Clinical Physiology Made Memorable Part 4: Volume 7: Cardiovascular System - Softcover

Inhaltsangabe

Content List

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW
1.1 Functions of the Cardiovascular System

• 1.1.1 Transport, protection, and regulation
• 1.1.2 Components: heart, blood vessels, blood

• 1.2.1 Chambers, valves, septa
• 1.2.2 Layers: pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
• 1.2.3 Coronary circulation
• 1.2.4 Story-based intro: “The journey of a red blood cell from toe to brain”

• 2.1.1 Autorhythmicity, excitability, contractility, conductivity
• 2.1.2 Intercalated discs and functional syncytium

• 2.2.1 Contractile fibers: phases 0–4
• 2.2.2 Pacemaker cells (SA node): slow depolarization and spontaneous firing
• 2.2.3 Ionic basis and differences

• 2.3.1 Role of calcium, sarcoplasmic reticulum
• 2.3.2 Refractory period: importance in rhythm and protection

• 3.1.1 SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
• 3.1.2 Sequence of activation

• 3.2.1 SA node as dominant pacemaker
• 3.2.2 Latent pacemakers and overdrive suppression

• 3.3.1 Waves (P, QRS, T), intervals and segments
• 3.3.2 ECG leads and normal recordings
• 3.3.3 Clinical application: arrhythmias, MI diagnosis
• 3.3.4 OSCE Practice: ECG interpretation checklist

• 4.1.1 Atrial systole, ventricular systole (isovolumetric contraction, ejection), diastole (isovolumetric relaxation, rapid filling, reduced filling)
• 4.1.2 Pressure and volume changes
• 4.1.3 Heart sounds: S1–S4
• 4.1.4 Diagrams: Wiggers diagram

• 4.2.1 a, c, v waves
• 4.2.2 Clinical relevance in cardiac failure

• 4.3.1 Mechanism, timing, auscultation areas
• 4.3.2 Innocent vs. pathological murmurs
• 4.3.3 Spot Exam Aid: Auscultation locations diagram

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