Calcium’s importance in health and disease is clear when listing its multiple roles in the body, which include building strong bones and teeth, vascular calcification, muscle function, hormonal regulation and maintaining a normal heartbeat. This book will examine these roles and will also cover areas such as chemical analysis, sources of calcium based on geography, influence of Vitamin D, hypercalcemia and the effects of dietary calcium.
This edited volume will pool knowledge across scientific disciplines in a way that increases its applicability to a wide range of audiences and fills the gap identified in providing comprehensive synopses of food substances. Chemists, analytical scientists, forensic scientists, food scientists, as well as course lecturers and university librarians, will all benefit from this title.
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Victor R. Preedy is a senior member of King's College London (Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry) and King's College Hospital (Professor of Clinical Biochemistry; Hon). He is attached to both the Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division and the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. He is also Director of the Genomics Centre and a member of the School of Medicine. Professor Preedy graduated in 1974 with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. He gained his University of London PhD in 1981 and in 1992, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. Professor Preedy was elected as a Fellow of the Institute of Biology in 1995 and to the Royal College of Pathologists in 2000. Since then he has been elected as a Fellow to the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (2004) and The Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene (2004). In 2009, Professor Preedy became a Fellow of the Royal Society for Public Health and in 2012 a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. During his career, Professor Preedy has worked at the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA and Germany. He is a leading expert on nutritional and food sciences and has a long standing interest in how food, food quality, nutrition and diet affect wellbeing and health. He has lectured nationally and internationally. To his credit, Professor Preedy has over 600 publications, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews, books and volumes.
Calcium s importance in health and disease is clear when listing its multiple roles in the body, which include building strong bones and teeth, vascular calcification, muscle function, hormonal regulation and maintaining a normal heartbeat. This book will examine these roles and will also cover areas such as chemical analysis, sources of calcium based on geography, influence of Vitamin D, hypercalcemia and the effects of dietary calcium.
This edited volume will pool knowledge across scientific disciplines in a way that increases its applicability to a wide range of audiences and fills the gap identified in providing comprehensive synopses of food substances. Chemists, analytical scientists, forensic scientists, food scientists, as well as course lecturers and university librarians, will all benefit from this title.
Calcium s importance in health and disease is clear when listing its multiple roles in the body, which include building strong bones and teeth, vascular calcification, muscle function, hormonal regulation and maintaining a normal heartbeat. This book will examine these roles and will also cover areas such as chemical analysis, sources of calcium based on geography, influence of Vitamin D, hypercalcemia and the effects of dietary calcium.
This edited volume will pool knowledge across scientific disciplines in a way that increases its applicability to a wide range of audiences and fills the gap identified in providing comprehensive synopses of food substances. Chemists, analytical scientists, forensic scientists, food scientists, as well as course lecturers and university librarians, will all benefit from this title.
Calcium in Context,
Chapter 1 Calcium in the Context of Dietary Sources and Metabolism Maciej S. Buchowski, 3,
Chapter 2 The Biological Roles of Calcium: Nutrition, Diseases and Analysis Leonardo M. Moreira, Raphael P. Araujo, Fernando P. Leonel, Henrique V. N. Machado, Alexandre O. Teixeira, Fabio V. Santos, Vanessa J. S. V. Santos, and Juliana P. Lyon, 21,
Chapter 3 Food Sources of Calcium Vary by Ethnicity and Geography Noreen Willows, 30,
Chapter 4 Calcium Availability in Specific Foods: Milk and Dairy Products, Legumes, Vegetables, Cereals, Baked Goods and Cooked Meals Ma Victorina Aguilar Vilas, 46,
Chapter 5 The Chemistry of Calcium Daniel Perrone and Mariana Monteiro, 67,
Chapter 6 Vitamin D and Impact on Total-Body Calcium Howard A. Morris, 75,
Analysis,
Chapter 7 Ultrasonic-Dialysis Capillary Electrophoresis Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry Analysis of Calcium Speciation in Red Blood Cells Biyang Deng, Shuangjiao Sun, and Yingzi Wang, 95,
Chapter 8 Using Fluorescent Polyanions to Assay for Osteoclastic Calcium-Resorption Activity Tatsuya Miyazaki and Osamu Suzuki, 111,
Chapter 9 Methods for the X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of Nanocalcium in Milk Ching-Hsiang Chen, Liang-Yih Chen, and Hsiao-Chien Chen, 126,
Chapter 10 Using Food-Frequency Questionnaires for Calcium Intakes B. Pampaloni and M. L. Brandi, 146,
Chapter 11 Calcium Digestibility Using In Vivo, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Techniques F. Rossi, 164,
Chapter 12 Determining Calcium Bioavailability Using Caco-2 Cells Amparo Alegría, Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas, and Reyes Barberá, 179,
Fiction and Effects,
Chapter 13 Adolescents and Dietary Calcium Marta Mesías, Isabel Seiquer, and M. Pilar Navarro, 203,
Chapter 14 The Influence of Protein Intake on Calcium Balance E. Rouy and D. Tome, 223,
Chapter 15 Bioaccessibility of Calcium in Legumes Ma Jesús Lagarda, Antonio Cilla, and Reyes Barberá, 237,
Chapter 16 Calcium – Function and Effects: Rice Calcium and Phytic Acid Levels Jianfen Liang, Yifan He, Qian Gao, Xuan Wang, and M. J. Robert Nout, 256,
Chapter 17 Adding Calcium to Foods and Effect on Acrylamide Neslihan Göncüoglu Tas, Aytül Hamzalioglu, Tolgahan Kocadagli, and Vural Gökmen, 274,
Chapter 18 Addition of Calcium to Gluten and Nongluten Flours for Breadmaking Urszula Krupa-Kozak, 291,
Chapter 19 Calcium-Fortified Soymilk: Function and Health Benefits Lily Stojanovska, Mutamed Ayyash, and Vasso Apostolopoulos, 310,
Chapter 20 The Effect of Prebiotics on Calcium Absorption and Utilization Steven Jakeman and Connie Weaver, 329,
Chapter 21 Health Aspects of Calcium in Drinking Water A. Ata Alturfan and Ebru Emekli Alturfan, 349,
Chapter 22 Calcium in Saliva and Impact on Health Aysen Yarat, Ebru Emekli Alturfan, and Serap Akyuz, 364,
Chapter 23 Intestinal Absorption of Calcium Brian R. Stephens and James S. Jolliff, 384,
Chapter 24 The Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Intestinal Cells Tohru Hira, Shingo Nakajima, and Hiroshi Hara, 396,
Chapter 25 Taste Cells and Calcium Signaling Kathryn F. Medler, 413,
Chapter 26 Intracellular Calcium Modulation of Gene Expression Mariana Casas and Enrique Jaimovich, 431,
Chapter 27 Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis and Implications for Human Health Tito Calì, Denis Ottolini, and Marisa Brini, 448,
Chapter 28 Pregnancy and Calcium Belal Alshaikh and Kamran Yusuf, 468,
Chapter 29 Calcium Supplementation during Pregnancy and Lactation: Implications for Maternal and Infant Bone Health Flávia Fioruci Bezerra and Carmen Marino Donangelo, 484,
Chapter 30 The Effects of Dietary Calcium on Hypertension Filippo Rossi, 509,
Chapter 31 Interaction of Dietary Calcium with Genes of Transporters, Receptors and Enzymes Involved in Cholesterol Metabolism Xiaobo Wang, Lin Lei, Yuwei Liu, Ka Ying Ma, Jingnan Chen, Rui Jiao, Yu Huang, and Zhen-Yu Chen, 519,
Chapter 32 Bone Health: The Independent and Combined Effects of Calcium, Vitamin D and Exercise in Children and Adolescents Dimitris Vlachopoulos, Luis Gracia-Marco, Alan R. Barker, Inge Huybrechts, Luis A. Moreno, and Theodora Mouratidou, 530,
Chapter 33 Dietary Calcium and Osteoprotegerin Dianjun Sun, Jun Yu, Yanhui Gao, and Yuanyuan Li, 547,
Chapter 34 Inadequate Calcium Intake and Body Fat in Adults Diane K. Tidwell and Matthew J. McAllister, 565,
Chapter 35 Calcium in Critical Care Dima Youssef and Karin Amrein, 582,
Chapter 36 Hypercalcemia: An Overview of its Pathology Franco Lumachi and Stefano M. M. Basso, 605,
Subject Index, 625,
Calcium in the Context of Dietary Sources and Metabolism
MACIEJ S. BUCHOWSKI
1.1 Overview of Calcium and Its Physiological Functions
Calcium is a divalent cation with an atomic weight of 40, one of the most abandoned elements in the Earth's biosphere and it is present in both solid matter and in aqueous solutions. A solid, calcium carbonate, occurs in marble, chalk, limestone, and calcite, calcium sulfate in anhydrite and gypsum, calcium fluoride in fluorspar or fluorite and calcium phosphate occurs in apatite. Calcium also occurs in numerous silicates and aluminosilicates. Many organisms concentrate calcium compounds in their shells or skeletons. For example, calcium carbonate is formed in the shells of oysters and in the skeletons of coral, which are often used as a calcium source in dietary supplements. In soil, calcium usually is present as a cation in colloids. In plants, calcium is present in the leaves, stems, roots, and seeds in concentration ranging from 0.1% to almost 10%. In living cells, calcium is one of 21 elements occurring as mineral elements in biosphere and is essential for conducting cell functions. In mammals, calcium is present in all cells and accounts for up to 4% of total body weight.
In humans, it ranks fifth after oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen and it makes up 1.9% of the body by weight. Approximately 99% of calcium is contained in bones and teeth as calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10[PO4]6[OH]2) and the remainder is inside the cells (0.9%) and extracellular fluid (0.1%). In the bone and teeth, calcium constitutes 25% of the dry weight and 40% of the ash weight. The extracellular fluid contains ionized calcium at concentrations of about 4.8 mg/100 mL (1.20 mmol L-1) maintained by the parathyroid–vitamin D axis as well as complexed calcium at concentrations of about 1.6 mg/100 mL (0.4 mmol L-1). The plasma contains a protein-bound calcium fraction at a concentration of 3.2 mg/100 mL (0.8 mmol L-1). In the cellular compartment, the total calcium concentration is lower than in extracellular fluid by several orders of magnitude (Robertson and Marshall, 1981).
In bone and teeth, the most calcified structure in the animal and human body, the role of calcium is structural and mechanical, determining their hardness and strength (Abrams, 2011; Hill et al., 2013). The second most calcified structure is the vasculature. Once considered a passive process, vascular calcification has emerged as an actively regulated form of tissue biomineralization, in which skeletal morphogens and osteochondrogenic transcription factors are expressed by cells within...
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