Fire Retardancy of Polymers
New Applications of Mineral Fillers
By Michel Le Bras, Charles A. Wilkie, Serge BourbigotThe Royal Society of Chemistry
Copyright © 2005 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-85404-582-2Contents
Abbreviations, xxiv,
General Considerations on the Use of Fillers and Nanocomposites,
Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Use of Fillers and Nanocomposites in Fire Retardancy (Invited Review) C.A. Wilkie, 1,
Chapter 2 Fire Retardant Fillers for Polymers (Invited Review) P.R. Hornsby and R.N. Rothon, 19,
Chapter 3 Lamellar Double Hydroxides/Polymer Composites: A New Class of Fire Retardant Materials J. Lefebvre, M. Le Bras and S. Bourbigot, 42,
Chapter 4 Effect of a Small Amount of Flame Retardant on the Combustion of PC, PBT and PET T. Ohkawa, T. Ishikawa and K. Takeda, 54,
Chapter 5 Intumescent Silicates: Synthesis, Characterization and Fire Protective Effect C. Pélégris, M. Rivenet and M. Traisnel, 68,
Chapter 6 Flammability of Nanocomposites: Effects of the Shape of Nanoparticles (Invited Review) T. Kashiwagi, 81,
Chapter 7 Thermal Degradation and Combustibility of Polypropylene Filled with Magnesium Hydroxide Micro-filler and Polypropylene Nano-filled Aluminosilicate Composite S.M. Lomakin, G.E. Zaikov and E.V. Koverzanova, 100,
Chapter 8 Effect of the Processing Conditions on the Fire Retardant and Thermo-mechanical Properties of PP-Clay Nanocomposites A. Bendaoudi, S. Duquesne, C. Jama, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, P. Recourt, J.-M. Gloaguen, J.-M. Lefebvre and A. Addad, 114,
Chapter 9 Fire Retardancy of Polystyrene - Hectorite Nanocomposite D. Wang, B. N. Jang, S. Su, J. Zhang, X. Zheng, G. Chigwada, D. D. Jiang, and C. A. Wilkie, 126,
Chapter 10 Pyrolysis and Flammability of Polyurethane – Organophilic Clay Nanocomposite G.E. Zaikov, S.M. Lomakin and R.A. Sheptalin, 139,
Chapter 11 Thermal Degradation Behaviour Of Flame–Retardant Unsaturated Polyester Resins Incorporating Functionalised Nanoclays B.K. Kandola, S. Nazare and A.R. Horrocks, 147,
Chapter 12 Comparative Study of Nano-effect on Fire Retardancy of Polymer–Graphite Oxide Nanocomposites J. Wang and Z. Han, 161,
Chapter 13 Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer Montmorillonite Nanocomposite: Processing, Characterization and Flammability J.W. Gilman, S. Bellayer, S. Bourbigot, H. Stretz and D.R. Paul, 177,
Chapter 14 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes: Application to Flame Retardant Textiles (Invited Paper) S. Bourbigot , M. Le Bras, X. Flambard, M. Rochery, E. Devaux and J.D. Lichtenhan, 189,
Chapter 15 Octaisobutyl POSS Thermal Degradation A. Fina, D. Tabuani, A. Frache, E. Boccaleri and G. Camino, 202,
Chapter 16 Interactions between Nanoclays and Flame Retardant Additives in Polyamide 6, and Polyamide 6.6 Films (Invited Paper) A.R. Horrocks, B.K. Kandola and S.A. Padbury, 223,
Chapter 17 Use of Clay–Nanocomposite Matrixes in Fire Retardant Polyolefin-based Intumescent Systems S. Duquesne, S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, C. Jama and R. Delobel, 239,
Chapter 18 Effect of Hydroxides on Fire Retardance Mechanism of Intumescent EVA Composition G. Camino, A. Riva, D. Vizzini, A. Castrovinci, P. Amigouët and P. Bras Pereira, 248,
Chapter 19 Barrier Effects for the Fire Retardancy of Polymers B. Schartel, M. Bartholmai and U. Braun, 264,
Chapter 20 Plasma Assisted Process for Fire Properties Improvement of Polyamide and Clay Nanocomposite Reinforced Polyamide: A Scale-up Study A. Quédé, B. Mutel, C. Jama, P. Goudmand, M. Le Bras, O. Dessaux and R. Delobel, 276,
Chapter 21 Fire Retardant Polypropylene/flax Blends: Use of Hydroxides M. Fois, M. Grisel, M. Le Bras, S. Duquesne and F. Poutch, 291,
Chapter 22 Intumescence in Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer filled with Magnesium Hydroxide and Organoclays L. Ferry, P. Gaudon, E. Leroy and J.-M. Lopez Cuesta, 302,
Chapter 23 Spent Oil Refinery Catalyst: A Synergistic Agent in Intumescent Formulations for Polyethylenic Materials L.R. de Moura Estevão, R.S.V. Nascimento, M. Le Bras and R. Delobel, 313,
Chapter 24 Zinc Borates as Synergists for Flame Retarded Polymers (Invited Paper) S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras and S. Duquesne, 327,
Chapter 25 Fire Retardancy of Engineering Polymer Composites P. Anna, S. Matkó, G. Marosi, G. Nagy, X. Alméras and M. Le Bras, 336,
Chapter 26 Flame Retardant Mechanisms Facilitating Safety in Contents Transportation G. Marosi, S. Keszei, A. Márton, A. Szép, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel and P. Hornsby, 347,
Effect of the Addition of Mineral Fillers and Additives on the Toxicity of Fire Effluents from Polymers,
Chapter 27 Comparison of the Degradation Products of Polyurethane and Polyurethane-Organophilic Clay Nanocomposite – A Toxicological Approach (Invited Paper) G.E. Zaikov, S.M. Lomakin and R.A. Sheptalin, 363,
Chapter 28 Mechanisms of Smoke and CO Suppression from EVA Composites T.R. Hull, C.L. Wills, T. Artingstall, D. Price and G.J. Milnes, 372,
Chapter 29 Products of Incomplete Combustion from Fire Studies in the Purser Furnace C.L. Wills, J. Arotsky, T.R. Hull, D. Price, D.A. Purser and J. Purser, 386,
Chapter 30 Improved and Cost-efficient Brominated Fire Retardant Systems for Plastics and Textiles by Reducing or Eliminating Antimony Trioxide R. Borms, R. Wilmer, M. Peled, N. Kornberg, R. Mazor, Y. Bar Yaakov, J. Scheinert and P. Georlette, 399,
Subject Index, 412,
CHAPTER 1
An Introduction to the Use of Fillers and Nanocomposites in Fire Retardancy
CHARLES A. WILKIE
Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, U.S.A. (charles.wilkie@marquette.edu)
1.1 Introduction
This chapter is to serve as an introduction to the very broad topic of the use of fillers, both well-dispersed and less well-dispersed, in polymers. When the filler is well-dispersed, a nanocomposite results in which a layered material has been separated into its constituent layers and these can either maintain the registry between the layers, an intercalated system, or this registry may be lost, an exfoliated system. When a well-dispersed system is obtained, loadings of 3 to 5% are sufficient to cause a large increase in mechanical properties and a significant reduction in the rate of peak heat release. Conversely, if the layers are not well-separated, or if there are no layers that can be separated, the filler is not well-dispersed and a simple filled system is obtained; typical loadings of 60% or more are required to confer fire retardancy in such systems and this invariably has an adverse effect on both strength and toughness of the composite, which can be ameliorated by judicious use of surface treatments.
1.2 Characterization of Fire Retardancy of Polymers
The evaluation of fire retardancy is carried out by a variety of techniques, most of which do not correlate well with other test protocols. The three most common methods that are used are the oxygen index, the UL-94 test, and cone calorimetry. Oxygen index is an evaluation of the ease of extinction of a fire, how rapidly does the flame chemistry lead to extinction. The measurement consists of determining the minimum concentration of oxygen in a nitrogen–oxygen mixture that will sustain combustion. The more the value of the oxygen index is above the percentage of oxygen in the air, the better the system is considered to be. This does not mean that a...
