This handbook is a Comparative of Management Theory Jungle and is prepared as a guide to the different Schools of Management for undergraduate and post graduate students. It is also a source of reference for practioners of Business Administration, Management, Finance, Economics, and other Business related courses. Each Chapter of this book highlights a School of Management, its contributions to the study of Management as well as individual contribution to each School. Also treated are the criticisms of each School in a very concise manner.

Handbook on Management Theories

By Prince Jide Adetule

AuthorHouse

Copyright © 2011 Prince Jide Adetule
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-4389-4801-0

Contents

Acknowledgement....................................................................vDedication.........................................................................viiPreface............................................................................viiiForeword...........................................................................ixCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION OF MANAGEMENT............................................2CHAPTER TWO THE CLASSICAL OR UNIVERSAL SCHOOL.....................................7CHAPTER THREE THE BEHAVIOURAL OR HUMAN RELATIONS SCHOOL...........................23CHAPTER FOUR THE MANAGEMENT SCIENCE OR QUANTITATIVE SCHOOL........................35CHAPTER FIVE THE SYSTEM SCHOOL....................................................38CHAPTER SIX THE CONTINGENCY/SITUATIONAL OR ALL DEPENDS SCHOOL.....................43CHAPTER SEVEN THE TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT 4......................................8CHAPTER EIGHT THE BUSINESS SYSTEM.................................................54CHAPTER NINE THE BUSINESS CONCEPTS................................................57CHAPTER TEN THE LEADERSHIP........................................................66Glossary...........................................................................70Appendices.........................................................................75Likely Examination Q & A...........................................................88Bibliography.......................................................................97

Chapter One

INTRODUCTION OF MANAGEMENT

1.1 EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT

Management is as old as human existence, which started in the beautiful Garden of Eden. Adam was in charge to look after the garden. He could be regarded as the first Chief Executive Officer or Managing Director on earth. This was not all God gave him a helpmate to assist him. Eve became the first subordinate. Afterwards, the institution of boss and servant or super-ordinate and subordinate relationship was created. When the time came for Adam to take responsibility for his mistakes, he passed the buck to his sub-ordinate, he subsequently became the first person to be fired, retrenched or sacked. Looking back at the antiquity records and ideas relating to Management, one can go on and on through the days of Greek Philosophers, through the Middle Ages, through early civilizations of Sumer, through Babylon, Assyria, Egypt, Persia, Greece, China and Roman Empires. Also through Niccolo Machiavelli, the Catholic, the Cameralists of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, through the Feudal System (in the rural areas), the Guild Systems (in the urban areas), Cottage System of production and Factory System, this is the heartbeat of Industrial revolution.

However, modern history of Management Theory can be traced to the industrial revolution, which first took place on a grand scale in Europe in 1850. Before this time, which Prof. Gullick called "pre-scientific management period", what operated was the `Craft Shop Era' for example the Blacksmith. During this period, land was the real thing. One needed to acquire status or rank and power before he could acquire land. There were two big institutions then: the Military and the Catholic Church, which acquired land. After 1850, there were capital, complex machines and products through industrial organizations. The problem therefore was how to manage and coordinate these resources. As a result of this, modern management commenced, i.e. Scientific Management 1880- 1930. The Engineers taught the world "Industrial Management", which is largely production management. In the last half of the twentieth century, Management has developed considerably having many branches called "Theories"

1.2 MANAGEMENT DEFINED

Before any meaningful discussion can be held on Management, we need to know what the subject matter is all about. There is no known universally acceptable definition of Management. However, many definitions are commonly accepted. Some of them are:

a. Management is the art of getting things done through and with people.

b. Management is the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the effort of organization's members using all other organization resources to achieve stated organizational goals.

These are just two out of the lot. However, while definition (a) refers to Management as an Art, (b) sees it as a Process. The implication is that many authors, researchers, practitioners, etc have viewed management from various perspectives or ways. Since there is no single catholic definition acceptable to all, Management has been defined variously as an Art, Science, Function, Process, Profession, Resource and Concept. An understanding of the management concept can be viewed from several perspectives:-

i. Art: This is high level of skills, proficiency, expertise and competence. Like Art, Management can be distinguished by its proficiency through studies, experiences, observations, skills, expertise and competence.

ii. Science: This is a body of knowledge acquired by method of science involving actions and results; Management is also a body of knowledge because it is studied for many years through theories.

iii. Function: This is a special duty or performance in the course of work or duty, that is, Planning, Controlling, Organizing and Directing. These are combined to make up Functions or Elements of Management.

iv. Process: This is a systematic way of doing things. All managers regardless of particular skills engage in or perform interrelated activities in order to achieve desired goals.

v. Profession: This is an occupation that requires intellectual proficiency that should meet four criteria.

a. Make decisions based on certain general principles

b. Attaining their status by meeting certain objectives, standard of performance and not by chance or favoritism; for example before one can become a professional Accountant, Banker, Public Relations Practitioner, he/ she must pass CPA, ICAN/CIBN/NIPR examinations respectively.

c. Having superior knowledge

d. Guided by Code of Ethics.

vi. Resource: Management is what we use to get what we want. It is an indispensable resource that helps to effectively combine other resources (human and material) to achieve desired goals and objectives.

vii. Concept: Management is defined as a concept because of its universality; as Management is defined in Nigeria so it is defined the same way in Japan or the US. The only difference is its application, which is relatively "Culture bound".

1.3 MANAGEMENT THEORIES:

Management Theories originated from different principles at different times within the last fifty years. There are different Theories propounded by Management Practitioners and Theorists. These Theories are varied and emanated from different disciplines such as Science, Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology, and Mathematics and so on. The evolution of Management did not come into existence through consciously planned or structured patterns but rather as a result of revolutionary development in a historical...