This book treats aspects of the social and demographic history of Portugal in the last century, giving particular attention to the transition from a situation of very high fertility to the moderate pattern prevailing in recent times.
Originally published in 1971.
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A Century of Portuguese Fertility
By Massimo Livi BacciPRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
Copyright © 1971 Princeton University Press
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-691-09307-9Contents
Foreword, v,
Chapter 1: Environment and Society: An Introductory Outline,
1.1. General Traits of Portugal, 3,
1.2. Geographical Outline, 4,
1.3. Geographical and Administrative Subdivisions, 6,
1.4. Communications and Mobility, 9,
1.5. Elements of Regional Differentiation, 11,
Chapter 2: Population Development During the Nineteenth Century,
2.1. Population Growth During the Nineteenth Century, 14,
2.2. Births and Birth Rates at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century, 16,
2.3. Further Statistical Evidence for the Nineteenth Century, 20,
Chapter 3: Population Statistics and Population Growth During the Last Century,
3.1. The Censuses, 23,
3.2. Vital Statistics, 24,
3.3. Controls and Adjustments, 27,
3.4. Population Settlement, Growth, and Redistribution, 29,
3.5. The Balance of Births and Deaths, 35,
Chapter 4: Trends and Differentials in Portuguese Nuptiality,
4.1. Nuptiality in Portugal as a Whole, 38,
4.2. Aspects of Regional Nuptiality, 41,
4.3. Some Factors of Nuptiality Differentials, 48,
Chapter 5: A Descriptive Outline of Regional Fertility,
5.1. A Century of Portuguese Fertility, 55,
5.2. The Fertility of the Districts, 60,
5.3. The Impact of Migration, 66,
5.4. Illegitimacy, 71,
5.5. Other Aspects of Fertility Trends, 75,
Chapter 6: Fertility, Family Size, and Sterility,
6.1. Family Size and Sterility According to the 1940 Census, 80,
6.2. The Fertility Surveys of 1950 and 1960, 88,
6.3. Marital Fertility by Age, 1930-1960, 91,
6.4. The Hypothetical Family Size of the Districts, 95,
6.5. Conclusions, 99,
Chapter 7: Factors Involved in Portugal's Fertility Decline,
7.1. Problems of Method, 101,
7.2. The Urban Population of Portugal, 102,
7.3. The Fertility of the Urban and of the Rural Areas (1), 105,
7.4. The Fertility of the Urban and of the Rural Areas (2), 108,
7.5. Territorial Variance of Fertility, 112,
7.6. Social and Economic Correlates of Fertility, 114,
7.7. Factors of Fertility Differentials: Partial and Multiple Correlation Analysis, 121,
Conclusion, 125,
Appendix, 133,
Official Statistical Sources, 137,
Other References, 139,
Index, 143,
CHAPTER 1
Environment and Society: An Introductory Outline
1.1. General Traits of Portugal
In western Europe, Portugal is probably the country least known and studied by social scientists, although it represents a very interesting case study in view of its peculiar development. Our study aims to cover an important part of the social and demographic history of the country, and is mainly concerned with the transition from a situation of high, almost uncontrolled fertility to the moderate pattern prevailing in recent times. In addition, we offer an analysis of the peculiarities and changes of Portuguese society that have determined, directly or indirectly, the decline of fertility.
This introductory chapter therefore outlines the environmental conditions of the society where this transition from high to moderate fertility has taken place, including the geographical setting, the distribution and forms of exploitation of the land, the system of communication, and regional uniformities and contrasts. It is obvious that each one of these topics could be the subject of a separate study, but our aim is merely t
