Distribution and economic importance. Morphology and ultrastructure. Evolution, phylogeny and systematics. Taxonomy and identification. Survey, surveillance and crop loss assessment. Extraction, culturing, and microscopy. Biology. Hatch and emergence. Host finding, invasion and feeding. Pathogenicity and damage levels. Interrelations with other microorganisms and pests. Development of resistant and tolerant varieties. Genetics of resistance and parasitism. Mechanisms of resistance. Natural parasites and biological control. Management. Genetic engineering.
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