Endothelial Luminal Membrane-Glycocalyx: Functionalities in Health and Disease (Colloquium Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease)

This book focuses on the structural, biochemical, and diverse functional properties of the endothelial luminal membrane glycocalyx (ELMG), an organelle which constitutes the endothelial cell membrane. It is intended to provide the newcomer with a broad, basic, and brief perspective of the luminal endothelial vascular membrane, and for the more established investigator, a basic overview and integrated perspective of the universe we explore.

The endothelium is an assortment of heterogeneous regulatory cells whose cytoplasm and cell membranes are joined, forming functional units. There is a tremendous amount of literature on the endothelial cell, constituting seemingly isolated and distinct fields of encapsulated research. However, the multifunctional properties of some molecules give rise to an overlap of findings, frequently ignored between the different fields.

The book is divided into three parts. The first part concentrates on the structure of the ELMG, with emphasis on morphological and biochemical composition. The importance of the chemical composition to the physiological functions of the ELMG, such as sieving properties, pharmacology, and flow sensing, is the focus of the second part of the book. Finally, some of the pathologies associated with ELMG dysfunction are explored in the last section.

The aim is to provide basic and well-established knowledge in the various individual fields, identify the current concepts in each area, and discuss their respective strengths and weaknesses (including hidden problems). Finally, the overall goal is to integrate areas where overlap is clearly indicated, bringing them all together to provide the first ever basic, integrative, panoramic bird's-eye view of the field.

Rafael Rubio is an emeritus professor of physiology and biophysics at the University of Virginia (1969-1996) and the Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi in Mexico (1996-2015). He was born in Querétaro, Mexico, a beautiful Spanish colonial city regarded as a World Heritage Site. Being a child and because of a civil war, his family migrated to Mexico City where he grew up and did his undergraduate work. By serendipity he became interested in science at 16 years old when he found a job working a few hours in a physiology laboratory cleaning and organizing. This laboratory was at the National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico, headed by Dr. Arturo Rosenblueth, previously at Harvard University and Dr. Walter B. Cannon was a visiting professor. Young Rubio was assigned to assist Dr. Cannon in his experiments during which Cannon taught him neuroanatomy, surgical procedures, physiological principles, and a sense of humanity. Both Dr. Rosenblueth and Dr. Cannon as well as the lab atmosphere aroused Dr. Rubio's interest in science.

With a meager salary, he remained working at the institute for several years, acquiring practical and conceptual physiological experience, and, as a result, the industrial company Syntex of Mexico offered him a better paying job in their Research Division. Three years later, he decided to leave behind applied science and a good salary, went back to performing basic research at the Institute of Cardiology, was given his own laboratory, and ultimately published 25 papers. In 1964, a fortuitous visit by Dr. Robert M. Berne to his laboratory in Mexico City resulted in a fellowship to join the Physiology Graduate Program at Western Reserve University. When Bob Berne, his mentor and friend, moved to Charlottesville to be the chairman of the Department of Physiology at the University of Virginia, Rafael joined him. Dr. Rubio received his doctorate in 1968, was appointed to the faculty in 1969, taught cardiovascular physiology to medical students, mentored numerous graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in his lab, and left the university in 1996.

During the last few years at the University of Virginia, he investigated the properties of the luminal endothelial coronary membrane glycocalyx and he decided to return to his native Mexico to make a difference. He joined the faculty of the School of Medicine of the Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi as a professor of cardiovascular physiology. Despite retiring from UASLP in 2015, he continues to write, review grant proposals, and deliver invited presentations internationally.