LAND & PEOPLE

GEOGRAPHICAL SNAPSHOT

Bhutan is a landlocked country lying between 89° and 92° east and 27° and 28° north. Its immediate neighbors are India, which surrounds it in the west (Sikkim), south (West Bengal and Assam), and east (Arunachal Pradesh); and China, with which it shares its entire northern border. It was an important part of the trade route to Tibet, particularly to Tibet's Chumbi Valley, connecting India with Lhasa, Tibet's capital.

Bhutan is about 186 miles (300 km) long and about 93 miles (150 km) wide, encompassing an area of around 14,826 square miles (38,400 sq. km), roughly the size of Switzerland, with elevations ranging from 984 feet (300 m) in the southern foothills to 22,965 feet (7,000 m) in the north. Great geographical and climatic variations provide a perfect setting for a rich and spectacular biodiversity.

TERRAIN

Bhutan is a mountainous land, which consists of three broad physiographical zones: the southern belt, made up of the Himalayan foothills adjacent to the flatlands along the Indian border; the inner Himalayas, consisting of the main river valleys and steep mountains; and the high Himalayas, featuring alpine meadows and snow-capped mountains.

The southern foothills, also called the Terai region, run from 984 feet (300 m) to 3,281 feet (1000 m) in elevation. Except for a narrow strip of flatland and some terrace farming, most of the foothills are densely forested. This area, extending across the border to India, is called The Duars (Sanskrit for "passes"), with each duar named after a river that runs through it. These lands were once under the control of the Bhutanese before they were annexed by British India following wars leading up to the 1865 Treaty of Sinchula.

The mid-region, the inner Himalayas, is mostly comprised of valleys and forested hillsides ranging from 3,609 feet (about 1,100 m) to 11,483 feet (about 3,500 m) in elevation, and occupies the largest part of the country. Most of the major towns in Bhutan, including the capital city, Thimphu, lie in this belt. The topography features broad valleys, deep gorges, and fast-flowing rivers. Only a few valleys are suitable for extensive farming, with most of the hillsides still covered in forests. Most of the high passes between towns, such as the Dochhu-la (10,006 ft; 3,050 m), Pelela (11,483 ft; 3,500 m), Yotongla (11,237 ft; 3,425 m), and Thrumshingla (12,402 ft; 3,780 m) lie within this band, often becoming secondary watersheds for major rivers such as the Manas in Assam, India.

The northern part of the country, separated from Tibet by a chain of glacial mountains with several peaks over 22,500 feet (7,000 m), is a part of the Greater Himalayas. It remains snowbound throughout the year, and forms a watershed with waters that flow south into India's great Brahmaputra River. While most rivers flow south, there are a few that flow into Tibet from the northern mountains. This part of the country remains inaccessible for most of the year. Some of the highest peaks, traversing from west to east, include Jomolhari (23,996 ft; 7,314 m), Jichu Drake (22,881 ft; 6,974 m), Masang Gang (23,484 ft; 7,158 m), Tsherigang (23,163 ft; 7,060 m), Gangkar Phuensum (24,738 ft; 7,540 m), and Kuhla Gangri (24,783 ft; 7,554 m). Bhutan as a Buddhist country worships nature, and a number of these mountains remain unclimbed and unexplored as they are regarded as the abodes of gods and deities and not to be soiled by human activity. Gangkar Phuensum remains the highest unclimbed peak in the world.

CLIMATE

Bhutan experiences great variations in climate, given its topography and variant altitudes. The southern foothills enjoy a subtropical climate with a monsoon season: hot, humid summers, when temperatures reach 97°F (36°C) from April to June, followed by a monsoon rain respite; and warm, balmy winters, with temperatures of 59°F (15°C). The southern belt receives a significant amount of rainfall, as high as 197 inches (5,000 mm) a year. The heavy rain often causes travel havoc, with landslides completely washing away parts of roads and destroying bridges, stranding travelers for days. The far north, above 14,763 feet (4,500 m) has a harsh climate, with most areas permanently covered in snow and ice. The lower-lying northern areas enjoy a few months free of ice and snow in the summer, usually between June and August, during which most of the trekking expeditions popular with tourists are undertaken.

In the mid-belt temperate region, where the major towns are located and most of the tourist activities are concentrated, summers can be hot, with temperatures up to 86°F (30°C) from May until mid-July, before the onset of the monsoon, which lasts until September. The winter months from November until mid-February are dry, with temperatures averaging 59°F (15°C) to 65°F (18°C) during the days, and plenty of sunshine and clear blue skies. By contrast, the temperatures drop below the freezing point at night. There is snow in some valleys, such as Thimphu, Bumthang, Paro, and Haa, during the winter, but it does not last long on the valley floors; the surrounding mountains remain covered in snow.

The best times to visit the country are in spring and fall. Spring arrives in February and lasts until mid-May, when the whole countryside is a lush green and comes alive with wild flowers in full bloom — particularly rhododendrons, locally called etho metho, of which there are forty-six different species in the wild jungles of Bhutan. Every April there is a three-day Rhododendron Festival at Lamperi Botanical Park, near Thimphu, to celebrate the flowers in their natural habitat.

September sees the last of the big rains as the monsoon retreats to usher in the pleasant season of fall, with blue skies and sunny days. Although it can be chilly at night the days are warm, and this is the perfect season to trek and explore the wilderness.

FLORA AND FAUNA

Bhutan is blessed with an outstanding natural environment, and is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot. Within the three broad physiographical zones, Bhutan has recorded the existence of 5,603 species of vascular plants, including 369 species of orchid and the 46 species of rhododendron mentioned above. Of the recorded plant species, 105 species are found nowhere else in the world.

Mammal species in the wild number close to two hundred, and Bhutan is home to some of the world's most threatened species, such as the Bengal tiger, snow leopard, Asian elephant, red panda, golden langur, and takin — Bhutan's national animal. Bird life is also impressive: 678 species have been recorded, including 14 globally threatened species, which include the rare black-necked cranes that come to roost every winter in the central and eastern valleys.

Bhutan has demonstrated a strong will and leadership in maintaining this rich natural...