Biodiversity Offsets Between Regulation and Voluntary Commitment: A Typology of Approaches Towards Environmental Compensation and No Net Loss of Biodiversity - Softcover
Inhaltsangabe
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Forword
Executive summary
1 Introduction, problem statement and research questions 17
1.1 Introduction to the context for biodiversity offsets: from biodiversity loss to no net loss of biodiversity 17
1.2 Introduction to the concept of biodiversity offsets 21
1.3 Problems of biodiversity offsets, research gaps and problem statement 26
1.4 Aim and research design 36
2 Scientific Methods 43
2.1 General methodology of an internet based research 43
2.1.1 Introduction to web 2.0 and the role of cyberscience for academic research 45
2.1.2 The netnographic approach 51
2.1.3 Research process of internet based (web 1.0 and web 2.0) research - the RUDE procedure 52
2.1.4 Variety and choice of tools for research in a web 2.0 environment 54
2.2 Typification and categorization as a scientific method 59
2.2.1 Definition, terminology and scope: ideal vs. empirical types 59
2.2.2 Theoretical concepts of empirically grounded typification: the attribute space after Lazarsfeld and Barton 61
2.3 Methods for empirical analysis and sampling 63
2.3.1 Methods and materials of data collection 63
2.3.2 Methods for sampling as basis for choice of case studies 64
3 The concept of voluntariness 67
3.1 Defining and understanding the notion of voluntariness and its prerequisites: definition, terminology and scope 69
3.1.1 Descriptive approach 69
3.1.2 Normative approach 73
3.2 General theoretical concepts to analyse or explain voluntariness 78
3.2.1 The egoism-altruism paradigm 78
3.2.2 Economic theories 81
3.3 Governance and Duty of Care for Biodiversity 85
3.4 Voluntary environmental approaches 87
3.5 Willingness to Pay 96
3.6 Corporate (Environmental or Social) Responsibility 97
4 Voluntariness of biodiversity offsets 111
4.1 Biodiversity Offsets and regulation 111
4.1.1 US Wetland Mitigation 113
4.1.2 German Impact Mitigation Regulation 116
4.1.3 Situation in the EU and planned No Net Loss Initiative of the European Commission 118
4.2 The business case for biodiversity offsets 124
4.2.1 Does the "business case" imply voluntary biodiversity offsets? 125
4.2.2 What are the motives and goals of the "business case"? 126
4.2.3 What is the business in the "business case", i.e. are biodiversity offsets a business? 127
4.2.4 Summing up: what is the business case - an approximation 128
4.3 Common standards for biodiversity offsets 130
5 Deduction of a typology of biodiversity offsets 139
5.1 Deduction of an impressionistic classification of types 1395.1.1 Step 1: dichotomy between mandatory and voluntary biodiversity offsets 139
5.1.2 Step 2: Typology with four biodiversity offset types (building on pressures and incentives) 140
5.1.3 Step 3: Updated typology with six biodiversity offset types (as of August 2014) 141
5.1.4 Results of the impressionistic classification 143
5.2 Derivation of relevant attributes/criteria for voluntariness from the theory 144
5.2.1 Degree or intensity of voluntariness 144
5.2.2 Threshold criteria 146
5.2.3 Core criteria 147
5.2.4 Descriptive criteria 150
5.2.5 Performance criteria 152
5.2.6 Quality criteria 153
5.2.7 Rejected criteria 154
5.2.8 Measurement and value categories of the criteria 154
5.3 Substruction of the underlying attribute space and combinations of attributes 156
5.4 Transformation (rectification) of the impressionistic types and analysis of meaningful correl
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