LAND & PEOPLE

GEOGRAPHICAL SNAPSHOT

Surrounded by sea, except for its slim southern border with Germany, Denmark is almost an island. Lying approximately 56° North and 11° East, it forms a bridge between Scandinavia to the north and the rest of the European continent to the south, a position that has resulted in the unique blending of continental European and Scandinavian values and ideals that is peculiarly Danish.

In area, Denmark is 16,631 square miles (43,075 sq. km) — approximately twice the size of Massachusetts. The peninsula of Jutland makes up roughly two-thirds of the total landmass, the rest consisting of around five hundred islands of varying sizes. The largest of these islands is Zealand (Sjælland in Danish), on which Denmark's capital, Copenhagen, is situated. The second-largest island lying between Zealand and Jutland is the island of Funen (Fyn), on which Denmark's third-largest city, Odense, is located. Zealand and Funen are separated by a body of water known as the Storebælt, or Great Belt. This waterway was spanned by the Storebælt Bridge in 1997, then one of the largest of its type outside Asia, and briefly the world's largest suspension bridge.

The island of Funen itself is separated from Jutland by the Lillebælt, or "Little Belt," which was first bridged in the 1930s, although the modern bridge was built in the period 1965–70. The rocky island of Bornholm, which lies to the east between Denmark and Sweden, is a popular summer vacation destination for many Danish families. The Danish kingdom also includes two North Atlantic self-governing regions: the Faroe Islands and Greenland.

Denmark's terrain could best be described as flat with some gently rolling plains, the highest point being Ejer Bavnehøj, at some 568 feet (173 meters). The soil is moraine — glacial deposits — from the Scandinavian and Baltic regions. In Northern and Western Jutland the soil is quite sandy, while in Eastern Jutland and the islands it is more fertile. The exception is Bornholm, which is granite, thinly covered by a layer of moraine.

Most people live near the coast, and there is a strong marine tradition. There are many rivers, the largest of which is the Gudenå, part of the Silkeborg Lake District in Jutland, which is some 98 miles (158 km) long, and is popular with Danes for leisure activities such as boating, fishing, and kayaking. The largest lake in Denmark is the Arresø, on Zealand. There are plenty of sandy beaches on its 4,545-mile (7,314 km) coastline, with the west coast being particularly favored by German tourists. The influx of tourists, while welcome, caused the Danish government to pass a law preventing foreigners from buying vacation homes in Denmark (which are exempt from property taxes), as they were afraid this would drive up house prices beyond the reach of ordinary Danes.

Much of Denmark's natural environment was heavily exploited in the nineteenth century, and as a result only 2 percent of its natural streams remain unaltered, while most of its woodlands are today planted for timber production, recreation, or conservation purposes. The intense cultivation of the land resulted in the loss of many animal species. This exploitation and loss led to a growing environmental awareness among the Danish people. Today restoration projects are widespread throughout the country as a consequence of a nature management act implemented in 1990. Denmark is a nuclear-free zone and has experimented with alternative forms of energy supply — predominantly wind power. Danish businesses are taxed on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions they make, and the European Environmental Agency is located in Copenhagen. Recycling is popular, with approximately 70 percent of all waste being recycled, and public littering is almost unheard of.

The population of Denmark is roughly 5.8 million, of which some 70 percent live in urban areas. Approximately two million Danes live in the major cities of Copenhagen, Århus, Odense, and Ålborg. The vast majority (roughly 86.9 percent) are ethnic Scandinavian, while the remainder consists mainly of Inuit, German, Turkish, Iranian, and Somali. As a result, the influence of foreign cultures on Denmark has been minimal to nonexistent. At the time of writing 81.9 percent of the Danish population are over the age of fourteen and the birth rate stands at 10.6 per thousand. If this demographic trend continues, the Danish social welfare system could come under intense pressure in the future, as there will not be enough people working to support those in retirement.

The Danish climate is officially described as temperate, which is surprising when one takes its northerly location into consideration. It does, however, benefit from the warming waters of the Gulf Stream. The coldest winter months are January and February, when temperatures are around the freezing point. High humidity and cold winds contribute to making things feel much colder, and drive most people indoors during winter. Rainfall is frequent, particularly in July and August, but is spread reasonably evenly throughout the year.

Denmark enjoys long hours of daylight during the summer. The longest days occur in late June, with up to seventeen hours of daylight. In the winter, however, this can fall to eight hours, and the Danes put a great deal of effort into making their hibernatory existence as comfortable as possible.

A BRIEF HISTORY

Denmark has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Agriculture was established around 3000 BCE, and by the Bronze Age (c. 1700–500 BCE) people were burying their dead in burial mounds with their possessions. Sophisticated bronze artifacts have been found in rock tombs from this period. During the succeeding Iron Age (c. 500 BCE–1 CE) climate change caused migration south from Scandinavia into Germany, and there is also evidence of Celtic immigration to Denmark. There was trade with Rome and later, as agricultural land became depleted, conflict with Roman settlements in Gaul.

The ancestors of today's Danes were among the tribes that arrived in the Germanic mass migrations of the fifth to seventh centuries CE. Known as Daner or Dani, they arrived from southern Sweden in around 500, and became a great power based on the Jutland peninsula, southern Sweden, and — for a brief period in the eleventh century — eastern England, raiding and trading throughout the rest of Europe.

The Viking Period (c. 750–1035 CE)

Scandinavian raiders, mostly Danes and Norwegians, terrorized the British Isles and the Frankish Empire from 750 to 1035 CE. They were given many names by those they dealt with, being called Normanni (Northmen) by the Franks, Gall, meaning stranger or foreigner, by the Irish, and Rus by the Slavs, from which the name Russia comes, derived from the Finnish ruotsi — a name for the Svear (modern day Sweden) — which itself came...