This book is the latest in a series of respected volumes that provides an up-to-date review of some of the major chemistry topics related to the oil and gas industry. Divided into four sections, it looks in turn at the latest developments in environmental issues, new technology, applications and flow assurance. This reflects the increasingly important role for chemical technologies in offshore, deep water and challenging environments, allied to developments of low environmental impact chemistry. Regulatory strategies are also discussed, from both the governmental and operational perspective. Overall, Chemistry in the Oil Industry VII presents the latest information on developments in the modern oil industry, which will have an impact on future cost-effectiveness and efficiency. It will be a valuable resource for professionals and consultants within the industry, as well as government agencies and laboratory staff.
Chemistry in the Oil Industry VII
Performance in a Challenging Environment
By T. Balson, H.A. Craddock, J. Dunlop, H. Frampton, G. Payne, P. ReidThe Royal Society of Chemistry
Copyright © 2002 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-85404-861-8Contents
Environmental Issues,
An Overview of the Harmonised Mandatory Control System L. R. Henriquez, 3,
Impact of the OSPAR Decision on the Harmonised Mandatory Control System on the Offshore Chemical Supply Industry M. Thatcher and G. Payne, 21,
The Development and Introduction of Chemical Hazard Assessment and Risk Management (CHARM) into the Regulation of Offshore Chemicals in the OSPAR Convention Area; A Good Example of Government/Industry Co-operation or a Warning to Industry for the Future? I. Still, 31,
Bioaccumulation Potential of Surfactants: A Review P. McWilliams and G. Payne, 44,
Alkylphenol Based Demulsifier Resins and their Continued Use in the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry P. Jacques, I. Martin, C. Newbigging and T. Wardell, 56,
New Technology,
Use of Enzymes for the In-Situ Generation of Well Treatment Chemicals I. D. McKay and R. E. Harris, 67,
Electrically Conductive Oil-based Mud M. A. Tehrani, C. A. Sawdon and S. J. M. Levey, 83,
The Use of Surfactants to Generate Viscoelastic Fluids R. Franklin, M. Hoey and R. Premachandran, 96,
Function and Application of Oilfield Chemistry in Open Hole Sand Control Completions L. George, L. Morris, S. Daniel, B. Lungwitz, M. E. Brady and P. Fletcher, 107,
Effective Topside Chemical Detection via a Novel Antibody Engineering Technique K. A. Charlton, G. Strachan, A. J. Porter, S. M. Heath and H. M. Bourne, 122,
Using Electrochemical Pre-treatment for the Protection of Metal Surfaces from the Formation and Growth of Calcium Carbonate Scale A. P. Morizot, S. Labille, A. Neville and G. M. Graham, 131,
Applications,
The Challenges Facing Chemical Management: A BP Perspective S. Webster and D. West, 143,
The Development and Application of Dithiocarbamate (DTC) Chemistries for Use as Flocculants by North Sea Operators P. R. Hart, 149,
Optimising Oilfield Oxygen Scavengers A. J. McMahon, A. Chalmers and H. Macdonald, 163,
Enhancing Reliability, Performance and Environmental Acceptability of Subsea Hydraulic Production Control Fluids, a True Chemistry Challenge R. Rowntree and R. Dixon, 180,
Reservoir Drilling Fluids: An Overview of Current Technology and New Potential Developments D. A. Ballard and C. A. Sawdon, 189,
A Chemical Packer for Annular Isolation in Horizontal Wells B. Lungwitz, K. S. Chan, R. Rolovic, F. Wang and D. Ward, 202,
Increased Oil Production from Wet Wells in Sandstone Reservoirs by Modifying the Relative Permeability R. J. R. Cairns, 213,
Flow Assurance,
Life Cycle Management of Scale Control within Subsea Fields and its Impact on Flow Assurance, Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea Basin M. M. Jordan, K. Sjuraether, I. R. Collins, N. D. Feasey and D. Emmons, 223,
New Methods for the Selection of Asphaltene Inhibitors in the Field H.-J. Oschmann, 254,
The Development of Advanced Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors B. Fu, 264,
Prediction and Solution of Asphaltene Related Problems in the Field S. Asomaning and A. Yen, 277,
Subject Index, 287,
CHAPTER 1
AN OVERVIEW OF THE HARMONISED MANDATORY CONTROL SYSTEM
L.R. Henriquez
State Supervision of Mines, Ministry of Economic Affairs, P.O. Box 8, 2270 AA Voorburg, The Netherlands
1 INTRODUCTION
Since the 1970s there has been a major concern by the public in general regarding the potential pollution of the North Sea marine environment by discharges of chemicals used in the offshore Oil Exploration and Production Industry (E&P).
In 1974 most of the North Sea countries experiencing these offshore activities signed the Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from land based sources (the so-called Paris Convention) which came into force in 1978. However the policy applied by the countries party to this convention about the prevention of pollution by the use and discharge of offshore chemicals until recently did suffer from harmonisation. For the discharge will take place in the same North Sea and consequently the potential pollution due to these discharges does not have boundaries.
First steps towards harmonisation started in 1985 with discussions about protocols how to carry out toxicity testing, for there was a lack in seawater tests. Ring tests carried on toxicity and biodegradability of offshore chemicals resulted in harmonised test protocols accepted by all countries party to the 1978 Paris Convention. This resulted in 1995 in the acceptance by all parties of the Harmonised Offshore Chemical Notification Format (HOCNF 1995). This format contains all necessary information for the assessment and evaluation of offshore chemicals prior their use and discharge.
Meanwhile a risk based approach for the assessment and evaluation of the use and discharge of offshore chemicals became a more important instrument. At the 4th International Conference on the Protection of the North Sea, the Ministers agreed to invite Paris Commission to adopt a Harmonised Mandatory Control System (HMCS). This should be adopted if possible at the Paris Commission Meeting in 1996, taking into account of the Chemical Hazard Assessment and Risk Management (CHARM).
This resulted in the PARCOM Decision 96/3 on a Harmonised Mandatory Control System for the Use and Reduction on the Discharge of Offshore Chemicals having the HOCNF as an Annex to the decision.
In 1998, a new convention, called the Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North - East Atlantic, succeeded the 1978 Paris Convention. All decisions taken by Contracting Parties to this so-called 1998 OSPAR Convention shall have binding force. Consequently, the PARCOM Decision 96/3 had to be adapted to the new binding condition, which resulted in 2000 in a new OSPAR Decision 2000/2 on HMCS. This paper gives an overview of this new decision and the latest developments with regard its implementation within the framework of the OSPAR Convention.
2 THE OSPAR CONVENTION, STRATEGIES AND DECISIONS
The OSPAR Convention entered into force on 25 March 1998. It replaces the OSLO and PARIS Conventions of 1978. The Convention has been signed and ratified by all contracting parties (15 countries including the EU) to the last mentioned conventions and by Luxembourg and Switzerland.
The long-term objective of the OSPAR Convention is to prevent and eliminate pollution and to protect the maritime area against the adverse effects of human activities so as to safeguard human health and to conserve marine ecosystems, where practicable, restore marine areas which have been adversely affected. For that, the OSPAR Commission will take all necessary measures to realise that objective. Contracting Parties to the Convention shall adopt programmes and measures which contain, where appropriate, time – limits for their completion. They should also take full account of the use of the latest technological developments (Best Available Techniques or BAT) and practices (Best Environmental Practice or BEP) designed to prevent and eliminate pollution fully.
In 1998, the OSPAR Commission adopted the OSPAR Strategy with regard to Hazardous Substances (Reference number: 1998 – 16) and in 1999 the OSPAR Strategy on Environmental Goals and Management Mechanisms for Offshore Activities (Reference...
