A Pattern Approach for End-User Centered Groupware Development (Schriften zu Kooperations- und Mediensystemen) - Softcover
Inhaltsangabe
New network technologies have changed the ways how people interact and collaborate over a distance. The understanding of such interaction is, however, still limited. This thesis discusses how new groupware applications can be built that support such networked groups. The main focus thereby is not on how to support application specific tasks – which is in many aspects comparable to single user support – but on the group specific aspects like group formation and group maintenance.
The approach presented in this thesis sheds light on the problem of groupware development by taking a closer look at theoretic approaches to design. Especially, the situatedness of design as it is propagated by the philosopher Martin Heidegger and the architect Christopher Alexander motivates that groupware development has to pay special attention to the group’s situation. Empowering the end-users to express their needs in a specific group situation is therefore crucial to any groupware development.
The Oregon Software Development Process presented in this thesis reflects these ideas. It fosters the communication and interaction between developers and end-users during all phases of software development and ensures that end-user involvement and end-user tailorability is achieved.
Groupware patterns serve as an educational means for empowering end-users to behave like groupware development experts. They describe how to design social interaction in groupware systems as well as technical aspects of groupware systems. A selection of groupware patterns is presented in this thesis.
The approach is validated through analyzing its impact in different case studies: the first case is a two year development project of the collaborative learning system CURE involving six developers and a large user community; the second case describes the application in three smaller student projects.
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Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor
Till Schümmer, born 1973 in Frankfurt/Main, Germany, studied computer science at the Darmstadt University of Technology from 1994 to 1999 finishing with a diploma in computer science. From 1999 to 2002, he participated in the DFG supported PhD program „Infrastructures for Electronic Commerce“ at the Darmstadt University of Technology. During his years in Darmstadt, Till collaborated with the CONCERT division of the Fraunhofer IPSI institute where he participated in the development of the COAST groupware framework and several applications for supporting group interaction in work settings and in e-commerce contexts. In 2002, he moved to the FernUniversität in Hagen, where he developed groupware applications that support distributed students in their learning process. His insights of 10 years of groupware development are captured in this thesis for which Till received a Dr. rer. nat. in computer science in July 2005.
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Chapter 7
Conclusions and Future Work (p. 219-220)
7.1 Summary
End-user involvement is one of the most important but much too often neglected issues in groupware development. Within this thesis, we have presented a development process that addresses this shortcoming. From a theoretical view on design, we derived 15 requirements for an ideal groupware development process that is based on an active role of the users. The basis for the requirements was a holistic view on design, as it is currently propagated by many designers, especially by Christopher Alexander. In his view, a holistic approach to design has to be combined with an evolutionary process and focus on end-user education in order to empower the enduser to play an active role in the development process. Together with Heidegger, Alexander puts special attention on the situatedness of design. Users should reflect on their activities whenever their flow of action is disrupted. This situated reflection (as it was also propagated by Sch on) provides the best access to the requirements and supports solutions that meet the requirements.
We showed how the theories of Alexander (most important pattern-driven design, end-user participation, and iterative development in piecemeal iterations) can be found in many contemporary software development processes. Especially agile methods provide a valuable contribution to iterative processes that preserve and enhance the wholeness of the system built. These processes advocate that the customer is the driving force in the development process and that he can control the progress of each small development increment. However, agile processes put only little interest on the question of how the end-user can be empowered to make sound design decisions.
Patterns fill this gap since they are educative tools for teaching non-experts to do good design. We discussed several pattern approaches ranging from a technical view on patterns to the human-compute interaction centered view of HCI patterns. The latter are presented in a form that is understandable by the end-user. They can therefore help the end-user while participating in the development process.
In a second step of this thesis we studied current groupware development processes in order to understand how they make use of software development techniques in order to integrate the end-user in the development process. Although some authors have proposed to adapt iterative and agile processes to the domain of groupware development, we could not find processes that heavily focus on educating the end-user. Approaches, which meet many of the requirements, include an extended eXtreme Programming process that focuses on involving the user community in planning and development (instead of just a single customer representative in XP), and an iterative process (based on the STEPS process model) that puts special attention tailoring during system use. They demand that the end-user adapts the system in order to meet requirements that evolve from reflection in action.
The main deficit in the state of the art is that no approach meets all requirements. We identified two clusters of approaches: Firstly, a cluster addressing traditional process requirements like process awareness (R4), iterative design (R5), or reflection (R3). Secondly, a cluster addressing issues of end-user involvement (R9), education in design (R10), and sharing of best practices (R14). In order to support the end-user centered development of groupware applications we proposed to combine approaches from both clusters.
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