LAND & PEOPLE

"Hazám, hazám ..."

"Homeland, my homeland, my all! My whole life I owe to thee," sings the troubled medieval patriot Bánk bán in the eponymous 1860 opera by the Hungarian composer Ferenc Erkel. You won't meet a Hungarian who disagrees. People from larger countries may sometimes take theirs for granted, but not people from smaller, more vulnerable countries like Hungary. Patriotism there runs as deep as deep can be.

GEOGRAPHICAL MATTERS

Hungary is a landlocked country in the center of Europe. Budapest, the capital, lies about 890 miles (1,425 km) from London, 980 miles (1,575 km) from Moscow, 500 miles (800 km) from Rome, and 655 miles (1,050 km) from Istanbul, as the crow flies. Hungary's area of 35,919 square miles (93,032 sq. km) makes it similar in size to Portugal, or to the state of Indiana. It has an irregular egg shape.

Hungary occupies the center of the large, relatively flat Carpathian Basin. It is surrounded by the Alps, the Carpathians, and the Dinaric Alps, but none of these ranges extend into Hungary, where the highest point — the peak of Kékes-teto, 60 miles (95 km) east of Budapest — is only 3,326 feet (1,014 m) above sea level. Going clockwise, the countries across Hungary's 1,377 miles (2,217 km) of frontier are Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia.

The Danube, Europe's second-longest river after the Volga, arrives from Slovakia and follows the border east, before turning due south to bisect the country and enter Serbia. The part of Hungary to the west of it is called Transdanubia (Dunántúl). To the east lie the Northern Uplands (Északi hegység) and the Great Plain (Alföld).

Transdanubia has three major lakes, all shallow and fringed with reeds. The largest by far is Balaton (232 square miles, or 600 sq. km). The second is Ferto (Neusiedlersee), straddling the border with Austria. Between Balaton and Budapest lies Lake Velence.

The main ranges of hills in Hungary form an almost straight line from southwest to northeast, from the Balaton Uplands to Buda Hills and continuing on the opposite side of the Danube as the Northern Uplands. The western border with Austria runs through Alpine foothills.

Badacsony, overlooking Lake Balaton, is one of several obvious extinct volcanoes in Hungary, but there are no active ones today. No earthquake recorded in the territory of present-day Hungary has had a magnitude greater than 6 on the Richter scale. The last earthquake fatality was in 1956 at Dunaharaszti, south of Budapest, when a makeshift house collapsed.

The population of Hungary peaked at around 10.7 million in 1981 (similar to that of Ohio or Illinois), but has since fallen to 9.8 million (January, 2016). The population density of 274 per square mile (106 per sq. km), is less than half that of Germany or the UK, but over three times that of the USA.

CLIMATE AND WEATHER

Hungary is said to have a temperate climate, but you could be fooled sometimes. The variability of the weather is explained by the position of the country, at the junction of the Maritime, Continental, and Mediterranean climatic zones. There seems to be a trend toward greater variation within the country, and from year to year, in both temperature and rainfall.

Most parts of Hungary have a mean annual temperature of between 50° and 52°F (10°–11°C), though in the last decade the areas exceeding 11°C have increased, particularly in the south of Hungary. The mean temperature is hottest in July (69°F, 20.5°C) and coldest in January (30°F, -1°C), but these averages may include hot days at 90°–104°F (33°–40°C) and cold nights at - 15°–20°F (-26°–29°C), respectively. Local mean monthly temperatures in 2015 ranged between 23°F (-5.0°C) in January in the northern hills to 75°F (24°C) in the southeast during July and August. The trend over the last forty years has been slightly upward, in line with global warming. The six months between September 2015 and March 2016 saw record high temperatures set on numerous days across the country.

Rainfall is variable too. The annual mean ranges from 28–32 inches (700–800 mm) in the west to 18–22 inches (470–550 mm) in the Great Plain. Yet 1999's nationwide mean of 31 inches (775 mm) was followed in 2000 by only 16 inches (400 mm). The pattern of rainfall is far from ideal. Much of it comes in summer thunder storms, so it quickly runs off or evaporates. This leaves parts of the Great Plain arid, with some shifting sand dunes to the west of Kecskemét.

Snow rarely falls before November or after April. A continuous period of snow cover and daytime frost is likely in December, January, and/or February.

Many Hungarians suffer from headaches or other symptoms as warm or cold weather fronts pass over.

The prevailing wind in Hungary is from the northwest. There are about 2,000 hours of sunshine a year

A BRIEF HISTORY

Before the Hungarians

The first written references to the area known as Hungary today date from the fifth century BCE. These, and archaeological evidence, suggest that Celtic tribes arrived about 400 BCE and controlled the area of modern Transdanubia — Hungary to the west of the Danube. Celtic culture in Hungary is thought to have been at its height toward the end of the third and into the second century BCE.

Rivalry with Illyrian, Dacian, and other tribes weakened the Celts. By about 12 BCE the Romans had established their rule over the area of modern western Hungary, which became part of the Roman province of Pannonia. There are some spectacular Roman remains, for example in Budapest (Aquincum) and near Székesfehérvár (Gorsium).

In 361 CE the Romans, their empire in decline, invited the troublesome, warlike Huns to settle in Pannonia, but the rule of their famous leader Attila was brief. There followed successive conquests of the area over more than five centuries by Ostrogoths, Gepids, Lombards, Avars, and Slavs, before the Hungarians arrived.

The Magyars

With no written historical records for guidance, it is hard to say exactly where the Magyars, or Hungarians, came from. Linguistically, Hungarian belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of languages (seepage 156), the other surviving members of which occur in Northern Scandinavia and in pockets around the Baltic and across the territory of present-day Russia.

The split between the Finnic and Ugric tribes is usually dated to around 500 BCE, by which time the latter were pursuing an agricultural as well as a pastoral lifestyle, breeding horses and using iron. Their cultures were strongly influenced during the first millennium CE by tribes of Iranian origin and by neighboring Greek, Persian, and...