Today's easy life is only possible by the development of new materials and their applications. Hence their internal structure is of utmost importance so that the criticalities in achieving various applications of the material can defined clearly. Chapter-I deals with the crystal structure of these materials. Crystallography is the study of internal structure of crystals, their properties, and external or internal symmetries of crystals. We have discussed here nomenclature of crystals and their formation as solids by bondings. Although crystal structure is considered as a perfect arrangement of atoms but in normal practice it is not so as verified by different methods. Point defects are specially being discussed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally some idea has been given on the elementary particles of material. The chapter-II is all about quantum physics. Quantum physics completely changed the understandings related to every phenomenon especially in the atomic scale. The atomic behavior is totally different what we are observing as per our human intuition normally applicable to the larger objects. Only quantum physics can be able to explain so many phenomena otherwise unexplained by classical physics. Here the blackbody radiation law is explained using quantum hypothesis including others. Also dual nature of any particle and the introduction of Schrodinger equation are thoroughly discussed. Metal is the most important form of solid. The valence shell electrons of metals are responsible for overall behaviour of metal. In chapter-III we discussed about the free electron theory of metals. Using classical physics some features of metals are not explicable. Modifications in the classical theory have been made by applying quantum mechanics successfully in those cases. Thermionic emission process is quantitatively discussed with quantum statistics. The understanding of semiconductor materials requires different approach other than metals.
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