The Alaska Highway in World War II: The U.S. Army of Occupation in Canada's Northwest

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor a general fear of invasion swept North America, and particularly the West Coast; it seemed essential that immediate steps he taken to defend the Far Northwest. With the approval of the Canadian government, Washington drew up plans for the future Alaska Highway to connect Edmonton, Alberta, with Fairbanks, Alaska, and for a pipeline to connect the oil fields at Norman Wells, Northwest Territories, with the Pacific Coast. As a result, between 1942 and 1946, forty thousand American military and civilian personnel invaded the Canadian Northwest.
Where there had been few roads or none, a pioneer road more than 1,500 miles long was built in less than a year. A rough road was built from Norman Wells to Whitehorse, Yukon Territory (a distance of nearly 600 miles), and the Canol Pipeline was built along its length. Navigation facilities along the Mackenzie River were improved. Pipelines were laid from Whitehorse northwest 600 miles to Fairbanks; southeast 300 miles to Watson Lake, near the British Columbia line; and southwest 100 miles to the Pacific Ocean, at Skagway, Alaska. The Haines Lateral, almost 150 miles long, connected the Alaska Highway to salt water at Haines, Alaska. Existing airfields were upgraded and new ones built on the Northwest Staging Route. Ancillary facilities, such as a telephone network, were constructed.
The Northwest was totally unprepared for this friendly invasion. The Alaska Highway ran through a semiwilderness where many inhabitants pursued a nomadic, harvesting way of life. More than 5,000 trucks arrived where there had been hardly that many people. Edmonton, with 95,000 people, became "the young Chicago of the North." Whitehorse, an obscure village of fewer than 800 people, was to become northern Canada's largest community and the territorial capital. Many other small towns and settlements were overwhelmed by the tens of thousands in the American "army of occupation."
This lively history of a great episode in American civil and military engineering is based largely on interviews with veterans and local residents, as well as research in Canadian archives and those of the U.S. Corps of Engineers. K. S. Coates and W. R. Morrison address such related topics as how and why the projects were planned and built; the impact of the newcomers on the environment, the wildlife, and the Native people; social and sexual relations between the Americans and local people; law enforcement; and racism. The anecdotes of the participants provide humor and insights on the events of fifty years ago.