chemical reactions of single biomolecules are possible.
3. Movement and ATPase turnovers of biological molecular motors
The SDM techniques were first used to...
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We ask all customers to contact us for authorisation should they wish to return their order. Orders returned without authorisation may not be credited.
If you wish to return, please contact us within 14 days of receiving your order to obtain authorisation.
Returns requested beyond this time will not be authorised.
Our team will provide full instructions on how to return your order and once received our returns department will process your refund.
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Datenschutz und Sicherheit
PRIVACY POLICY
We are committed to protecting the privacy and security of personal data. This policy tells you how we will collect and use your personal data, and what you should expect in respect of the personal information about you that we have collected.
We are PBShop.co.uk Limited (registered in England & Wales with Company No: 9366362). Our registered office is at Swatton Barn, Badbury, Swindon, SN4 0EU, United Kingdom.
The person with responsibility for our data protection compliance is the Managing Director and they can be contacted via email at help@pbshop.store.
We are the data controller of the personal data that we keep and use, and we are therefore responsible for making sure that our systems, processes and people comply with the relevant data protection laws in respect of that personal data.
We will act in respect of personal data to comply with the six principles of the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which are:
Lawfulness, fairness and transparency;
Purpose limitation;
Data minimisation;
Accuracy;
Storage limitation;
Integrity and confidentiality.
You have rights in respect of how your personal data can be processed; these include the right to request:
a copy of your personal data;
that inaccurate data is rectified; and
that your personal data is, in certain circumstances, erased or restricted.
You have the right to complain to the Information Commissioner, which you can do by contacting the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) directly. Full contact details, including a helpline number, can be found on the ICO website (www.ico.org.uk). This website also has useful information on your rights and our obligations. However, please raise any concerns or issues with us first so that we may deal with this as quickly as possible for you.
COLLECTION, USE AND DISCLOSURE OF PERSONAL DATA
We collect and process data for the following reasons:
personal data collected and created in relation to our selling books and other items; and
personal data relating to our people (which means those people working for our company, or providing services to us, or potentially working or providing services to us, including employees, consultants, temporary or casual workers and contractors).
All of our people are required to abide by our Privacy Policy when handling personal data, and are provided with appropriate data protection training. Any breach of data protection will be taken seriously, and may result in disciplinary action.
Selling books and other items
COLLECTION:
We will collect personal information which may include names, addresses and other information for our customers. This will be done for the management of the commercial relationship with our customers.
We may collect this personal data from you directly, and also from third parties, including publicly available third party sources. Additional personal data will be collected as it is created by or supplied to us in the course of anything we do for you.
USE:
We will use the personal data in the course of making sales and to comply with requirements that we are required to undertake.
We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:
in performance of a contract (the agreement to sell books and other items); and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be far less common:
where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
DISCLOSURE:
We may share personal data with third parties as is necessary in the sale of books and other items, including to third party providers who deliver services to support the operation of our company.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. Normally, our retention period for personal data collected for this purpose is a minimum of 6 years after the end of the period that we are selling books and other items.
Our people
COLLECTION:
We will collect names, addresses, contact details, education and employment history, identity and other background checks (which may include appropriate criminal and financial checks and confirmation of the right to work in the UK), marital status and information on next of kin and dependents, financial information (such as bank details and NI numbers), date of birth, gender, a copy of your passport and driving licence, performance information and compensation history, recruitment information (including references), salary, benefits, pension and annual leave information, disciplinary and grievance information, photographs, information about your use of our information and communications systems and CCTV footage or other information obtained through electronic means.
We may collect and use special categories of personal data as required in the carrying out of obligations and exercising specific rights of us or the data subject in the field of employment. This may include information relating to matters such as health, racial origin, religious belief and offences or alleged offences.
Personal data may be collected from you during the selection process (for example via your application form and CV) and during your employment (including holiday forms, expense claims, performance reviews, any disciplinary or grievance processes), or from third parties, including referees, health service providers, background check providers.
USE:
Personal data of our people will be used for HR administration and management, both in respect of the selection of people to work for us (including suitability, eligibility and/or fitness to work), and those who do work for us, to include learning and development, disciplinary and security (of people, offices and data) requirements, providing and liaising with benefits providers, business management and planning (including accounting and auditing), paying you and dealing with tax and NI deductions, assessing and deciding on salary reviews and compensation, conducting performance reviews and managing performance, dealing with legal disputes involving you or others, preventing fraud, monitoring your use of our information and communications systems, ensuring compliance with our policies, and equal opportunities monitoring.
We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:
In performance of a contract with you; and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be less common:
where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
In respect of special categories of personal data, we may process this in the following circumstances:
in limited circumstances with your explicit written consent; and/or
where we need to carry out our legal obligations and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed in the public interest (such as for equal opportunities monitoring or in relation to our occupational pension scheme), and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed to assess your working capacity on health grounds, subject to appropriate confidentiality safeguards.
Less commonly, we may process this type of information where it is needed in relation to legal claims or where it is needed to protect your (or someone else’s) interests and you are not capable of giving your consent, or where you have already made the information public. We may also process such information about our people (or former people) in the course of our legitimate business activities with the appropriate safeguards.
The special categories of personal data may be used in the following ways:
in relation to leaves of absence, to comply with employment and other laws;
in relation to your physical or mental health, or disability status, to ensure your health and safety in the workplace and to assess your fitness to work, to monitor, manage and administer benefits and absences;
in relation to your race, national or ethnic origin, religious, philosophical or moral beliefs, or your sexual life or sexual orientation, to ensure meaningful equal opportunity monitoring and reporting.
DISCLOSURE:
Personal data may be transferred to service providers who support the operation of our business (such as payroll service providers), to other third parties reasonably necessary in the conduct of our business (including insurers, professional advisors, regulators). These third parties may be acting as processor, or controller of personal data in their own right.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. We will normally keep personal data of applicants who we do not employ for six months after we receive it.
We will keep personal data of employees throughout your employment and normally for a minimum of six years after your employment ends.
Changes to your personal data
It is very important that the personal information that we hold about you is accurate and current. Please tell us if your personal information changes during your relationship with us.
Data Security
We have put in place measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorised way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those of our people and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and where they have agreed to treat the information confidentially and to keep it secure. We have put in place procedures to deal with any suspected data security breach and will notify you and the ICO of a suspected breach where we are legally required to do so.
Where we store your personal data
We principally store data, both electronically and on file, at our office.
Personal data may be transferred outside of the EEA by processors acting on our behalf. For transfers to countries not considered adequate by the EC, we will ensure that personal data is adequately protected, as required by the GDPR. This would include by use of the Standard Contractual Clauses adopted by the EC to protect personal data.
Your rights
Under certain circumstances, you have the right by law to request:
access to your personal data. This enables you to ask to receive a copy of the personal data that we hold about you and to check that we are lawfully processing it.
correction of the personal data that we hold about you.
erasure of your personal data.
object to processing of your personal data where we are relying on our legitimate interest and there is something about your particular situation which makes you want to object to processing on this ground. You also have the right to object where we are processing your personal information for direct marketing purposes.
restriction of processing of your personal data.
transfer of your personal data to another party.
Links from our website
Our website may, from time to time, contain links to and from the websites of third parties that we permit to make such links. If you follow a link to any of these websites, please note that these websites have their own privacy policies and that we do not accept any responsibility or liability for these policies. We recommend that you check these policies before you submit any personal data to these websites.
CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY
Any changes we may make to our privacy policy in the future will be posted on our website, so please ensure that you are viewing the correct version.
Please contact us if you have any questions, comments or requests regarding this Privacy Policy.
Last amended May 2021.