Metals in Society and in the Environment: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge on Fluxes, Speciation, Bioavailability and Risk for Adverse Effects . Nickel and Zinc (Environmental Pollution)

0: Executive Summary and Conclusions.- 0.1. Introduction. 0.2. Metal Fluxes from Society to the Environment and Between Environmental Media. 0.3. Speciation, Bioavailability and Effects of Trace Metals in the Environment. 0.4. General Conclusions. 1: Purpose of this Review.- 1.1. Background and Justification. 1.2. The Need and How to Meet It. 1.3. Target Groups for the Updated Report. 1.4. Implementation of the Work. 2: Global Extraction, Production and Consumption.- 2.1. Copper. 2.2. Nickel. 2.3. Zinc. 3: Metal Cycles in Defined Geographical Areas: Europe, the Netherlands and Stockholm.- 3.1. Example 1: The European Copper Cycle. 3.2. Example 2: Dynamic Modelling of Metal Flows in the Netherlands; Cu and Zn. 3.3. Example 3: Urban Metal Flows - Stockholm; Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn. 4: Critical Steps in Metal Fluxes from Society to the Environment - Some Case Studies.- 4.1. Case Study 1: Corrosion and Runoff of Metals from Roofing Materials made of Copper, Galvanized Steel or Stainless Steel. 4.2. Case Study 2: Relative Importance of the Traffic Sector for Metal Fluxes from the Urban Environment to Aquatic Ecosystems. 4.3. Case Study 3: Metal Fluxes from Households to STPs, Sludge and Agricultural Soils. 4.4. Case Study 4: Metal fluxes from Mine Waste to Rivers - Falun Copper Mine. 4.5. Summing Up: Fluxes of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn from Society to the Environment. 5: Speciation, Mobility and Bioavailability of Metals in the Environment.- 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. In Surface Waters. 5.3. In Groundwaters. 5.4. In Aquatic Sediments. 5.5. In Soils. 5.6. In Biota. 5.7. A Proposal for ’Natural’ or ’Preindustrial’ Regional Background Levels of Metals in the Sediment in Waters Surrounding Stockholm. 6: Biotic Ligand Models.- 6.1. Need for Improved Models to Assess Bioavailable Fraction of Metals. 6.2. Development of Biotic Ligand Models. 6.3. Application of BLMs.7: Toxic and Other Adverse Biological Effects of Trace Metals.- 7.1. Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms in the Water Column. 7.2. Toxicity to Sediment-Dwelling Organisms. 7.3. Toxicity to Soil-Dwelling Organisms and to Higher Plants. 7.4. Essentiality, Regulation and Deficiency. References. Abbreviations. Index.