HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IDENTIFIES DARK ENERGY

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Contents

1. AUTHOR BACKGROUND.....................................................................102. HOW DARK ENERGY GOT ITS' NAME.........................................................11a. EXPLAIN THEORY........................................................................12b. REVIEW LABORATORY SIMULATIONS OF THEORY...............................................13c. CONCLUSIONS FROM TRAVELING-SHOCK-WAVE-PUSHING SIMULATION..............................22d. OBSERVABLE EFFECTS OF TRAVELING-SHOCK-WAVE-PUSHING OF STARS...........................23e. WHAT HAPPENS NEXT - THE CAPTURE OF MOVING STARS.......................................244. THINGS TO LOOK FOR WHEN REVIEWING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY DATA.......................255. REVIEW ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS THAT SUPPORT THEORY..................................26 HUBBLE OBSERVATION IDENTIFIES DARK ENERGY...............................................35 FULL SCALE SPACE SIMULATION.............................................................36a. TIME LINE FROM THE BIG BANG OR RAPID EXPANSION........................................44b. THE FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE............................................................457. HISTORY OF DARK ENERGY THEORY.........................................................478. ABOUT THE AUTHOR......................................................................87

Chapter One

Explain Theory

Traveling-Shock-Wave-Pushing Theory For Dark Energy

Dark energy is the energy contained in traveling-gas-cloud-shock-waves

Upon impact with star, shock wave energy is transferred to star kinetic energy

This occurs when gas cloud pressure pushes star, due to creation of low pressure wake

Gas-cloud-shock-wave is caused by violent gas ejecting processes like star explosions, star collisions, etc.

Accelerated stars are captured, into orbit, by other stars and entities

b. Review Laboratory Simulations of Theory

Consider a Star Explosion That Creates a Traveling-Spherical-Shock-Wave (Gas Cloud)

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Key Question: What Happens When Traveling-Gas-Cloud-Shock-Wave Impacts Stars?

What Happens When Traveling-Shock-Wave (Gas Cloud) Impacts a Star?

Employ Simulations to Find Out

Simulation No. 1 - Bench Top Simulation Using Fan

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Conclusion

When a fan is turned on, the resulting subsonic traveling-shock-wave will push a ball, in its' path, upon impact. or An exploding star, that ejects gas, will push another star when the traveling-gas-cloud-shock-wave impacts it. or

* Internal energy -> Kinetic energy of traveling gas cloud -> Kinetic energy of star

* Ref. 2 uses the First Law of Thermodynamics for a more sophisticated energy analysis.

Simulation No. 2 - Subsonic Plasma Wind Tunnel (Cenkner)*, M<1

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Conclusion

In a subsonic gas stream, a main sequence star will act like a solid deformable body and a low pressure wake will appear on the downstream side. This will cause the star to move, because of an unbalanced force on the star.

Simulation No. 3 - Supersonic Wind Tunnel (Cenkner)*, M>1

Conclusion

In a supersonic gas stream, a gaseous sphere will act like a solid deformable body and a low pressure wake will appear on the downstream side.

Simulation No. 4 - Computer Model of Hypersonic Gas Flow Past Solid Sphere (Van Dyke, et. al.)*, M>>1

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Conclusion

In a supersonic and hypersonic gas stream, a low pressure wake is formed on the downstream side of a solid sphere, producing a force unbalance.

Simulation No. 5 - *Atomic Bomb Explosion

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Conclusion

A high speed traveling-gas-cloud-shock-wave, created by a powerful explosion, pushes everything in its path.

c. Conclusions from Traveling-Shock-Wave-Pushing (Dark Energy) Simulations

Conclusions From Simulations

*Star behaves like solid deformable elastic body

A low pressure wake is formed downstream of the star, in subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flow

This pressure differential causes the star to be pushed and, hence, accelerated

Since pressure is a classical force, can apply Newton's Law's: F = m A or I = Impulse = F ([DELTA]t) = m ([DELTA]V)

Note: (1) [DELTA]V increases as F or [DELTA]t increases

(2) [DELTA]V same for same F ([DELTA]t)

(3) Same I for different combination of m and [DELTA]V

* This conclusion supported by Hubble discovery of stars, moving through gas cloud at hypersonic speed , that have an oblique bow shock wave; see Section 5: Evidence 5-2.

d. Observable Effects, From Earth, of Traveling-Shock-Wave-Pushing of Stars

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1. All stars in spherical volume will accelerate in radial direction

2. All stars in spherical volume will be removed from volume

3. Some stars will move toward earth and some away from earth (nos. 1 & 2)

4. All stars move at constant velocity, along straight line, after shock passes

5. Some stars will move across the sky (nos. 3 & 4)

6. Many of these accelerated stars will be captured by other stars or bodies

7. Shock emitter residue (dark matter ???) will remain at center of sphere; may be visible or invisible

e. *What Happens Next - The Capture of Moving Stars

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Faster Stars (or star groups) Captured By Slower Stars, or Bodies, to Form Revolving Star Groups

Binary, Tertiary, Multiple Revolving Star Groups

Open Clusters, Globular Clusters, Galactic Clusters, Halo, etc.

Galaxies

(Continues...)

Excerpted from HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IDENTIFIES DARK ENERGYby August A. Cenkner Jr. Copyright © 2009 by August A. Cenkner Jr.. Excerpted by permission.
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